王麗娟,陳盈,邢英琦
顱內(nèi)壓(intracranial pressure,ICP)增高是神經(jīng)科常見的臨床病理綜合征,也是導(dǎo)致病情惡化、預(yù)后不良或死亡的最常見原因之一。引起ICP增高的常見病因有:腦血管疾病、顱內(nèi)炎癥、顱腦損傷、顱內(nèi)占位性病變等。尤其大量顱內(nèi)出血或大面積腦梗死的患者,常常伴有高顱壓,此時(shí)病情嚴(yán)重者可出現(xiàn)腦疝,危及生命[1]。所以早期診斷至關(guān)重要。
有創(chuàng)性ICP監(jiān)測目前仍然是評估ICP的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”。然而,這項(xiàng)檢查費(fèi)用昂貴,有多種禁忌證及并發(fā)癥,可導(dǎo)致出血、感染等。故有創(chuàng)性ICP監(jiān)測在臨床上未能得到廣泛應(yīng)用。故臨床急需無創(chuàng)性ICP檢測技術(shù)來有效地幫助醫(yī)生早期、快速地篩查ICP增高的患者。隨著超聲技術(shù)的發(fā)展,這項(xiàng)無創(chuàng)、床旁、快捷、低廉的檢查技術(shù)得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。如今,運(yùn)用超聲技術(shù)檢測視神經(jīng)鞘直徑(optic nerve sheath diameter,ONSD)又為早期有效診斷ICP增高提供了依據(jù),在國外的臨床工作中為患者及醫(yī)生提供了莫大的幫助[2]。本文將對超聲測量ONSD相關(guān)結(jié)構(gòu)在早期診斷ICP增高中的應(yīng)用做一綜述。
視神經(jīng)是胚胎發(fā)生時(shí)間腦向外突出形成視器過程中的一部分,故視神經(jīng)外面包繞著由三層腦膜延續(xù)而來的三層被膜,腦蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔也隨之延續(xù)到視神經(jīng)周圍。視神經(jīng)鞘是硬腦膜的延續(xù),內(nèi)有橫梁式的蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔[3](圖1)。
在視神經(jīng)鞘內(nèi)的蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔里內(nèi)包含了腦脊液以及由小梁、間隔和支柱組成的復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)。視神經(jīng)的蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔與顱內(nèi)的蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔內(nèi)的腦脊液是自由相通的。當(dāng)ICP增高時(shí)顱內(nèi)充盈的腦脊液通過視神經(jīng)管進(jìn)入視神經(jīng)蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔,使得視神經(jīng)鞘內(nèi)間隙擴(kuò)張,即理論上講視神經(jīng)鞘內(nèi)間隙的擴(kuò)大與ICP增高呈時(shí)相一致性[3]。以上述的解剖特點(diǎn)為基礎(chǔ),學(xué)者們通過多個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)上述理論的真實(shí)性。有些學(xué)者通過動(dòng)物模型,新鮮的人類尸體標(biāo)本以及人類視神經(jīng)鞘離體實(shí)驗(yàn),均發(fā)現(xiàn)ICP增高導(dǎo)致ONSD擴(kuò)張[4-6]。這些現(xiàn)象證實(shí)了視神經(jīng)及其周圍組織特殊的解剖結(jié)構(gòu),同時(shí)也提示了視神經(jīng)鞘本身可能具有彈性而允許在ICP增高時(shí)視神經(jīng)鞘能夠迅速地?cái)U(kuò)張。
早在1968年,Hayreh提出視神經(jīng)鞘內(nèi)的蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔與顱內(nèi)蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔的腦脊液壓力一致[7]。隨著A型超聲及B型超聲的問世,學(xué)者們可以通過超聲技術(shù)識(shí)別視神經(jīng)及其周圍組織,現(xiàn)代高頻率轉(zhuǎn)換器使得上述結(jié)構(gòu)能夠更清晰地顯示。Galetta等人發(fā)現(xiàn)超聲技術(shù)可以檢測到ICP增高的患者ONSD增粗[8]。隨后,Hansen通過腰椎穿刺注入或抽出液體來改變ICP,發(fā)現(xiàn)ONSD的擴(kuò)張與ICP增高有明確的相關(guān)性[9]。隨后有研究將此項(xiàng)技術(shù)運(yùn)用于臨床,選擇眼球后3 mm的位置測量ONSD(圖2),得出ONSD與ICP有相關(guān)性,相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.46~0.74[10-15],認(rèn)為ONSD增粗是ICP增高早期的敏感指標(biāo)[16-17]。國內(nèi)相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的研究較國外少,但是近幾年也有研究報(bào)道超聲測量ONSD可以有效診斷我國高ICP患者[18-22]。
圖1 視神經(jīng)及其周圍組織橫斷面示意圖(作者原創(chuàng))
