国产日韩欧美一区二区三区三州_亚洲少妇熟女av_久久久久亚洲av国产精品_波多野结衣网站一区二区_亚洲欧美色片在线91_国产亚洲精品精品国产优播av_日本一区二区三区波多野结衣 _久久国产av不卡

?

胰腺囊性病變影像學(xué)診斷進(jìn)展

2016-01-23 17:00李翠翠張建左長(zhǎng)京
中華胰腺病雜志 2016年6期
關(guān)鍵詞:胰管乳頭狀實(shí)性

李翠翠 張建 左長(zhǎng)京

?

胰腺囊性病變影像學(xué)診斷進(jìn)展

李翠翠 張建 左長(zhǎng)京

隨著人們生活方式的改變和影像學(xué)檢查技術(shù)水平的提高,胰腺囊性病變(pancreas cystic lesions,PCLs)的發(fā)生率和檢出率呈上升趨勢(shì)。2008年與胰腺疾病無關(guān)的門診成人患者16排多層螺旋CT(16-MDCT)的PCLs檢出率為2.6%,2010年的成人患者腹部MRI的PCLs檢出率為13.5%[1-2]。有學(xué)者在非胰腺疾病相關(guān)的腹部MRI檢查中偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)的PCLs概率高達(dá)42%[3]。但目前各種影像學(xué)檢查方法對(duì)PCLs良惡性的鑒別仍有許多困難,常需依靠病理學(xué)及臨床隨訪確診。通常無癥狀的典型良性病變無需處理或者隨訪即可,惡變、交界性、有癥狀等病變需盡早手術(shù)切除,但術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的高發(fā)生率仍是目前臨床不可忽視的問題。因此,明確的臨床診斷對(duì)于其臨床決策的選擇尤為重要,其對(duì)影像學(xué)診斷提出了更高的要求。本文就PCLs的影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)研究新進(jìn)展作以下綜述。

一、PCLs定義及分類

PCLs指由胰腺上皮和(或)間質(zhì)組織形成的腫瘤或非腫瘤性(單發(fā)或多發(fā)的腫瘤樣)含囊腔的病變,主要包括胰腺假性囊腫(pancreatic pseudocyst,PPC)、胰腺囊性腫瘤(pancreatic cystic neoplasm,PCN)、胰腺囊腺癌(pancreatic cyctadenocarcinoma)和胰腺癌囊變[4]。PCN主要包括漿液性囊性腫瘤(serous cystic neoplasm,SCN)、黏液性囊性腫瘤(mucinous cystic neoplasm, MCN)、導(dǎo)管內(nèi)乳頭狀黏液性腫瘤(intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm,IPMN)、實(shí)性假乳頭狀瘤(solid-pseudopapillary neoplasm,SPN)[5]。

二、各類PCLs的臨床及影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)

1.PPC:PPC約占PCLs的80%,常發(fā)生于胰腺炎或者胰腺手術(shù)、外傷后,由于外漏的胰液、滲出液未能及時(shí)吸收,并被纖維組織包裹所致[6]。臨床表現(xiàn)無特異性,主要包括疼痛、飽腹感、惡心、嘔吐、上消化道出血等。PPC由成熟囊壁及其包繞的液性成分組成,囊壁內(nèi)沒有上皮細(xì)胞。據(jù)報(bào)道PPC成熟時(shí)間為2~6周,約1/3可自然消失,而少部分因感染、出血、囊腫破裂等并發(fā)癥則需要臨床處理[7]。

PPC在CT平掃中表現(xiàn)為邊緣清晰的圓形或卵圓形低密度區(qū),直徑可超過5 cm,增強(qiáng)無強(qiáng)化,少有分隔及壁結(jié)節(jié),并發(fā)感染時(shí)囊壁可增厚,囊內(nèi)可見氣體影[8],部分病變胰周脂肪間隙模糊,胰腺實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)可見鈣化灶。PPC的MRI成像多表現(xiàn)為T1WI低信號(hào)、T2WI高信號(hào),病變邊界清晰,若并發(fā)出血或感染,MRI信號(hào)則高低不均[9]。ERCP和MRCP有時(shí)可見假性囊腫與胰管相通。彩色多普勒超聲顯示PPC多數(shù)邊界清晰,呈類圓形或橢圓形,后方回聲增強(qiáng),囊內(nèi)多呈無回聲,部分可見分隔或絮狀物,囊壁及囊內(nèi)無血流信號(hào)[10]。

PPC在18F-FDG PET/CT圖像上一般代謝不高,但并發(fā)胰腺炎癥時(shí)可出現(xiàn)放射性攝取增高的假陽性結(jié)果。Cosimo等[11]報(bào)道,5例PPC患者中4例代謝均不增高(SUV<2.5,SUVmax≥2.5提示惡性病變),1例代謝稍高(SUV=2.6),PET診斷為位于胰尾的惡性囊性腫物,術(shù)后病理證實(shí)為延伸至脾臟的PPC。Tann等[12]報(bào)道,2例在CT上有胰周脂肪模糊、左腎前筋膜增厚等典型亞急性胰腺炎表現(xiàn)的PPC,在PET上呈假陽性(SUVmax分別為5.0,5.9),1例在CT和PET圖像中都表現(xiàn)為假陽性。Anish等[13]用18F-FDG標(biāo)記的自身白細(xì)胞對(duì)1例慢性酒精性胰腺炎并發(fā)的巨大囊腫顯像,囊腫邊緣放射性攝取明顯增高,提示炎性改變,與血常規(guī)及細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)結(jié)果相符,符合PPC的臨床診斷。

