劉曉霞,陳 林,胡慧玲綜述,孫 莉?qū)徯?/p>
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尿酸對認(rèn)知功能的影響
劉曉霞,陳林,胡慧玲綜述,孫莉?qū)徯?/p>
隨著人口老齡化問題越來越明顯,老年人認(rèn)知功能障礙問題也越來越突出,其給家庭和社會造成極大的負(fù)擔(dān)。阿爾茨海默病(Alzheimer’s Disease,AD)及血管性認(rèn)知功能障礙(vascular cognitive impairment,VCI)是造成老年人認(rèn)知功能障礙的兩大主要原因,帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)早期亦可出現(xiàn)認(rèn)知功能障礙[1,2]。一些研究發(fā)現(xiàn)氧化應(yīng)激[3~5]及血管損傷[6]是導(dǎo)致認(rèn)知功能下降的主要因素。目前很多學(xué)者開始尋找與認(rèn)知功能相關(guān)的血清生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物,血尿酸(uric acid)因其具有抗氧化性,同時臨床檢測較為便捷,越來越受到研究者的重視,其與認(rèn)知功能的關(guān)系近年來開始引起人們的關(guān)注,下面從以下幾個方面進(jìn)行綜述。
尿酸是機(jī)體嘌呤代謝的終產(chǎn)物,嘌呤由核酸分解代謝生產(chǎn)。體內(nèi)每天都有一定量的核酸分解生成尿酸,為內(nèi)源性尿酸,約占80%,外源性嘌呤代謝產(chǎn)生的尿酸占20%。體內(nèi)合成的尿酸20%~30%經(jīng)腸道排泄,70%~80%經(jīng)腎臟排泄。尿酸水平的穩(wěn)定涉及尿酸生成、吸收和排泄、分解之間的平衡。一旦上述過程中任何一個方面發(fā)生紊亂,就會導(dǎo)致尿酸生成增多或排出減少,引起高尿酸血癥。
尿酸是人體內(nèi)特有的天然水溶性抗氧化劑[7]。正常生理水平血清中的尿酸是機(jī)體抗氧化作用的主要成份,能抑制過氧亞硝酸鹽介導(dǎo)的硝化反應(yīng)[8,9]。尿酸具有清除氧自由基和其他活性自由基的作用[9],比維生素C有更顯著的增強(qiáng)紅細(xì)胞膜脂質(zhì)抗氧化、防止細(xì)胞凋亡的作用。尿酸還可以增強(qiáng)過氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性,阻止SOD降解,防止細(xì)胞過氧化,延長SOD的半衰期[10,11]。Fe2+能夠促使更多的活性氧自由基產(chǎn)生,加重氧化損傷,而尿酸可以鰲合鐵離子并降低鐵依賴的維生素C所導(dǎo)致的氧化損傷[12~14]。
血尿酸在一定范圍內(nèi)具有抗氧化特性,對人體具有保護(hù)作用。但研究表明[15]在一定條件下,尿酸能增加脂質(zhì)氧化及誘導(dǎo)不同的親氧化劑作用于血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,具有促氧化特性,成為致病因素。而且在體內(nèi)由嘌呤合成尿酸的過程產(chǎn)生氧自由基及過氧化氫,可以增加或者啟動氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng),因此盡管尿酸本身具有抗氧化性,但是其在活體內(nèi)的產(chǎn)生與氧化應(yīng)激有關(guān)[16]。
2.1尿酸與ADAD是最常見的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)變性疾病,臨床上以進(jìn)行性短期記憶喪失、語言功能受損、情感功能障礙、執(zhí)行功能障礙及癡呆為特點(diǎn)[17,18]。研究表明[19]到2050年,全世界AD患者將會超過1億。已有研究表明[3~5]氧化應(yīng)激在AD的發(fā)病機(jī)制中起重要作用。尿酸是體內(nèi)天然的抗氧化劑,但是尿酸同時具備促氧化性的特點(diǎn)。已有學(xué)者開始探討尿酸與AD之間的關(guān)系,但尚未得到統(tǒng)一的結(jié)果。
