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脂肪壞死與重癥急性胰腺炎

2016-01-23 09:20徐勁彭燕
中華胰腺病雜志 2016年2期
關(guān)鍵詞:脂肪酶高脂血癥病死率

徐勁 彭燕

628000 四川瀘州,四川醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科

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·綜述與講座·

脂肪壞死與重癥急性胰腺炎

徐勁彭燕

628000四川瀘州,四川醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科

2012年出臺(tái)的急性胰腺炎(AP)亞特蘭大分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將AP分為輕癥急性胰腺炎(MAP)、中度重癥急性胰腺炎(MSAP)和重癥急性胰腺炎(SAP)。臨床上以MAP多見,其病死率<1%~2%。但是當(dāng)AP進(jìn)展為SAP時(shí),其病死率高達(dá)36%~50%[1]。因此,臨床醫(yī)師對(duì)疾病嚴(yán)重程度的早期預(yù)見非常重要。大量流行病學(xué)調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)腹型肥胖患者發(fā)生SAP的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯增加[2-4]。肥胖也被亞特蘭大修訂標(biāo)準(zhǔn)納入獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因子一欄[5]。那么脂肪壞死是AP嚴(yán)重程度的病理表現(xiàn)還是與病情進(jìn)一步加重有關(guān)?這一問題引起了許多研究人員的興趣,并且開展了大量的臨床及動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)。本文就目前的研究現(xiàn)狀作一綜述。

膽結(jié)石膽囊炎、乙醇、高脂血癥是AP發(fā)病的三大常見病因,病因是否與病情嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān)尚無定論。Cho等[6]比較膽源性和酒精性AP患者臨床過程異同,發(fā)現(xiàn)酒精性AP患者發(fā)生超過48 h器官功能衰竭病例占24%,而膽源性AP僅占1.3%;153名AP患者中4例病死,均來自酒精性AP。因此,酒精性AP較膽源性AP臨床過程更易發(fā)展為SAP。徐海峰等[7]采用回顧性方法分析探討AP病因與其嚴(yán)重程度的關(guān)系時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),與膽源性、酒精性及其他原因相比,高脂血癥性發(fā)生MSAP、SAP的概率更高。同樣,黃曉麗等[8]比較了膽源性及高脂血癥性AP兩組患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)高脂血癥性AP組各項(xiàng)評(píng)分在入院48 h時(shí)均高于膽源性AP組,且前者并發(fā)胰腺囊腫、2型糖尿病的概率高于后者,病死率也高于后者。但是早期的研究報(bào)道膽源性AP患者病情更重、并發(fā)癥更多、病死率更高[9],這可能由于近年來開展較多內(nèi)鏡及介入治療新手段,導(dǎo)致膽源性AP臨床發(fā)展與預(yù)后的改變。因此,AP病因是否是病情預(yù)后的危險(xiǎn)因素尚存較多爭議,高脂血癥AP患者似乎更易發(fā)生SAP。Sandhu等[10]回顧性列隊(duì)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),血三酰甘油>20 mmol/L(1 772 mg/dl)的患者容易并發(fā)AP,而當(dāng)高三酰甘油血癥患者合并膽源性AP時(shí),患者更易發(fā)生多器官功能衰竭(MSOF)及局部并發(fā)癥易進(jìn)展為SAP[11-12]。

流行病學(xué)研究顯示,SAP與肥胖和腹腔脂肪含量相關(guān)[13-15]。體重指數(shù)(BMI)超過肥胖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、腰圍越粗的患者易發(fā)生早期休克、腎功能及呼吸功能的損傷,住院時(shí)間明顯延長[16]。肥胖與SAP發(fā)病率的關(guān)系主要有以下幾種觀點(diǎn):(1)肥胖本身可引起身體的慢性炎癥狀態(tài)[17],肥胖患者胰腺內(nèi)的炎癥反應(yīng)明顯增強(qiáng)。(2)肥胖患者腹膜后脂肪堆積,容易并發(fā)壞死、膿腫形成,胰腺外科手術(shù)后局部并發(fā)癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加[18]。(3)肥胖患者的膈肌及胸廓的運(yùn)動(dòng)受限,肺通氣/灌注比例失調(diào)[19],導(dǎo)致低氧血癥加重胰腺損傷。(4)肥胖患者胰腺局部微循環(huán)明顯降低。Leary等[20]利用多斷層CT掃描AP患者腹部及盆腔,通過圖像分割軟件發(fā)現(xiàn)腹腔脂肪含量越高者,其局部及全身并發(fā)癥越多、病情越易發(fā)展為SAP、病死率越高。Yashima等[14]發(fā)現(xiàn)腹腔脂肪體積較腰圍及體重指數(shù)與假性囊腫形成、全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征聯(lián)系更密切,腹腔脂肪體積含量越高越容易發(fā)生SAP。壞死性胰腺炎往往伴隨內(nèi)臟脂肪壞死,其代謝產(chǎn)物被認(rèn)為是促進(jìn)AP向SAP發(fā)展的罪魁禍?zhǔn)住?/p>

