,
(南華大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院腫瘤研究所, 湖南衡陽(yáng)421001)
·文獻(xiàn)綜述·
抗腫瘤藥物治療靶點(diǎn)Sp1研究進(jìn)展
唐芬,賀修勝*
(南華大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院腫瘤研究所, 湖南衡陽(yáng)421001)
特異蛋白轉(zhuǎn)錄因子1(Sp1)屬于Sp/KLF家族成員,是一種序列特異性的 DNA 結(jié)合蛋白,可調(diào)控某些啟動(dòng)子中富含 GC /GT 序列的細(xì)胞核病毒基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄過(guò)程,其廣泛存在于幾乎所有組織的細(xì)胞核中。不僅在正常胚胎發(fā)育、產(chǎn)后個(gè)體生長(zhǎng)等過(guò)程中起著重要作用,還可以通過(guò)調(diào)控癌基因、抑癌基因及相關(guān)信號(hào)通路分子的表達(dá),影響細(xì)胞周期、細(xì)胞凋亡及血管新生等過(guò)程,參與多種腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展。本文就Sp1與癌癥患者的預(yù)后意義、致瘤作用及其作為抗腫瘤藥物治療靶點(diǎn)進(jìn)行綜述。
抗腫瘤藥物; Sp1; 靶向治療
特異蛋白轉(zhuǎn)錄因子1(Specificity Protein1,Sp1)是第一個(gè)被鑒定的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子。根據(jù)其功能的不同可以分為3個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)域:DNA結(jié)合區(qū)域、轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控區(qū)域、核定位信號(hào)區(qū)域。DNA結(jié)合區(qū)域位于羧基(C基)末端,含有3個(gè)Cys2His2 的鋅指結(jié)構(gòu),這種特殊的鋅指結(jié)構(gòu)使得Sp1可以有效地結(jié)合到染色體特定序列的GC盒位點(diǎn),進(jìn)而調(diào)控基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄過(guò)程。轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控區(qū)域位于氨基(N基)末端,主要通過(guò)和其他輔助因子(或轉(zhuǎn)錄復(fù)合物)共同調(diào)控轉(zhuǎn)錄的起始。核定位信號(hào)則主要位于鋅指結(jié)構(gòu)區(qū)域內(nèi),通過(guò)主動(dòng)運(yùn)輸?shù)姆绞?,將Sp1蛋白運(yùn)輸?shù)胶藘?nèi)而發(fā)揮作用[1-3]。
有研究報(bào)道Sp1在橫紋肌肉瘤、多發(fā)性骨髓瘤、鼻咽癌等多種腫瘤細(xì)胞系中高表達(dá)[4-6],在鼻咽癌、胰腺癌、結(jié)腸癌、胃癌、肺癌和肝癌中,Sp1表達(dá)增高,患者預(yù)后差[6-10]。例如,在膠質(zhì)瘤患者中,Sp1的表達(dá)率達(dá)94.6%,其表達(dá)程度與腫瘤的進(jìn)展、轉(zhuǎn)移呈正相關(guān)。Sp1陰性和陽(yáng)性患者的5年生存率分別是55% 和19%。Sp1高表達(dá)患者總生存期也明顯低于Sp1低表達(dá)的患者[11]。Sp1低表達(dá)的鼻咽癌患者對(duì)放射治療敏感,而Sp1高表達(dá)的患者對(duì)放射治療不敏感[6]。有研究者認(rèn)為,Sp1和其調(diào)控的抗凋亡蛋白FLIP可用以預(yù)測(cè)前列腺癌患者的復(fù)發(fā)[12]。
