梁先勇 陳志偉
移位型跟骨關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折的手術(shù)治療進(jìn)展
梁先勇 陳志偉
【關(guān)鍵詞】跟骨;骨折;關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折;綜述
跟骨骨折約占全身骨折總數(shù)的 2%,是臨床上最常見的跗骨骨折,其中 75%為跟骨關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折[1-2]。高處墜落是跟骨骨折最常見的直接暴力損傷因素,常伴有脊柱、骨盆等復(fù)雜骨折。Sanders[3]分型對跟骨骨折的診療及預(yù)后有著重要的指導(dǎo)意義,能充分反映跟骨后距下關(guān)節(jié)面的損傷情況,成為目前臨床上應(yīng)用最廣泛的分型方法。由于跟骨周圍解剖結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、軟組織條件差,跟骨骨折尤其是移位型關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折治療困難,容易導(dǎo)致各種足部并發(fā)癥,嚴(yán)重影響到患者的生活質(zhì)量[4]。近年來,跟骨關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折的治療有了較快的發(fā)展,現(xiàn)就移位型跟骨關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折的手術(shù)治療進(jìn)展綜述如下。
對于移位型跟骨關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折,經(jīng)皮撬撥復(fù)位主要應(yīng)用于 Sanders II~I(xiàn)II 型骨折。隨著微創(chuàng)操作器械的和影像技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展,經(jīng)皮撬撥復(fù)位內(nèi)固定技術(shù)表現(xiàn)出較大的優(yōu)勢[5]。
1.手術(shù)方法:撬撥針正確的放置位置是保證撬撥復(fù)位手術(shù)成功的決定性因素。根據(jù)不同情況的骨折,仔細(xì)選擇進(jìn)針點(diǎn)的角度和深度,但撬撥針進(jìn)針深度不宜超過骨折線,否則塌陷的后關(guān)節(jié)面難以被有效抬起。幾根斯氏針打入骨折塊充當(dāng)操縱桿,利用杠桿原理復(fù)位跟骨骨折,并在牽引作用下由足跟兩側(cè)向中心用力擠壓,以恢復(fù)跟骨的高度及寬度。透視下復(fù)位良好后用骨針將骨折塊固定于距骨或骰骨,拔去斯氏針并將固定針剪短埋于皮下,也可行經(jīng)皮螺釘固定。對跟骨塌陷嚴(yán)重者,可于撬撥復(fù)位后向跟骨缺損處小切口植骨或注射骨水泥,短期隨訪療效良好[6]。
2.優(yōu)勢與不足:經(jīng)皮撬撥復(fù)位降低了軟組織并發(fā)癥,手術(shù)時(shí)間短、損傷小、操作簡便、費(fèi)用低廉。但是傷后2周為骨折炎癥血腫期,為避免骨折端血腫機(jī)化影響撬撥效果,提倡盡早進(jìn)行骨折復(fù)位,一般為傷后3~5天[7]。由于術(shù)中對距下關(guān)節(jié)面的暴露較困難,無法有效恢復(fù)關(guān)節(jié)面的平整,而且術(shù)后常遺留跟骨外側(cè)壁不同程度的膨出,使跟骨增寬,影響穿鞋,并造成腓骨肌腱移位或卡壓等癥狀[8]。常規(guī)鋼針固定骨折穩(wěn)定性欠佳,術(shù)后須用短腿石膏輔助外固定,不利于早期功能鍛煉。因此,有學(xué)者建議在骨折復(fù)位后,利用螺釘經(jīng)皮固定來提高骨折固定的效果[9-10]。Sampath 等[11]研究表明,經(jīng)皮撬撥復(fù)位螺釘固定術(shù)與切開復(fù)位鋼板固定術(shù)相比,在 Bohler 角、Gissane 角的恢復(fù)等方面無顯著差異,而在功能評分及切口感染率上顯示出明顯的優(yōu)勢。Wallin 等[12]通過文獻(xiàn)檢索統(tǒng)計(jì)了2000年至2012年,采用撬撥復(fù)位內(nèi)固定技術(shù)治療跟骨關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折的報(bào)道,同樣證實(shí)術(shù)后并發(fā)癥較切開復(fù)位明顯偏低。隨著骨折內(nèi)固定器械的發(fā)展,髓內(nèi)釘也逐步應(yīng)用于跟骨骨折的治療。Goldzak 等[13]便報(bào)道了一組采用髓內(nèi)釘治療跟骨關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折的病例,閉合復(fù)位后將髓內(nèi)釘經(jīng)跟骨后方置入對其進(jìn)行軸向鎖定,固定可靠,且能有效維持復(fù)位效果。
切開復(fù)位內(nèi)固定術(shù)最適用于 Sanders II~I(xiàn)II 型跟骨骨折,部分軟組織條件較好的 Sanders IV型骨折早期同樣可以采用。對于移位型跟骨關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折,切開復(fù)位內(nèi)固定術(shù)已成為臨床應(yīng)用最為廣泛的手術(shù)方法。