2.SCN:SCN占胰腺外分泌腫瘤的1%~2%、PCLs的25%,好發(fā)于中老年女性(75%),平均發(fā)病年齡為61.5歲[14-15]。通常認(rèn)為SCN是良性病變,極少惡變,無明顯臨床癥狀一般不需要手術(shù)切除。腫瘤多見于胰體尾部,也有個(gè)別報(bào)道認(rèn)為多見于胰頭頸部[16]。臨床表現(xiàn)多無特異性,約1/3無明顯癥狀。通常以6個(gè)囊為界分為多囊和少囊,囊徑以2 cm為界分為微囊和大囊,囊壁內(nèi)襯扁平或立方上皮,厚薄均勻,厚度多<2 mm。WHO(2010)組織學(xué)分型將SCN分為微囊型(serous microcystic adenomas of pancreas,SMAP)和寡囊型(serous oligocystic adenoma of pancreas,SOAP),微囊型囊腔一般大于6個(gè),囊徑多<2 cm,寡囊型囊腔多<6個(gè),囊徑>2 cm,以微囊型多見[17]。

SCN在CT平掃中表現(xiàn)為分葉狀腫塊,密度多與水相近,中央纖維瘢痕和纖維間隔使病變呈蜂窩狀,有時(shí)中央纖維瘢痕和分隔可見條帶狀不規(guī)則鈣化或特征性日光輻射樣鈣化;增強(qiáng)掃描中央纖維瘢痕和分隔中度或明顯強(qiáng)化,蜂窩狀結(jié)構(gòu)更清晰[18]。在MRI上SCN邊界清楚,囊性成分表現(xiàn)為T1WI低信號(hào)、T2WI高信號(hào),包膜、中央瘢痕、瘤內(nèi)纖維間隔及鈣化在T2WI上表現(xiàn)為低信號(hào);增強(qiáng)后包膜及分隔中度強(qiáng)化,中央瘢痕明顯強(qiáng)化,以延遲期為著[19]。內(nèi)鏡超聲(EUS)呈現(xiàn)出邊界清楚的低回聲腫塊,內(nèi)可見數(shù)量不等的囊腔,多呈蜂窩狀,囊腔呈無回聲,囊壁厚度均勻,有時(shí)可見鈣化[20]。

SCN在18F-FDG PET/CT圖像上放射性攝取一般不增高。Cosimo等[11]研究結(jié)果顯示, 10例SCN患者放射性攝取均無增高。John等[21]發(fā)現(xiàn)5例SCN患者中1例放射性攝取增高(SUVmax=3.3),但未對(duì)其原因進(jìn)行分析。

3.MCN:MCN約占胰腺外分泌腫瘤的2.5%、PCLs的8%[22],好發(fā)于中老年女性,多見于胰體尾部,主要癥狀為腫瘤壓迫所致。Goh等[23]對(duì)MCN研究中女性占99.7%,平均發(fā)病年齡為47歲,多見于體尾部(94.6%),有癥狀者達(dá)76%,如腹痛、腹部腫塊、惡心、嘔吐、梗阻性黃疸等。MCN通常由巨囊或多房厚壁囊腔構(gòu)成,囊壁厚薄不均,囊內(nèi)有線狀菲薄分隔,囊內(nèi)成分為黏液或黏液摻雜出血、壞死,囊腔與胰管不相通[23]。囊壁為分泌黏液的高柱狀上皮,間質(zhì)為卵巢樣基質(zhì)細(xì)胞[24]。根據(jù)異常增生程度可將MCN分為3個(gè)等級(jí):低或中度異型增生MCN、重度異型增生MCN及浸潤(rùn)性MCN。通常認(rèn)為MCN具有潛在惡性,一般都需手術(shù)切除[25-26]。

MCN在CT平掃時(shí)可見胰體尾部類圓形低密度影,邊界欠清,囊壁較厚,多房型內(nèi)可見菲薄分隔,囊壁可見蛋殼樣鈣化,增強(qiáng)后分隔及囊壁中度或明顯強(qiáng)化。在MRI上,清亮的黏液在T1WI上呈低信號(hào),在T2WI上呈高信號(hào);當(dāng)并發(fā)出血或壞死時(shí),T1WI、T2WI則呈高低混雜信號(hào)。囊壁及分隔在T1WI增強(qiáng)時(shí)也比CT顯示更清楚,部分MCN可見乳頭狀結(jié)節(jié)或腦回樣突出[27]。因囊腔與胰管不相通,ERCP對(duì)MCN診斷價(jià)值很小。EUS下MCN表現(xiàn)為低回聲混合性囊腫,囊腔直徑多>1~2 cm,病變內(nèi)??梢妼?shí)性成分[28]。EUS在區(qū)分MCN的囊壁突起為附壁結(jié)節(jié)或黏蛋白上具有優(yōu)勢(shì)。附壁結(jié)節(jié)通常有血流信號(hào)且不隨體位改變;黏蛋白則為邊緣高回聲中間低回聲,邊緣光滑,位置隨體位改變[29]。