RNA干擾技術(shù)和抗腫瘤藥物的研究表明,Sp1的致瘤功能是由于其調(diào)控了致瘤基因,如cyclin D1、survivin、VEGF等,這些基因與細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)、存活、血管生成、炎癥等密切相關(guān),同時(shí)還調(diào)控 RTKs、PTTG1、eIF4E,b-catenin和YY1基因[13-23]。所有的這些基因都有富含GC的啟動(dòng)子,Sp1通過(guò)結(jié)合這種啟動(dòng)子,從而激活其活性。Zhang 等報(bào)道,Sp1在鼻咽癌細(xì)胞中呈高表達(dá),敲低Sp1表達(dá)后會(huì)降低細(xì)胞的增殖能力、在軟瓊脂中的克隆形成能力和裸鼠成瘤能力[24]。這些結(jié)果表明,Sp1可以通過(guò)增強(qiáng)腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)、侵襲、遷移能力顯著地加強(qiáng)腫瘤細(xì)胞的表型特征[25]。
研究表明,可以通過(guò)不同的方法阻斷、抑制或下調(diào)Sp1的表達(dá)。這些方法包括封閉蛋白或阻斷Sp1結(jié)合富含GC豐富的順式作用元件,以及抗腫瘤藥物等。
4.1 Sp1誘捕物富含GC的寡核苷酸可以降低Sp1調(diào)控的反式激活作用[26,27]。寡核苷酸(NODs)是含有Sp1特異結(jié)合的順式作用元件的DNA結(jié)構(gòu)類(lèi)似物,將其導(dǎo)入肺癌細(xì)胞中后,可抑制Sp1調(diào)控基因的表達(dá),比如,VEGF、TGF-b和TF 。同時(shí),也抑制了肺癌細(xì)胞的增長(zhǎng)、遷移和侵襲[26]。肽核酸(PNAs)是用含甘氨酸的偽肽替代DNA的磷酸骨架的DNA的模擬分子,它與DNA的嵌合體PND-DNA-PNA(PDP)可以特異性地結(jié)合Sp1,從而抑制Sp1與DNA的相互作用[27]。
4.2光輝霉素與氨茴環(huán)霉素光輝霉素、希達(dá)霉素、WP31和蒽環(huán)霉素都是通過(guò)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性結(jié)合DNA來(lái)抑制GC啟動(dòng)子的反式激活作用[28-30]。其中,光輝霉素和氨茴環(huán)霉素已經(jīng)在臨床上使用。有研究表明,這些藥物比如光輝霉素,也可以減少Sp1蛋白的表達(dá)[30]。這可能是因?yàn)檫@些藥物與富含GC的Sp1啟動(dòng)子相互作用或涉及到了一些其他的機(jī)制。薩利多按,是一種可導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重胎兒畸形的藥物,同時(shí)也是一種腫瘤化療藥物,發(fā)現(xiàn)其不但具有抗血管生成活性的作用,它也能抑制Sp1對(duì)富含GC啟動(dòng)子基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄激活作用[31]。
4.3 COX-2抑制劑和非甾體抗炎藥(NSAIDs) Sp1在癌變過(guò)程中發(fā)揮著重要的作用。其原因在于,它調(diào)控了如酪氨酸激酶受體基因、生存素和VEGF等基因,而這些基因在癌變過(guò)程中都扮演著十分重要的角色[13]。因此,那些可以降低 Sp1表達(dá)的抗腫瘤藥物,可以協(xié)同降低多種致瘤因子的表達(dá)。而這些致瘤因子本身也是抗腫瘤藥物的靶點(diǎn)。Wei等發(fā)現(xiàn)環(huán)氧化酶抑制劑,如塞來(lái)昔布、NS-398和尼美舒利等可以抑制胰腺癌細(xì)胞中Sp1蛋白的表達(dá),并協(xié)同下調(diào)VEGF的表達(dá),從而抑制癌細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)。這主要與降低Sp1的磷酸化和減少其與富含GC的位點(diǎn)相結(jié)合有關(guān)[14,15]。
非甾體抗炎藥阿司匹林 、硝基-NSAIDs、 GT-094 都可以下調(diào)結(jié)腸癌中Sp1的表達(dá)[16,17]。托滅酸處理過(guò)的多種癌細(xì)胞通過(guò)增加Sp1的泛素化,并誘導(dǎo)這些蛋白的蛋白酶體依賴(lài)性降解,從而抑制癌細(xì)胞的存活[18]。