1.手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī):移位型跟骨關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折多為高能量暴力損傷,軟組織條件及合并傷的評估對于手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī)的選擇非常關(guān)鍵。一般認(rèn)為,早期應(yīng)采取冰敷、脫水、抬高患肢等方法,待腫脹消退、皮紋征出現(xiàn)后再行手術(shù),一般為傷后 7~10 天,傷后超過 14 天軟組織并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率急劇升高,而且骨折周圍已經(jīng)開始出現(xiàn)骨痂,很難獲得良好的復(fù)位效果[14-15]。Kwon 等[16]最新研究則認(rèn)為延遲手術(shù)并不能減少傷口并發(fā)癥,傷后超過 14 天采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的外側(cè)擴(kuò)大L 形切口入路并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率無明顯變化,但采用經(jīng)皮或跗骨竇入路時(shí)切口并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率增加。
2.手術(shù)入路:目前跟骨骨折手術(shù)入路主要包括內(nèi)側(cè)入路、外側(cè)入路、聯(lián)合入路3 種手術(shù)方式。其中內(nèi)外側(cè)聯(lián)合入路對軟組織損傷大,且進(jìn)一步破壞了跟骨周圍血運(yùn),臨床應(yīng)用較少。
外側(cè)入路有多種手術(shù)方式,經(jīng)典的外側(cè)擴(kuò)大 L 形切口具有顯露充分、便于關(guān)節(jié)面復(fù)位等優(yōu)點(diǎn),適用于 Sanders II~I(xiàn)V型骨折,尤其是累及跟骰關(guān)節(jié)面的骨折,是目前治療跟骨骨折的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)術(shù)式。但是對累及關(guān)節(jié)面的內(nèi)側(cè)骨折塊及載距突骨折暴露及固定較困難,并且發(fā)生切口并發(fā)癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高,包括切口皮緣壞死、切口裂開及感染等[17-18]。既往文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道采用外側(cè)擴(kuò)大 L 形切口治療跟骨骨折軟組織并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為1.7%~20%[19-20]。術(shù)前做好充分準(zhǔn)備、評估軟組織損傷的程度,術(shù)中注重軟組織的保護(hù)是獲得良好療效的前提。為此,以跗骨竇入路為代表的外側(cè)微創(chuàng)小切口技術(shù)日益受到重視和應(yīng)用,具有創(chuàng)傷小、軟組織并發(fā)癥少等優(yōu)點(diǎn),并且關(guān)節(jié)面復(fù)位滿意、固定可靠。該入路主要用于累及跟骨外側(cè)壁的關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折,對于距下關(guān)節(jié)面塌陷型跟骨關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折,跗骨竇入路尤為適用。Abdelazeem 等[21]采用微創(chuàng)跗骨竇入路復(fù)位、單純螺釘固定治療 33 例跟骨關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)移位骨折,平均隨訪 28.8個(gè)月,Bohler 角由術(shù)前 2.8° 提高到術(shù)后 19.4°,AOFAS 評分平均為 91.73 分。Kline 等[22]同樣報(bào)道了一組跗骨竇入路治療跟骨關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折的病例,也獲得了較好的療效。但采用該入路時(shí)術(shù)野顯露有限,同樣對累及關(guān)節(jié)面的內(nèi)側(cè)骨折塊及載距突骨折暴露及固定困難,常導(dǎo)致跟骨力線不正,造成內(nèi)翻畸形。外側(cè)手術(shù)入路眾多,由于跟骨骨折的多樣性以及復(fù)雜性,并沒有哪一種入路能適用于所有類型的骨折。經(jīng)有限切口切開復(fù)位內(nèi)固定技術(shù)為移位型跟骨關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折的治療提供了新的思路,有著較好的應(yīng)用前景。