在18F-FDG PET/CT圖像上,MCN放射性攝取不高通常提示良性病變。Cosimo等[11]報(bào)道,5例良性MCN患者有4例放射性攝取均未見增高。Jing等[30]報(bào)道,1例懷疑MCN的患者放射性攝取不高(SUVmax<2.5),未采取手術(shù)治療,經(jīng)過13個(gè)月的隨訪,影像學(xué)上未見腫瘤明顯變化;1例經(jīng)手術(shù)病理證實(shí)為低度異型增生的MCN呈假陽性,可能由囊壁巨噬細(xì)胞遷移和纖維化造成。

4.IPMN:IPMN起源于胰腺主胰管或分支胰管上皮細(xì)胞,分泌黏液蛋白伴或不伴乳頭狀突起,發(fā)病年齡以50~70歲男性多見。Waters等[31]報(bào)道的IPMN患者男女比例為1.6∶1,平均發(fā)病年齡為66歲。約1/3患者有臨床癥狀,表現(xiàn)為上腹痛、體重下降、黃疸等,少部分患者無任何癥狀而經(jīng)體檢發(fā)現(xiàn)。報(bào)道稱IPMN占PCN的20%~50%,好發(fā)于胰頭和鉤突部,多數(shù)表現(xiàn)為單個(gè)囊性病變,但20%~30%呈多灶性,5%~10%呈胰腺?gòu)浡圆∽僛32]。WHO(2010)根據(jù)上皮異型增生情況將IPMN分為3類:低或中度異型增生IPMN、重度異型增生IPMN及浸潤(rùn)性IPMN,低或中度異型增生IPMN定義為良性病變,重度異型增生及浸潤(rùn)性IPMN定義為惡性病變[33]。根據(jù)囊腔與胰管交通情況又可分為主胰管型IPMN(main-duct IPMN,MD-IPMN)、分支胰管型IPMN(branch-duct IPMN,BD-IPMN)及混合型IPMN(combined-type IPMN),混合型IPMN臨床病理學(xué)表現(xiàn)與MD-IPMN相似。2012版國(guó)際共識(shí)指南認(rèn)為所有的MD-IPMN都應(yīng)手術(shù)切除,有臨床癥狀、壁結(jié)節(jié)且伴強(qiáng)化、主胰管擴(kuò)張≥10 mm及梗阻性黃疸的BD-IPMN也應(yīng)手術(shù)切除[34]。

在影像學(xué)上,MD-IPMN表現(xiàn)為主胰管迂曲擴(kuò)張,遠(yuǎn)端胰腺實(shí)質(zhì)萎縮,擴(kuò)張的導(dǎo)管內(nèi)可見壁結(jié)節(jié)或乳頭狀突起;BD-IPMN主要表現(xiàn)為葡萄串樣或分葉狀囊性病變,主胰管輕度擴(kuò)張;混合型IPMN表現(xiàn)為分支胰管合并主胰管擴(kuò)張。增強(qiáng)掃描下,MD-IPMN可見壁結(jié)節(jié)或乳頭狀突起明顯強(qiáng)化及呈魚嘴樣的壺腹部,BD-IPMN見不規(guī)則強(qiáng)化的薄壁多囊結(jié)構(gòu),囊液均無強(qiáng)化[35]。在MRI上囊內(nèi)黏液表現(xiàn)為T1WI低信號(hào)、T2WI高信號(hào),MRCP能更清晰地顯示胰管與囊腫之間的關(guān)系。ERCP檢查可發(fā)現(xiàn)十二指腸乳頭開口擴(kuò)大并有黏液流出,胰管內(nèi)不規(guī)則或乳頭狀充盈缺損,但ERCP因不能清楚顯示主胰管遠(yuǎn)端或細(xì)小分支胰管內(nèi)病變、有創(chuàng)性及并發(fā)癥使其臨床應(yīng)用受限[36]。EUS下,MD-IPMN可見主胰管擴(kuò)張及強(qiáng)回聲的壁結(jié)節(jié),BD-IPMN可見葡萄串樣結(jié)構(gòu);當(dāng)CT或MRI橫斷面顯像不能明確診斷時(shí),EUS有其獨(dú)到優(yōu)勢(shì),可根據(jù)體位改變鑒別壁結(jié)節(jié)與黏液蛋白(壁結(jié)節(jié)位置不會(huì)隨體位改變)[37]。

18F-FDG PET/CT對(duì)IPMN良惡性鑒別有重要意義,放射性攝取增高提示惡性可能。Spefli等[38]認(rèn)為PET對(duì)胰腺非侵襲性、侵襲性囊性病變的敏感性分別為80%、95%;Baiocchi等[39]報(bào)道,7例同時(shí)進(jìn)行18F-FDG PET/CT和MRCP檢查的IPMN患者,PET均能正確預(yù)測(cè)IPMN的良惡性,而MRCP則有3例惡性IPMN未檢出。Compton等[14]報(bào)道的8例惡性IPMN在18F-FDG PET/CT上攝取均增高(SUV≥2.5),8例良性IPMN攝取未見增高。Saito等[40]報(bào)道,SUVmax≥2.0、滯留指數(shù)(retention index,RI)>-10%提示惡性;雙相18F-FDG PET/CT顯像診斷為良性IPMN的SUVmax、RI均顯著比惡性IPMN的高[SUVmax:3.5±2.2vs1.5±0.4,P<0.001;RI:(19.6±17.8)%vs(-2.6±12.9)%];延遲顯像92.3%(12/13)的惡性IPMN、60%(3/5)的良性IPMN SUVmax升高;早期掃描診斷惡性IPMN的敏感性、特異性、精確性分別為88%、94%、90%,診斷BD-IPMN的敏感性、特異性、精確性分別為79%、92%、84%。但Tann等[41]報(bào)道,15例良性IPMN中4例放射性攝取增高,SUVmax為2.7~6不等(SUVmax>2.5提示惡變)。