AP時(shí)胰腺基底部通透性的增加導(dǎo)致胰脂肪酶的泄露,導(dǎo)致脂肪水解、壞死。Navina等[21]發(fā)現(xiàn)胰腺炎動(dòng)物模型腹水中的脂肪酶活性明顯增加。Patel等[22]用蛙皮素制造了經(jīng)典大鼠胰腺炎模型,解剖死亡肥胖大鼠發(fā)現(xiàn),廣泛脂肪壞死物中胰脂肪酶的含量及活性明顯增加,而應(yīng)用胰脂肪酶抑制劑的對(duì)照組則無脂肪壞死的發(fā)生。對(duì)胰腺壞死物氣相色譜分析發(fā)現(xiàn)壞死物中非酯化脂肪酸主要由長鏈不飽和脂肪酸(UFAs)構(gòu)成,且其脂毒性明顯強(qiáng)于飽和脂肪酸(SFAs)[23]。

Neol等[24]收集患者胰腺壞死物(NCs)樣本液、胰腺假性囊腫(PCs)樣本液及胰腺囊腫樣本液,發(fā)現(xiàn)脂肪酸在NCs中的濃度明顯增高。為明確是哪種成分導(dǎo)致了壞死物的形成,他們制作了AP動(dòng)物模型,發(fā)現(xiàn)僅有三油酸甘油酯組 97% 的大鼠出現(xiàn)了胰周脂肪壞死、SAP 相關(guān)細(xì)胞因子增高以及UFAs升高,并出現(xiàn)MSOF,但這一結(jié)果在三油酸甘油酯 + 奧利司他組被抑制。三油酸甘油酯組致死率高達(dá)97%,而其他組均無胰腺壞死的病理學(xué)依據(jù),無死亡發(fā)生。這項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果說明胰周脂肪的脂解作用可以促進(jìn)MAP向SAP發(fā)展,與胰腺壞死程度、急性炎癥反應(yīng)無關(guān),而胰腺炎模型組死亡率與MSOF發(fā)生率息息相關(guān)。采用脫氧核糖核酸末端轉(zhuǎn)移酶介導(dǎo)的缺口末端標(biāo)記技術(shù) (TUNEL)發(fā)現(xiàn),脂毒性相關(guān)的急性呼吸窘迫綜合征的肺組織中TUNEL陽性細(xì)胞明顯增加,肺泡灌洗液中乳酸脫氫酶、蛋白總量均明顯增加。此外,TUNEL陽性細(xì)胞、腎小管上皮細(xì)胞脫落、腎損傷分子-1(KIM-1)均在三酰甘油組有表現(xiàn),而這些有害改變在未給予三酰甘油組或奧利司他組均未呈現(xiàn)[25-26]。AP發(fā)病時(shí),脂肪壞死代謝產(chǎn)物UFAs通過抑制線粒體復(fù)合物I和V[21],導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞內(nèi)ATP耗竭,腺泡半胱氨酸蛋白酶3/7短暫激活[27],促發(fā)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、心肌細(xì)胞、胰腺β細(xì)胞等重要組織臟器組成成分的凋亡、壞死。 此外,急性炎癥反應(yīng)期大量中性粒細(xì)胞浸潤胰周壞死脂肪,分泌大量過氧化物酶催化次氯酸生成,在胰脂肪酶活性明顯增強(qiáng)的環(huán)境中產(chǎn)生大量鹵代脂質(zhì)[28-29]。這些鹵代脂質(zhì)具有內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞毒性、誘導(dǎo)白細(xì)胞與內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞黏附、殺傷紅細(xì)胞等作用,而腹水中聚集大量鹵代脂質(zhì)、或者是通過門脈系統(tǒng)進(jìn)入周圍血液循環(huán)后加重局部與遠(yuǎn)端器官的損傷[30-31],促進(jìn)AP向SAP的轉(zhuǎn)換。 腹腔壞死脂肪是產(chǎn)生炎癥遞質(zhì)的源頭[21、32]。Neus等[32]發(fā)現(xiàn)壞死脂肪中炎癥因子TNF-α表達(dá)明顯增加,抗炎因子IL-10表達(dá)減少,腹膜巨噬細(xì)胞活性明顯增加,因此腹腔脂肪壞死物還可通過加重全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征影響病情。異前列腺素是氧化應(yīng)激可靠的生物標(biāo)記,與嚴(yán)重的急性炎癥反應(yīng)密切相關(guān)[33],早期研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)內(nèi)臟脂肪中異前列腺素含量較皮下脂肪含量高出2倍多[34]。在AP動(dòng)物模型中發(fā)現(xiàn)異前列腺素在血清及腹水中表達(dá)增加,而肥胖組增加更明顯[35]。它與肥胖胰腺炎患者的病情嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān),與其強(qiáng)大的縮血管作用有關(guān),導(dǎo)致了血流動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)改變[33],因此早期抗氧化治療對(duì)于胰腺炎患者非常重要。