內(nèi)側(cè)入路主要適用于累及內(nèi)側(cè)壁及載距突的跟骨關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折。內(nèi)側(cè)斜形切口首先由 McReynolds[23]提出,后經(jīng)Zwipp 等[24]改良為內(nèi)側(cè)橫切口,即在足底內(nèi)側(cè)緣和內(nèi)踝連線的中間作一長約8cm的橫行切口。該切口能夠較好地顯露跟骨內(nèi)側(cè)骨折塊,軟組織剝離少,對于載距突骨折復(fù)位、固定也比較容易操作[25]。此外,對于累及載距突的跟骨關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折,Zwipp 等[26]專門詳細(xì)描述了一種復(fù)位載距突骨折的內(nèi)側(cè)載距突切口,于載距突上方作一長約 4cm的水平直切口,鈍性分離軟組織即可暴露跟骨載距突。載距突切口軟組織損傷較小,同樣能有效避開周圍重要的血管神經(jīng),除用于單純載距突骨折外,還可作為外側(cè)切口的輔助切口,使顯露更充分。與外側(cè)入路相比,內(nèi)側(cè)入路對軟組織損傷相對較小,切口一般能夠較好的愈合。由于內(nèi)側(cè)入路可對內(nèi)側(cè)骨折塊進(jìn)行有效復(fù)位,因此還能夠有效減少跟骨內(nèi)翻畸形的發(fā)生。
對于開放性跟骨骨折、粉碎性跟骨骨折關(guān)節(jié)面難以解剖復(fù)位或軟組織損傷嚴(yán)重者,應(yīng)用外固定支架能有效減少軟組織的再損傷,撐開并保護(hù)距下關(guān)節(jié),可以進(jìn)行早期功能鍛煉。但對復(fù)雜粉碎性骨折復(fù)位困難,且外固定支架術(shù)后釘?shù)栏腥炯八蓜拥炔l(fā)癥較高,日常生活及護(hù)理不便。外固定支架可單獨(dú)應(yīng)用,在開放手術(shù)前提供臨時(shí)牽引,減少軟組織損傷;也可與克氏針、螺釘?shù)葍?nèi)固定器械聯(lián)合應(yīng)用,作為復(fù)雜骨折的最終治療方案。另外,外固定支架還可用于骨折的復(fù)位,通過多點(diǎn)牽開、韌帶整復(fù)的方法對骨折進(jìn)行輔助復(fù)位[27-28]。
臨床上適用于移位型跟骨關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折的外固定支架種類較多,各有優(yōu)點(diǎn)與不足。其中環(huán)形外固定架可提供三平面的穩(wěn)定固定,療效確切,成為跟骨骨折最常用的外固定支架類型。Ilizarov 支架是常見的環(huán)形外固定支架之一,通過縱向牽引并提供跟骨相對穩(wěn)定的固定,允許術(shù)后早期負(fù)重和功能鍛煉。固定后負(fù)重不會對距下關(guān)節(jié)面產(chǎn)生壓力,可保護(hù)關(guān)節(jié)面,延緩創(chuàng)傷性關(guān)節(jié)炎的發(fā)生,結(jié)合微創(chuàng)內(nèi)固定療效更佳。Emara 等[29]報(bào)道的隨機(jī)對照研究結(jié)果顯示,Ilizarov 支架可有效降低軟組織并發(fā)癥發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),并能獲得接近于切開復(fù)位內(nèi)固定術(shù)術(shù)后功能及影像學(xué)結(jié)果。Magnan 等[30]報(bào)道了 52 例采用閉合復(fù)位結(jié)合 Orthofix 跟骨外固定器治療的移位型跟骨關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折患者,隨訪 27~94 個(gè)月,根據(jù) Maryland 足部功能評分,49 例獲得了較好的療效,僅3 例發(fā)生表淺釘?shù)栏腥?。Besch 等[31]采用鉸鏈?zhǔn)酵夤潭ㄖЪ苤委?37 例伴有嚴(yán)重軟組織損傷的跟骨關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折,也獲得了較好的臨床療效。該研究認(rèn)為采用外固定支架固定治療跟骨關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折軟組織損傷小,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低,術(shù)后踝關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù)良好,值得臨床推廣。