5.SPN:SPN 1959年由Frantz[42]首次報(bào)道,1996年WHO正式命名為胰腺實(shí)性假乳頭狀瘤[43]。SPN占胰腺外分泌腫瘤的0.2%~2.7%,占PCN的5%[44]。2000版WHO根據(jù)SPN的嗜神經(jīng)性、對(duì)血管及周圍組織的侵襲性將其分為兩類:交界性腫瘤和實(shí)性假乳頭狀癌;2010版WHO把SPN重新定義為低度惡性腫瘤[25]。根據(jù)病變囊實(shí)性成分比例,可分為實(shí)性、囊實(shí)性及類囊腫性3類,囊實(shí)性病灶占絕大多數(shù)。鏡下見腫瘤由實(shí)性、假乳頭區(qū)及囊性區(qū)組成。實(shí)性區(qū)細(xì)胞黏附性差,形態(tài)單一,充滿薄壁血管,并以纖細(xì)血管為軸形成網(wǎng)狀假乳頭,瘤內(nèi)可見出血壞死[45]。發(fā)病原因及組織學(xué)來源未明。Komahl等[46]認(rèn)為SPN起源于胚胎發(fā)生過程中的生殖嵴-卵巢原基相關(guān)細(xì)胞,Cantisani等[47]認(rèn)為SPN起源于胰腺的多能干細(xì)胞。SPN臨床表現(xiàn)無特異性,可僅有上腹部不適或無癥狀,黃疸少見,好發(fā)于年輕女性。Papavramidis和Papavramidis[45]總結(jié)718例SPN患者,男性僅占3.9%。SPN生長(zhǎng)緩慢,可發(fā)生于胰腺的任何部位,以胰頭及胰尾多見,腫瘤可主要位于胰外,僅部分與胰腺組織相連[48]。但也有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,SPN多發(fā)于胰頭,偶發(fā)于腹膜后,甚至發(fā)生于與胰腺不相連的肝臟[49]。主要治療手段為手術(shù),術(shù)后85%~95%的患者可痊愈[50]。

在CT上SPN多表現(xiàn)為邊界清楚、包膜完整的腫塊,內(nèi)可見軟組織密度影及出血壞死區(qū),新鮮出血區(qū)在CT上呈高或稍高密度,陳舊性出血CT表現(xiàn)不及MRI敏感。部分腫瘤內(nèi)可見斑片狀或點(diǎn)狀鈣化,有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道鈣化率為25%[51]。因包膜較厚,增強(qiáng)時(shí)包膜及實(shí)性成分呈漸進(jìn)性強(qiáng)化,囊性區(qū)不強(qiáng)化。在MRI檢查中,SPN邊界清楚,囊性成分表現(xiàn)為T1WI低信號(hào)、T2WI高信號(hào),當(dāng)發(fā)現(xiàn)T1WI高信號(hào)時(shí)提示合并新鮮出血,T2WI低信號(hào)則提示陳舊性出血的含鐵血黃素沉積;實(shí)性成分表現(xiàn)為T1WI稍低、T2WI稍高信號(hào),增強(qiáng)呈漸進(jìn)性強(qiáng)化;包膜T1WI、T2WI均呈低信號(hào),增強(qiáng)時(shí)見強(qiáng)化[52]。SPN在EUS上通常表現(xiàn)為邊界清楚的類圓形或分葉狀腫塊,包膜及實(shí)性成分呈低回聲, 囊性成分無回聲,囊實(shí)性呈低或中等回聲與無回聲的混合回聲,少數(shù)患者可見鈣化[53]。SPN直徑>5 cm、包膜不完整、形態(tài)呈分葉狀、膽管或胰管擴(kuò)張等提示侵襲性較高[54]。

在18F-FDG PET/CT圖像上,SPN實(shí)性成分FDG攝取明顯增高(SUVmax均>3),延遲后進(jìn)一步升高[11]。Cosimo等[11]報(bào)道的2例SPN攝取均增高(SUV≥2.5)。Shimada等[55]發(fā)現(xiàn)的1例位于胰尾直徑約1 cm的SPN,含少量囊性成分,放射性攝取輕度增高,SUVmax=3.6。影響SPN的18F-FDG攝取因素主要包括腫瘤惡性程度、病灶局部腫瘤細(xì)胞所占比例、腫瘤細(xì)胞密度、腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖指數(shù)(Ki67)、病灶局部多核巨細(xì)胞聚集情況、Glut及HK活性及表達(dá)等[56-60]。

6.胰腺囊腺癌:通常由MCN和IPMN發(fā)展而來,也可一開始即為惡性,約占胰腺原發(fā)性惡性腫瘤的1%[61]。中位發(fā)病年齡為60歲,較囊腺瘤晚約15年,原位囊腺癌病程也較胰腺癌長(zhǎng),其中女性占96.4%[62]。臨床癥狀同囊腺瘤相似,缺乏特異性。