西方國家在該領(lǐng)域的研究較多,不同研究得出的臨界值有些差別,多數(shù)研究結(jié)果顯示評估ICP增高的ONSD的臨界值為5.0~5.9 mm[14,23-25]。表1總結(jié)了幾項(xiàng)較具有國際影響力的研究結(jié)果[10-15,22,26-27]。國外研究多推薦ONSD>5 mm作為診斷高ICP的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[28-29]。國內(nèi)此領(lǐng)域的研究相對較少,僅有幾項(xiàng)研究針對顱腦損傷患者進(jìn)行了ONSD超聲檢測。張銳等[21]對35例顱腦損傷患者進(jìn)行研究,得出5 mm為ONSD診斷ICP增高的最佳臨界值。黎君彥等[30]運(yùn)用計(jì)算機(jī)斷層掃描(computed tomography,CT)影像及臨床表現(xiàn)為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對ICP進(jìn)行計(jì)分,得出診斷ICP增高患者的ONSD臨界值為5.3 mm。
圖2 ONSD測量[22]
但是近幾年國外有研究提出臨界值應(yīng)稍低于5.0 mm[10,27,31]。有研究證實(shí)當(dāng)ICP升至13 mmHg時(shí)ONSD就已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)擴(kuò)張[32],當(dāng)ICP超過15 mmHg時(shí),4.5 mm作為ONSD臨界值時(shí)敏感性及特異度較高[33]。王麗娟等對我國279例可疑高ICP患者進(jìn)行了研究,每例患者均在發(fā)病早期進(jìn)行了腰椎穿刺測量腦脊液壓力值作為對照,結(jié)果顯示早期診斷ICP增高的ONSD最佳臨界值是4.1 mm[22]。此外國外有研究證實(shí)當(dāng)ICP升高至20 mmHg時(shí)已經(jīng)進(jìn)入臨床必須給予降ICP治療的時(shí)期,此時(shí)ONSD已經(jīng)擴(kuò)張至5.2~5.9 mm[12,14,26]??梢娫贗CP增高早期時(shí)ONSD已經(jīng)開始擴(kuò)張,待ONSD擴(kuò)張到5 mm甚至5.9 mm時(shí),患者已進(jìn)入急需降顱壓治療的階段,此時(shí)腦容量極少的增加即可造成ICP急劇上升。而且既往的研究是多針對病情較嚴(yán)重需要在重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室治療的患者,此時(shí)測得ONSD已經(jīng)極度擴(kuò)張,并且有研究表明重癥監(jiān)護(hù)、鎮(zhèn)靜或機(jī)械通氣都有可能會(huì)影響ONSD的改變[34],上述原因均可導(dǎo)致研究結(jié)果中求得評估高ICP的ONSD診斷值變大。由于高ICP容易導(dǎo)致重要的不良預(yù)后及死亡,所以臨床更需要的是早期發(fā)現(xiàn)ICP增高,即敏感度更高的診斷值。如果能夠在早期發(fā)現(xiàn)ICP增高,就可以及時(shí)預(yù)防及糾正ICP繼續(xù)增高。
此外有研究結(jié)果顯示成人正常的ONSD明顯小于5 mm。Ballantyne等[35]報(bào)道英國正常成人ONSD的平均值為3.2~3.6 mm。Soldatos等[13]發(fā)現(xiàn)希臘正常成人ONSD平均值為(3.6±0.6)mm。國內(nèi)也有相關(guān)的報(bào)道,李臻等學(xué)者[18]對82例成人視神經(jīng)鞘的橫斷面進(jìn)行測量,得出ONSD的均值為(4.06±0.58)mm。王麗娟等對230例健康受試者的ONSD均進(jìn)行了矢狀位和橫斷面的測量,得出ONSD平均值為(3.4580±0.2767)mm[36]??梢姷侥壳盀橹梗琌NSD正常值范圍以及ICP增高患者ONSD的診斷值尚無明確的統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn),未來還需要我們進(jìn)行多中心大樣本量的研究。
表1 評估ICP增高的ONSD最佳臨界值
超聲檢測ONSD評估ICP增高技術(shù)無創(chuàng)、簡便、低廉,且可床旁進(jìn)行檢測。有研究證實(shí)此項(xiàng)技術(shù)不同觀察者間的差異很小[34]。超聲檢測ONSD與磁共振成像[37]及CT[38]的測量值有較高的一致性,可以作為評估ICP增高首選的無創(chuàng)性篩查技術(shù)來初步評估患者ICP。并且ONSD的超聲檢測還可以動(dòng)態(tài)觀察ICP增高的變化,既可對患者的顱內(nèi)壓進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)評估[39],又對臨床治療起到了重要的指導(dǎo)意義。超聲成像技術(shù)已在各級(jí)醫(yī)院及醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)、甚至社區(qū)健康中心普及。超聲檢測ONSD簡單易學(xué),操作者間的差異小,上述優(yōu)點(diǎn)都使超聲檢查ONSD評估ICP增高能夠被廣泛地運(yùn)用及推廣,其可以作為評估ICP增高常用及首選的無創(chuàng)性檢查,可以在患者入院之前或剛?cè)朐簳r(shí)進(jìn)行此快捷無創(chuàng)的篩查,用以初步評估患者顱內(nèi)壓情況,提示臨床醫(yī)師,并為是否需要將患者轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)至上級(jí)醫(yī)院或患者是否需要有創(chuàng)性顱內(nèi)壓監(jiān)測提供有效的指導(dǎo)作用。
運(yùn)用超聲檢測ONSD評估ICP增高已在國外的醫(yī)療界得到了廣泛的關(guān)注及推廣。近期有研究報(bào)道ONSD可動(dòng)態(tài)觀察ICP增高的變化,了解高ICP的治療效果,指導(dǎo)臨床用藥[40],在外科手術(shù)中此項(xiàng)技術(shù)可以幫助醫(yī)生了解ICP的變化[41]。甚至有研究還證實(shí)ONSD可以預(yù)測患者的不良預(yù)后[42],未來我們還希望運(yùn)用此項(xiàng)技術(shù)可以對卒中患者,例如出血或梗死患者的不良預(yù)后進(jìn)行預(yù)測,可見超聲ONSD具有廣闊的研究前景,需要進(jìn)行更深入的研究。
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