經(jīng)皮球囊擴(kuò)張術(shù)是近年來開展的新型微創(chuàng)跟骨骨折復(fù)位技術(shù),此方法借鑒于療效較確鑿的經(jīng)皮椎體成形術(shù)[32],主要適用于伴有后距下關(guān)節(jié)面塌陷的跟骨骨折。采用克氏針臨時(shí)固定骨折后,在跟骨丘部下方,將球囊置入并加壓擴(kuò)張。為防止復(fù)位時(shí)跟骨外側(cè)壁外膨,需利用骨夾等器械將跟骨外側(cè)壁夾緊并固定。最后經(jīng)皮注入骨水泥,因其相對黏稠,可有效避免注入時(shí)泄漏至關(guān)節(jié)腔,主要適用于 Sanders II型及部分 Sanders III 型跟骨骨折[33-34]。Biggi 等[35]采用經(jīng)皮球囊擴(kuò)張術(shù)治療 Sanders II型和 Sanders III型跟骨骨折 11 例,平均隨訪 24 個(gè)月,采用 AOFAS 踝-后足評分,獲優(yōu) 6 例,良 4例,差1例,術(shù)后 Bohler 角平均值明顯提高。Vittore 等[36]報(bào)道采用克氏針輔助復(fù)位經(jīng)皮球囊擴(kuò)張術(shù)治療 20 例跟骨關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折,也獲得了較好的療效。雖然經(jīng)皮球囊擴(kuò)張術(shù)對于提高關(guān)節(jié)面對位的平整性、控制球囊擴(kuò)張臨界點(diǎn)等技術(shù)仍有待改進(jìn),但亦為跟骨關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折微創(chuàng)治療提供了新思路。
目前,對嚴(yán)重粉碎性 Sanders IV型跟骨骨折的治療尚存在爭議,主要集中在是否行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的切開復(fù)位內(nèi)固定術(shù)或一期距下關(guān)節(jié)融合術(shù)[37-38]。Sanders IV型跟骨關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折常伴骨和軟骨缺損,良好復(fù)位固定及關(guān)節(jié)軟骨修復(fù)極為困難,切開復(fù)位內(nèi)固定術(shù)后晚期容易并發(fā)創(chuàng)傷性關(guān)節(jié)炎,引起患足疼痛、再手術(shù)率高。多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為對于 Sanders IV型跟骨骨折,切開復(fù)位內(nèi)固定結(jié)合一期距下關(guān)節(jié)融合不失為一種較好的手術(shù)方式[39-41]。在融合前應(yīng)注意恢復(fù)跟骨正常的解剖形態(tài),以保留部分足部功能。充分清理關(guān)節(jié)面殘留的軟骨,為促使血管長入,可在軟骨下多處鉆孔,并行距下關(guān)節(jié)充分植骨。手術(shù)方案主要包括三關(guān)節(jié)融合術(shù)、距下關(guān)節(jié)融合植骨術(shù)、跟骨截骨矯形及距下關(guān)節(jié)融合植骨術(shù)。Holm 等[42]采用一期距下關(guān)節(jié)融合治療 17 例高度粉碎性的 Sanders IV型跟骨骨折,平均隨訪 34 個(gè)月,骨折均愈合良好,AOFAS 踝-后足功能評分平均 78 分,VAS 評分平均1.9 分。但 Zwipp 等[43]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)融合距下關(guān)節(jié)后,后足活動范圍明顯變小,可引起足部其它關(guān)節(jié)的生物力學(xué)變化,遠(yuǎn)期可導(dǎo)致中后足關(guān)節(jié)過早退變。因此對于部分 Sanders IV型骨折,尤其是年輕患者,應(yīng)盡可能行一期切開復(fù)位內(nèi)固定,最大限度地恢復(fù)跟骨解剖外形,如術(shù)后出現(xiàn)疼痛性距下關(guān)節(jié)炎時(shí),再考慮行關(guān)節(jié)融合術(shù)。
在復(fù)雜脛骨平臺及踝關(guān)節(jié)骨折治療中,采用關(guān)節(jié)鏡下輔助復(fù)位具有明顯優(yōu)勢,能取得良好的手術(shù)效果[44-47]。距下關(guān)節(jié)鏡近年來也逐漸應(yīng)用于跟骨關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折的治療,輔助移位的骨折塊復(fù)位,恢復(fù)距下關(guān)節(jié)面的平整,提高復(fù)位質(zhì)量使得經(jīng)皮或小切口技術(shù)更為簡便[48]。常用的距下關(guān)節(jié)鏡手術(shù)入路有前外側(cè)入路、前外背側(cè)入路、后外側(cè)入路及外側(cè)中間入路等。Woon 等[49]采用距下關(guān)節(jié)鏡輔助復(fù)位、透視下經(jīng)皮螺釘固定技術(shù)治療 22 例 Sanders II型跟骨關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折,獲得較好的療效。Kopp 等[50]報(bào)道在關(guān)節(jié)鏡輔助下治療 28 例跟骨關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)移位骨折,其中 Sanders II型24 例,手術(shù)前后 Bohler 角平均提高 28.2°,術(shù)后 CT 顯示復(fù)位優(yōu)良率達(dá) 90%,Rowe 功能評分平均為 86 分。該研究認(rèn)為關(guān)節(jié)鏡微創(chuàng)輔助復(fù)位可以有效減少軟組織并發(fā)癥,是一種安全有效的跟骨關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折微創(chuàng)手術(shù)技術(shù)。