在影像學(xué)上,MCN囊壁厚度>2 mm,囊壁及分隔厚薄不均、蛋殼樣鈣化、壁結(jié)節(jié)或乳頭狀突起并伴明顯強(qiáng)化或向周圍浸潤(rùn)等征象提示惡變,惡變可能性與瘤體體積大小呈正相關(guān)[63-64];IPMN主胰管最大徑≥10 mm,主胰管內(nèi)有強(qiáng)化的壁結(jié)節(jié)或乳頭狀突起,伴有肝內(nèi)外膽管擴(kuò)張等提示惡變[34]。在18F-FDG PET/CT圖像上一般呈高代謝狀態(tài),具體參見MCN、IPMN描述。

7.胰腺癌囊變:胰腺癌占胰腺惡性腫瘤的90%以上,其中胰腺導(dǎo)管腺癌占75%~90%,其他特殊類型包括腺鱗癌、透明細(xì)胞癌、黏蛋白癌、未分化癌等[65]。腺鱗癌占胰腺惡性腫瘤的3%~4%,倍增時(shí)間為腺癌的一半,易發(fā)生壞死、囊變,其他類型胰腺癌囊變少見[66]。

在影像學(xué)上,胰腺癌平掃呈低或稍低密度腫塊影,邊界不清,侵犯周圍血管或組織,早期即可使胰管阻塞,囊變區(qū)呈水樣密度影;增強(qiáng)掃描多輕度強(qiáng)化,壞死、囊變區(qū)無強(qiáng)化。具有囊性成分的胰腺癌與囊腺癌的影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)有一些相似,需根據(jù)胰腺癌腫塊本身及囊腺癌影像學(xué)特點(diǎn)加以區(qū)分[67]。

18F-FDG PET/CT對(duì)胰腺癌有很高的診斷價(jià)值。Zhang等[68]報(bào)道,18F-FDG PET/CT診斷胰腺癌的敏感性、特異性、準(zhǔn)確性分別為92.0%、65.0%、84.2%(增強(qiáng)CT分別為82.0%、65.0%、84.2%)。一般情況下癌細(xì)胞呈高攝取狀態(tài),囊變的變性壞死區(qū)呈放射性缺損。但有些胰腺惡性病變18F-FDG攝取與正常組織相近或稍低,呈假陰性,可能與腫瘤細(xì)胞壞死或不同程度的結(jié)締組織增生相關(guān)。在一些中性粒細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞、白細(xì)胞等炎癥細(xì)胞聚集部位,18F-FDG攝取也增高,呈假陽性,如胰腺炎、結(jié)核、自身免疫性疾病等[69]。

三、結(jié)語

PCLs檢出率逐年增高,精確的影像學(xué)診斷對(duì)臨床決策的選擇起著重要作用。CT檢查應(yīng)用最為普遍,但一些PCN在CT上表現(xiàn)并不典型,需結(jié)合MRI、MRCP、ERCP、EUS及PET影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)聯(lián)合診斷。PET在囊性病變及良惡性鑒別方面有較高價(jià)值,F(xiàn)NA細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查、囊液分析等可使診斷更加明確。綜上所述,對(duì)于PCLs可綜合影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)、臨床癥狀、腫瘤標(biāo)志物、FNA細(xì)胞及囊液分析等明確診斷來決定手術(shù)與否,并制定隨訪計(jì)劃。

[1] Laffan TA, Horton KM, Klein AP, et al. Prevalence of unsuspected pancreatic cysts on MDCT[J]. Am J Roentgenol. 2008, (3):802-807. DOI: 10.2214/AJR.07.3340.

[2] Lee KS, Sekhar A, Rofsky NM, et al. Prevalence of incidental pancreatic cysts in the adult population on MR imaging[J]. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010, 105 (9):2079-2084. DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2010.122.

[3] Maria M, Mellena DB, Robert AP, et al. Association between advances in high-resolution cross-section imaging technologies and increase in prevalence of pancreatic cysts from 2005 to 2014[J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2015, DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2015.08.038.

[4] 中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)外科學(xué)分會(huì)胰腺外科學(xué)組. 胰腺囊性疾病診治指南(2015) [J]. 中華外科雜志, 2015, 53(9):641-645. DOI:10.7504/CJPS.ISSN1005-2208.2015.09.13.

[5] 王增, 孔建忠. 螺旋CT診斷胰腺假性囊腫價(jià)值分析[J]. 中國(guó)現(xiàn)代醫(yī)藥雜志, 2011, 13(2):76. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-9463.2011.02.030.

[6] 李芳, 魏慶忠, 常程. 胰腺假性囊腫16例外科治療體會(huì)[J]. 中國(guó)現(xiàn)代醫(yī)藥雜志, 2015, 17(5):24-26. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-9463.2015.05.007.

[7] Kleespies A, Thasler WE, Schafer C, et al. Acute pancreatitis: is there a need for surgery[J]. Gastroenterol, 2008, 46(8):790-798. DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1027467.

[8] Kim YH, Saini SD, Hahn PF, et al. Imaging diagnosis of cystic pancreatic lesions:Pseudocyst versus nonpseudocyst[J]. Radiographics, 2005, 25(3):671-685. DOI: 10.1148/rg.253045104.