4.4天然產(chǎn)品和其化學(xué)合成類(lèi)似物樺木酸(BA)是源自白樺樹(shù)皮的天然產(chǎn)物,具有廣泛的抗腫瘤活性[32]。研究結(jié)果顯示,BA能下調(diào)Sp1、Sp3和Sp4以及多種SP調(diào)控蛋白的表達(dá)[19]。據(jù)報(bào)道,其他的三菇類(lèi)化合物如雷公藤紅素、齊墩果酸和甘草次酸派生而來(lái)的化學(xué)合成物同樣可以下調(diào)多種癌細(xì)胞中Sp1的表達(dá)[20-22]。姜黃素是姜黃香料中的一種成分,可以下調(diào)多種癌細(xì)胞中Sp1和Sp1調(diào)控的原癌基因的表達(dá)[23],現(xiàn)已被廣泛用于治療多種癌癥。越來(lái)越多的研究表明,保健食品和其活性成分可下調(diào)Sp1[33],這其中包括茉莉酸甲酯、厚樸酚、異丹葉大黃素、檞皮素、二甲氨基芐丙酮和白藜蘆酚 。
4.5其他以Sp1為靶點(diǎn)的抗腫瘤藥物降糖藥二甲雙胍、噻唑烷二酮具有對(duì)多種原發(fā)性惡性腫瘤預(yù)防和化療作用。目前有研究表明,生育酚可以通過(guò)增加Sp1的泛素化,促進(jìn)Sp1的蛋白酶體降解,調(diào)控PP2A-JNK-Sp1信號(hào)通路,從而增強(qiáng)其抗腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖的作用[34]。二甲雙胍、化學(xué)合成物大麻素和三氧化二砷都可以通過(guò)下調(diào)Sp1及Sp1調(diào)控基因的表達(dá),如eIF4E、survivin、cyclin D1、VEGF等,從而抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng),促進(jìn)其凋亡[35,36]。
人類(lèi)腫瘤中Sp1的高表達(dá)可見(jiàn)于各種類(lèi)型的腫瘤,并且Sp1高表達(dá)的腫瘤患者預(yù)后往往較差。因此,Sp1依賴(lài)的通路為腫瘤的治療提供了新的靶點(diǎn)。由于 Sp1 的作用機(jī)制是同 DNA 結(jié)合而啟動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)錄,目前通常將仍在研究中的阻斷Sp1作用的藥物分為兩類(lèi):第一類(lèi)是直接調(diào)節(jié)Sp1的表達(dá),如光輝霉素等。第二類(lèi)是阻斷Sp1與DNA特定序列結(jié)合,這又可分為兩型:使富含 GC 區(qū)域的DNA 盒失活的藥物,如環(huán)氧化酶 2抑制劑等;特異性作用于 Sp1 結(jié)合區(qū)域的寡核苷酸及核酸 DNA嵌合體,如肽核酸等。Sp1的表達(dá)還和很多基礎(chǔ)基因有關(guān)。阻斷Sp1成為一把雙刃劍,一方面可能阻斷腫瘤的演進(jìn)和轉(zhuǎn)移,但同時(shí)也可能帶來(lái)嚴(yán)重的不良后果。因此,必須找到特異性抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞中Sp1表達(dá)的方法。過(guò)去十多年取得的進(jìn)展已為臨床應(yīng)用可行性提供可靠的依據(jù),相信不久,越來(lái)越多的靶向SP1抗腫瘤藥物將進(jìn)入臨床實(shí)用階段,在腫瘤治療中發(fā)揮重要作用。
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R730
A
10.15972/j.cnki.43-1509/r.2016.01.027
2015-11-03;
2016-01-06
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金課題(No.81172575,81301742);湖南省教育廳課題(No.11C1112 ,12C0340).
*通訊作者,E-mail:hexiusheng@hotmail.com.
秦旭平)