由于距下關(guān)節(jié)間隙狹小,使得鏡下治療跟骨關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折操作空間有限,需掌握嫻熟的關(guān)節(jié)鏡技術(shù),否則適得其反。此外關(guān)節(jié)鏡下治療跟骨骨折適應(yīng)證較窄,僅對于關(guān)節(jié)面損傷較小的 Sanders II型效果比較確切,在 Sanders III~I(xiàn)V型骨折中的應(yīng)用仍需進(jìn)一步研究和探索。
隨著數(shù)字骨科學(xué)研究的快速發(fā)展,數(shù)字技術(shù)在創(chuàng)傷骨科的應(yīng)用日益廣泛,也為骨科疾病的臨床診療和基礎(chǔ)研究提供新的手段[51-52]。數(shù)字化技術(shù)在跟骨骨折手術(shù)治療過程中的應(yīng)用主要包括骨折三維模型建立、計(jì)算機(jī)模擬手術(shù)、CAD-RP 技術(shù)、計(jì)算機(jī)輔助導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)(computer assisted navigationsystem,CANs)等。
采用 Mimics 等三維操控軟件系統(tǒng),利用影像學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)建立相應(yīng)骨折的三維模型,從而對骨折形成一個(gè)立體概念,直觀了解跟骨關(guān)節(jié)面破壞情況及跟骨塌陷程度。然后通過計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)在三維模型上進(jìn)行模擬測量、復(fù)位、固定等手術(shù)操作,并在此基礎(chǔ)上明確手術(shù)入路、復(fù)位手法、固定方案及植骨方式等。研究表明,在傳統(tǒng) C 型臂機(jī)引導(dǎo)下置入內(nèi)固定時(shí),內(nèi)固定位置不良率高達(dá) 39%[53]。應(yīng)用CAD-RP 技術(shù)術(shù)前即打印出等比例跟骨骨折實(shí)物模型,在實(shí)體模型上進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)測量和內(nèi)固定物的模擬塑形。通過上述方式,可明顯縮短手術(shù)時(shí)間,減少創(chuàng)傷并提高內(nèi)固定物的貼合率。CANs 是計(jì)算機(jī)輔助外科的重要組成部分,其在輔助置入骶髂關(guān)節(jié)螺釘、髓內(nèi)釘?shù)葎?chuàng)傷骨科手術(shù)已有成功的報(bào)道[54-55],并逐步應(yīng)用于較復(fù)雜的跟骨關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折的治療。張英澤等[56]利用計(jì)算機(jī)導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)治療復(fù)雜性跟骨骨折 Sanders II型 57 例、Sanders III 型 45 例、Sanders IV型 28 例,平均隨訪 16.3 個(gè)月,術(shù)后 X 線片顯示跟骨高度、寬度、長度及 Bohler 角均恢復(fù)良好,無1例出現(xiàn)切口感染,術(shù)后功能良好。Rubberdt 等[57]采用 CANs 技術(shù)治療15 例跟骨關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折,共置入 20 枚螺釘,結(jié)果顯示螺釘位置均良好。
綜上所述,移位型跟骨關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折手術(shù)治療方法多樣,各有其優(yōu)勢與不足,還沒有一種適用于所有類型跟骨骨折患者的方法。臨床上應(yīng)根據(jù)骨折損傷的程度與類型進(jìn)行客觀評價(jià),遵循合理、有效、微創(chuàng)的原則,選擇最佳的治療方法,最大限度地提高臨床療效,減少術(shù)后并發(fā)癥。移位型跟骨關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折作為一種嚴(yán)重的足部創(chuàng)傷,其致殘率高、臨床療效差異較大,已成為足踝外科的研究熱點(diǎn)之一。隨著基礎(chǔ)研究、手術(shù)固定器械、微創(chuàng)和導(dǎo)航技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,未來移位型跟骨關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折的手術(shù)治療將更加安全、有效。
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(本文編輯:李貴存)