[9] Spence RA, Dasari B, Love M, et al. Overview of the investigation and management of cystic neoplasms of the pancreas[J]. Dig Surg, 2011, 28(5/6):386-397. DOI: 10.1159/000334758.

[10] 田野. 超聲檢查對(duì)胰腺假性囊腫診斷的探討[J]. 中國(guó)醫(yī)藥指南, 2014, 12(5):82-83.

[11] Cosimo S, Claudio P, Giandomenico D, et al. F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in differentiating malignant from benign pancreatic cysts: a prospective study[J]. J Gastrointest Surg, 2005, 9(1):22-29. DOI: 10.1016/j.gassur.2004.10.002.

[12] Tann M, Sandrasegaran KS, Skandarajah A, et al. Positron-emission tomography and computed tomography of cystic pancreatic masses.[J]. Clinical Radiology, 2007, 62(8):745-751. DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2007.01.023.

[13] Anish B, Rakesh K, Sarika S, et al. Infection of pancreatic pseudocyst demonstrated on PET/CT using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-labeled autologous leucocytes[J]. Clin Nucl Med, 2012, 37(6):618-619. DOI: 10.1097/RLU.0b013e31823928d6.

[14] Compton CC. Serous cystic tumors of the pancreas[J]. Semin Diagn Pathol, 2000, 17(1):43-55.

[15] Tseng JF, Warshaw AL, Sahani DV, et al. Serous cystadenoma of the pancreas: tumor growth rates and recommendations for treatment[J]. Ann Surg, 2005, 242(3):413-421. DOI: 10.1097/01.sla.0000179651.21193.2c.

[16] 鄧晉郁, 陳湘江, 陳鳳燕. 胰腺黏液性囊腺瘤和漿液性囊腺瘤的多層螺旋CT影像特征對(duì)比研究[J]. 中外醫(yī)療, 2014, 33(6):6-7.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0742.2014.06.003.

[17] Manfredi R, Ventriglia A, Mantovani W, et al. Mucinous cystic neoplasms and serous cystadenomas arising in the body-tail of the pancreas: MR imaging characterization[J]. Eur Radiol, 2015, 25(4):940-949. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-014-3493-2.

[18] Kim HJ, Lee DH, Ko YT, et a1. CT of serous cystadenoma of the pancreas and mimicking masses[J]. AJR, 2008, 190(2):406-412. DOI: 10.2214/AJR.07.2808.

[19] 楊紅波, 龔建平, 杜志泉, 等. 胰腺囊腺瘤的CT、MR診斷及其鑒別診斷[J]. 中國(guó)醫(yī)藥指南, 2013, 11(34):156-157.

[20] 駱洪浩, 彭玉蘭, 趙海娜. 胰腺黏液性囊腺瘤和漿液性囊腺瘤的超聲診斷與病理對(duì)照[J].重慶醫(yī)學(xué), 2015, 44(2):201-206. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-8348.2015.02.019.

[21] John CM, Lawrence S, Pandit-Taskar N, et al. The Utility of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose whole body PET imaging for determining malignancy in cystic lesions of the pancreas[J]. J Gastrointest Surg, 2006, 10(10):1354-1360. DOI: 10.1016/j.gassur.2006.08.002.

[22] Kosmahl M, Pauser U, Peters K, et a1. Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas and tumor-like lesions with cystic features:a review of 41 8 cases and a classification proposal[J]. Virchows Arch, 2004, 445(2):168-178. DOI: 10.1007/s00428-004-1043-z.

[23] Goh BK, Tan YM, Yap WM, et al. Pancreatic serous oligocystic adenomas: clinicopathologic features and a comparison with serous microcystic adenomas and mucinous cystic neoplasms.[J]. World J Surg, 2006, 30(8):1553-1559. DOI: 10.1007/s00268-005-0749-7.

[24] Sakorafas GH, Smyrniotis V, Reid-Lombardo KM, et al. Primary pancreatic cystic neoplasms revisited: part II. Mucinous cystic neoplasms[J]. Surg Oncol, 2011, 20(2):93-101. DOI: 10.1007/s00268-005-0749-7.

[25] Bosman FT, Carneiro F, Hruban RH, et al. WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system[M]. Lyon:IARC,2010,279-330.

[26] Cooper CL, O′Toole SA, Kench JG. Classification, morphology and molecular pathology of premalignant lesions of the pancreas[J]. Pathology, 2013, 45(3):286-304. DOI: 10.1097/PAT.0b013e32835f2205.

[27] Crippa S, Castillo CF, Salvia R, et al. Mucin-producing neoplasms of the pancreas: an analysis of distinguishing clinical and epidemiologic characteristics[J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2010, 8(2):213-219. DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2009.10.001.

[28] Moparty B, Brugge WR. Approach to pancreatic cystic lesions[J]. Curr Gastroenterol Rep, 2007, 9(2):130-135. DOI: 10.1007/s11894-007-0007-2.

[29] Zhong N, Zhang L, Takahashi N, et al. Histologic and imaging features of mural nodules in mucinous pancreatic Cysts[J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2012, 10(2):192-198. DOI: 10.1007/s11894-007-0007-2.

[30] Jing Z, Yuan ZL, Zheng YF, et al. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in management of pancreatic cystic tumors.[J]. Dermatologic Surgery, 2013, 39(9):2484-2489. DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2012.03.005.