脂肪細(xì)胞分泌脂肪因子有調(diào)節(jié)炎癥反應(yīng)的潛力。瘦素是一種促炎因子[14],而脂聯(lián)素是一種抗炎遞質(zhì)[36]。肥胖患者體內(nèi)瘦素表達(dá)增加,脂聯(lián)素表達(dá)減少[37],導(dǎo)致促炎、抗炎失衡。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)脂肪因子與AP病情嚴(yán)重程度有良好相關(guān)性[38-40]。Nicholas等[41]建立肥胖大鼠AP模型,發(fā)現(xiàn)高瘦素表達(dá)組較瘦素缺失組胰腺病理改變嚴(yán)重、血漿細(xì)胞因子及趨化因子表達(dá)更高,認(rèn)為脂肪因子環(huán)境改變可能參與SAP的發(fā)生。

肥胖脂毒性在AP進(jìn)行性加重的病程中發(fā)揮了舉足輕重的作用,導(dǎo)致病死率升高的不是胰腺壞死本身,而是脂肪壞死的脂解作用產(chǎn)物UFAs。奧利司他作為脂肪酶抑制劑常被用于研究胰酶在胰腺炎病程中發(fā)揮的作用,奧利司他組較對(duì)照組UFAs產(chǎn)生減少、AP預(yù)后明顯改善[21-23]。胰腺炎實(shí)驗(yàn)中,Pini等[42]發(fā)現(xiàn)羅格列酮可明顯提高肥胖大鼠存活率,促進(jìn)其全身情況的修復(fù),與對(duì)照組相比較,肥胖組大鼠血清IL-6、半乳糖凝集素3、骨調(diào)素、基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶抑制劑水平明顯降低,并且實(shí)驗(yàn)后較實(shí)驗(yàn)前脂肪含量也有所增加,因此推測羅格列酮主要是通過改善代謝及炎癥環(huán)境來阻斷病情的惡化,促進(jìn)全身情況的恢復(fù)。Malecki等[43]在AP大鼠發(fā)病后分別給予羅格列酮、奧利司他、趨化因子2受體拮抗劑RS102895,結(jié)果并不能明顯改善AP病情嚴(yán)重程度。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)引流胰腺炎大鼠腹腔積液可以提高存活率,但是臨床數(shù)據(jù)表明腹腔灌洗并不能明顯改善胰腺炎患者病死率[44]。這些實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果存在爭議與是否給予及時(shí)治療有關(guān),發(fā)病時(shí)給予積極的胰脂肪酶抑制劑可明顯改善預(yù)后,而發(fā)病后給予治療已經(jīng)存在嚴(yán)重SIRS且并發(fā)全身多系統(tǒng)器官功能損傷者,則預(yù)后差。目前AP的治療以支持治療為主,尚無確切有效的針對(duì)治療。 因此,減少胰腺炎的發(fā)病率、病死率重在疾病的預(yù)防。肥胖、高脂血癥是SAP的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,減輕體重、降低高脂血癥是減少SAP發(fā)病率及病死率的途徑。另外,韓國個(gè)案報(bào)道提到給予一名高脂血癥性AP患者持續(xù)胰島素泵入,在病程第5天血脂明顯降低,臨床癥狀及實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)也明顯改善,可能與胰島素通過激活脂肪酶降低血三酰甘油水平有關(guān)[45]。

總之,內(nèi)臟脂肪壞死產(chǎn)生的大量UFAs直接或間接毒性作用導(dǎo)致全身多器官功能衰竭,促進(jìn)AP向SAP的發(fā)展。減輕UFAs脂毒性是最佳治療手段,但目前尚無明確有效的藥物或其他治療方式。因此對(duì)疾病病情程度的早期預(yù)見是非常重要的,患者內(nèi)臟脂肪體積的測定為臨床醫(yī)師提供一個(gè)直觀、量化的指導(dǎo)作用,但因急性炎癥期滲出,導(dǎo)致脂肪CT值增加,一定程度影響影像科醫(yī)師的判斷[20]。因此臨床醫(yī)師需結(jié)合患者其他指標(biāo)盡可能準(zhǔn)確評(píng)估病情。

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(本文編輯:呂芳萍)

(收稿日期:2015-07-17)

通信作者:彭燕,Email: 760291440@qq.com

DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-1935.2016.02.016

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