Progress of the operative treatment for displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures
LIANG Xian-yong,CHEN Zhiwei.Department of Orthopedics,First Affiliated Hospital of South China University,Hengyang,Hunan,421001,PRC
【Abstract】Objective To review the progress of the operative treatment for displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures.Methods Original articles on the operative treatment of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures were extensively reviewed.Indications,advantages and disadvantages of each surgical method were also analyzed.Results Displaced intra-articular calcaneal fracture was complex with varied surgical methods,including percutaneous poking reduction and internal fixation,open reduction and internal fixation,external fixation,balloon reduction and cement fixation,subtalar arthrodesis,arthroscopic reduction and digital orthopedic techniques.However,open reduction and internal fixation was the most widely used method for displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures with a fairly high complication rate.Percutaneous poking reduction and internal fixation,external fixation,balloon reduction and cement fixation were minimally invasive approaches,but they should be used carefully for the indications.Subtalar arthrodesis was not advocated for young patients,and was often used in severely displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures and failures after the first internal fixation.Arthroscopic reduction and digital orthopedic techniques had become increasingly popular for offering a new way to the treatment.Conclusions Displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures are severe foot injuries,while the damage degree and fracture type should be evaluated objectively.To improve clinical efficacy and reduce postoperative complications,optimal treatment should be chosen following the principle of being reasonable,effective and minimally invasive.
【Key words】Calcaneus; Fractures,bone; Intra-articular fractures; Review
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2016.04.009 中圖分類號:R684,R683.4
作者單位:421001 衡陽,南華大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院骨科
通信作者:陳志偉,Email: czw9915@sina.com
Corresponding author:CHEN Zhi-wei,Email: czw9915@sina.com
收稿日期:(2015-06-10)