[31] Waters J, Schmidt C, Pinchot J, et al. CT vs MRCP: optimal classification of IPMN type and extent.[J]. J Gastrointes Surg, 2008, 12(1):101-109. DOI: 10.1007/s11605-007-0367-9.

[32] Sahani DV, Lin DJ, Venkatesan AM, et al. Multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and management of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas[J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2009, 7(3):259-269. DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2008.11.008.

[33] Saito M, Ishihara T, Tada M, et al. Use of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography with dual-phase imaging to identify intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm[J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2013, 11(2):181-186. DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2012.10.037.

[34] Tanaka M, Castillo FD, Adsay V, et al. International consensus guidelines 2012 for the management of IPMN and MCN of the pancreas[J]. Pancreatology, 2012, 12(3):183-197. DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2012.04.004.

[35] Martin DF. Pocket radiologist. Abdominal. Top 100 diagnoses. By MP Federle, E Fishman, RB Jeffrey and VS Anne[J]. Br J Radiol, 2003, 76(907):508-508. DOI: 10.1259/bjr.76.907.760508a.

[36] Konstantinou F, Syrigos KN, Saif MW. Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas (IPMNs): epidemiology, diagnosis and future aspects.[J]. JOP, 2013, 14(2):141-144. DOI: 10.6092/1590-8577/1467.

[37] Brugge WR. Endoscopic approach to the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic disease[J]. Curr Opin Gastroenterol, 2013, (5):559-565. DOI: 10.1097/MOG.0b013e3283639342.

[38] Spefli C, Pasquali C, Decet G, et al. F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in differentiating malignant from benign pancreatic cysts: a prospective study[J]. J Gastrointest Surg, 2005, 9(1): 22-28. DOI: 10.1016/j.gassur.2004.10.002.

[39] Baiocchi GL, Portolani N, Bertagna F, et a1. Possible additional value of 18FDG-PET in managing pancreas intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms: preliminary results[J]. J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2008, 27(1):10. DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-27-10.

[40] Saito M, Ishihara T, Tada M, et al. Use of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography with dual-phase imaging to identify intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm[J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2013, 11(2):181-186. DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2012.10.037.

[41] Tann M, Sandrasegaran KS, Skandarajah A, et al. Positron-emission tomography and computed tomography of cystic pancreatic masses[J]. Clin Radiol, 2007, 62(8):745-751. DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2007.01.023.

[42] Frantz VK. Tumor of pancreas, Atlas of tumor pathology[M]. Section 7, Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology,1959:32-33.

[43] Kl?ppel G, Solcia E, Sobin LH, et al. Histological Typing of Tumours of the Exocrine Pancreas[J]. J Clin Pathol, 1996, 49(9):384-398. DOI: 10.1136/jcp.49.9.780-b.

[44] Castro SM, Singhal D, Aronson DC, et al. Management of solidpseudopapillary neoplasms of the pancreas:a comparison with standard pancreatic neoplasms[J]. World J Surg, 2007, 31(5):1130-1135. DOI: 10.1007/s00268-006-0214-2.

[45] Papavramidis T, Papavramidis S. Solid pseudopapillary tumors of the pancreas: review of 718 patients reported in english literature[J]. J Am Coll Surg, 2005, 200(6):965-972. DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2005.02.011.

[46] Komahl M, Seada LS, J?nig U, et al. So1id pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas: its origin revisited[J]. Virchows Arch, 2000, 436(5): 473-480.DOI: 10.1007/s004280050475.

[47] Cantisani V, Mortele K J, Levy A, et al. MR imaging features of solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas in adult and pediatric patients[J]. Am J Roentgenol, 2003, 181(2):395-401. DOI: 10.2214/ajr.181.2.1810395.

[48] Acienfuegos J, Lozano MD, Rotellar F, et al. Solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas (SPPT). Still an unsolved enigma[J]. Rev Esp Enferm Dig, 2010, 102(12):722-728. DOI: 10.4321/S1130-01082010001200009.

[49] 李吉昌, 劉紹玲, 石珊, 等. 胰腺實(shí)性-假乳頭狀瘤的超聲診斷與分型價(jià)值的探討[J].中華超聲影像學(xué)雜志, 2005, 14(7): 526-528. DOI: 10.3760/j.issn:1004-4477.2005.07.012.

[50] Yoon WJ, Brugge WR, Pancreatic cystic neoplasms: diagnosis and management[J]. Gastroenterol Clin North Am, 2012, (1):103-118. DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2011.12.016.

[51] 孫志超, 許茂盛, 王麗, 等. 胰腺實(shí)性假乳頭狀瘤的影像診斷[J]. 浙江臨床醫(yī)學(xué), 2014, 18(5):718-720.

[52] Choi JY, Kim MJ, Kim JH, et al. Solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas: typical and atypical manifestations[J]. Am J Roentgenol, 2006, 187(2):178-186. DOI: 10.2214/AJR.05.0569.

[53] Song JS, Yoo CW, Kwon Y, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology diagnosis of solid pseudopapillary neoplasm: three case reports with review of literature[J]. Korean J Pathol, 2012, 46(4):399-406. DOI: 10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.4.399.

[54] 韋永春, 吳獻(xiàn)華. 胰腺實(shí)性假乳頭狀瘤CT和MRI的診斷及鑒別診斷[J]. 中國(guó)CT和MRI雜志, 2015, 13(10):76-79. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-5131.2015.10.025.

[55] Shimada K, Nakamoto Y, Isoda H, et al. F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in a solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas mimicking malignancy[J]. Clin Nucl Med, 2008, 33(11):766-768. DOI: 10.1097/RLU.0b013e318187f0f0.

[56] Dong A, Wang Y, Dong H, et al. FDG PET/CT findings of solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas with CT and MRI correlation[J]. Clin Nucl Med, 2013, 38(3):118-124. DOI: 10.1097/RLU.0b013e318270868a.

[57] Shimada K, Nakamoto Y, Isoda H, et al. F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in a solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas mimicking malignancy[J]. Clin Nucl Med, 2008, 33(11):766-768. DOI: 10.1097/RLU.0b013e318187f0f0.

[58] Yang F, Jin CJ. Solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas: a case series of 26 consecutive patients[J]. Am J Surg, 2009, 198(2):210-215. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2008.07.062.

[59] 羅亞平, 霍力, 李方,等. 胰腺實(shí)性假乳頭狀瘤18F-FDGPET/CT顯像二例[J]. 中華核醫(yī)學(xué)與分子影像雜志, 2012, 32(6):465-466. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-2848.2012.06.015.

[60] Sato M, Takasaka I, Okumura T, et al. High F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose accumulation in solid pseudo-papillary tumors of the pancreas[J]. Ann Nucl Med, 2006, 20(6):431-436. DOI: 10.1007/BF03027379.

[61] Munigala S, Gelrud A, Agarwal B. Risk of pancreatic cancer in patients with pancreatic cyst[J]. Gastrointest Endosc, 2016,84(1):81-86. DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2015.10.030.

[62] Crippa S, Salvia R, Warshaw AL, et al. Mucinous cystic neoplasm of the pancreas is not an aggressive entity: lessons from 163 resected patients[J]. Ann Surg, 2008, 247(4):571-579. DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31811f4449.

[63] Procacci C, Carbognin G, Accordini S, et al. CT features of malignant mucinous cystic tumors of the pancreas[J]. Eur Radiol, 2001, 11(9):1626-1630. DOI: 10.1007/s003300100855.

[64] Fukushima N, Fukayama M. Mucinous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas:pathology and molecular genetics[J]. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg, 2007, 14(3):238-242. DOI: 10.1007/s00534-006-1168-3.

[65] Hartwig W, Hackert T, Hinz U, et al. Pancreatic cancer surgery in the new millennium: better prediction of outcome[J]. Ann Surg, 2011, 254(2):311-319. DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31821fd334.

[66] 王玉濤, 汪建華, 張建, 等. 胰腺腺鱗癌的多排螺旋CT檢查特征[J]. 中華消化外科雜志, 2015, 14(8):677-682. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-9752.2015.08.018.

[67] Sahani DV, Kadavigere R, Saokar A, et al. Cystic pancreatic lesions: a simple imaging-based classification system for guiding management[J]. Radiographics, 2005, 25(6):1471-1484. DOI: 10.1148/rg.256045161.

[68] Zhang J, Zuo CJ, Jia NY, et al. Cross-modality PET/CT and contrast-enhanced CT imaging for pancreatic cancer[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2015, 21(10):2988-2996. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i10.2988.

[69] Sahani DV, Bonaffini PA, Catalano OA, et al. State-of-the-art PET/CT of the pancreas: current role and emerging indications.[J]. Radiographics, 2012, 32(4):1133-1158.DOI: 10.1148/rg.324115143.

(本文編輯:冀凱宏)

10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-1935.2016.06.018

200433 上海,第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)附屬長(zhǎng)海醫(yī)院核醫(yī)學(xué)科

左長(zhǎng)京,Email: changjing.zuo@qq.com

2016-01-28)

猜你喜歡
胰管乳頭狀實(shí)性
胰腺實(shí)性漿液性囊腺瘤1例
從胰管改變談胰腺疾病的診斷
胰管擴(kuò)張的臨床原因及影像學(xué)特征
超聲在診斷甲狀腺囊實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié)中的應(yīng)用
喉前淋巴結(jié)與甲狀腺乳頭狀癌頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的相關(guān)性研究
乳腺包裹性乳頭狀癌的超聲診斷
胰腺導(dǎo)管內(nèi)乳頭狀黏液瘤癌變1例
超聲造影結(jié)合定量分析法診斷甲狀腺微小乳頭狀癌的臨床價(jià)值
乳腺包裹性乳頭狀癌1例
自身免疫性胰腺炎胰管病變的MRCP特征
隆林| 儋州市| 安西县| 阿克| 凤翔县| 金湖县| 文昌市| 清河县| 乳山市| 永州市| 张掖市| 顺平县| 大竹县| 永德县| 精河县| 库车县| 布尔津县| 普兰店市| 辽宁省| 仙居县| 双辽市| 白沙| 蒙山县| 济宁市| 宁安市| 灵台县| 寿光市| 彩票| 桂阳县| 偏关县| 罗江县| 泰兴市| 韶关市| 遵义县| 贡山| 本溪市| 济源市| 安阳县| 泰宁县| 肇东市| 芮城县|