荷蘭一項(xiàng)納入4618例55歲以上人群的前瞻性隊(duì)列研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在校正多個心血管病危險(xiǎn)因素后,較高血尿酸水平的人群AD發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)下降,并且對診斷的1724例AD患者平均隨訪約11.1 y后分析發(fā)現(xiàn),在開始納入研究時,血尿酸水平較高的患者認(rèn)知功能較好,提示較高的血尿酸水平能夠降低AD的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn),延緩AD患者認(rèn)知功能下降的速度[20]。Al-khateeb等[21]通過研究41例AD患者及40例健康對照者發(fā)現(xiàn)健康對照者體內(nèi)尿酸水平高于AD患者,可能是因?yàn)槟蛩崴礁哒吣芨玫拿獬踝杂苫膿p害,從而抑制炎癥的產(chǎn)生與組織的損傷,得出尿酸可能在AD的發(fā)病機(jī)制中起保護(hù)性作用。同樣最近的一項(xiàng)包括271例健康對照組、596例輕度認(rèn)知功能障礙患者及197例AD患者的研究表明血尿酸水平越高認(rèn)知功能下降速度越慢,這在女性參與者中更為突出[22]。此外高尿酸也可以緩解腦脊液Aβ1-42不利影響,同樣針對女性參與者,在tau蛋白方面也得到了相同的結(jié)論[22],因此高水平的血尿酸能延緩認(rèn)知功能下降的速度,其與腦脊液生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物(Aβ1-42和tau蛋白)既相互獨(dú)立又相互聯(lián)系。但是一個涵蓋11項(xiàng)研究包括2708人的Meta分析[23]表明與對照組相比AD患者尿酸水平變化不大,同樣Lai及Ahlskog等[24,25]的研究也得到了相似的結(jié)果。
2.2尿酸與VCIVCI是指由腦血管病危險(xiǎn)因素(如高血壓病、糖尿病和高脂血癥等)、顯性(如腦梗死和腦出血等)或非顯性腦血管病(如白質(zhì)疏松和慢性腦缺血)引起的從輕度認(rèn)知損害到癡呆的一大類綜合征,是導(dǎo)致癡呆的第二大原因。血管性認(rèn)知功能障礙是目前唯一可以預(yù)防的認(rèn)知功能障礙,如果能早期發(fā)現(xiàn)并預(yù)防,患者的某些癥狀是可逆的。腦卒中是導(dǎo)致血管性認(rèn)知功能障礙的主要因素。2014的一篇Meta分析表明在矯正了其他腦血管病的危險(xiǎn)因素以外,高尿酸能夠增加腦卒中的發(fā)生率及卒中后死亡的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[26],且為腦血管病的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[27]。研究表明高尿酸與高血壓[28]、慢性腎臟病[29]、代謝綜合征及糖尿病[30]、腦缺血[31]和腦動脈粥樣硬化[32]有關(guān),上述疾病既為腦血管病的高危因素,同時也促進(jìn)認(rèn)知功能障礙的發(fā)生。但是尿酸與血管性認(rèn)知功能障礙確切關(guān)系仍各執(zhí)一方。Schretlen等[33]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)血管性認(rèn)知功能障礙患者血尿酸水平增加,而老年人血尿酸水平的增高增加了血管性認(rèn)知功能障礙的發(fā)生率;Vannorsdall等[34]研究顯示,尿酸水平增高與腦白質(zhì)缺血及其導(dǎo)致的認(rèn)知功能障礙有關(guān)系;Rotterdam市的一橫斷性研究[35]表明高尿酸與腦萎縮及認(rèn)知功能下降有關(guān)。但是最近的一項(xiàng)Meta分析[36]表明,在既往存在心血管疾病的患者(表明血管負(fù)荷高),較低的尿酸水平與10 y后更低的認(rèn)知功能水平有關(guān)。臺灣的一項(xiàng)納入143511例(包括28769例痛風(fēng)患者和114742例正常對照組)50歲以上人群的全國性隊(duì)列研究[37]發(fā)現(xiàn),對上述研究對象隨訪7 y得出痛風(fēng)患者患癡呆(包括血管性及非血管性癡呆)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更低這一結(jié)論。Polidori等[38]通過研究血抗氧化劑(尿酸、維生素C、維生素E等)發(fā)現(xiàn)與正常對照組相比血管性認(rèn)知功能障礙患者體內(nèi)尿酸水平更低。
2.3尿酸與PDPD是僅次于AD的第二大神經(jīng)退行性疾病,是黑質(zhì)紋狀體系統(tǒng)多巴胺神經(jīng)功能受損所致多巴胺與乙酰膽堿平衡失調(diào)的一種慢性疾病。PD認(rèn)知功能障礙是PD最常見的非運(yùn)動癥狀之一[39],PD認(rèn)知功能障礙參照PD分型方法[40~42],劃分為PD輕度認(rèn)知功能障礙(PD-MCI)和PD癡呆(PDD)兩類。橫斷面研究[43]顯示,PD-MCI患病率約為26.7%,而PD-MCI患者容易進(jìn)展為PDD。已有研究表明氧化應(yīng)激是PD的致病機(jī)制,作為體內(nèi)最主要的生理性抗氧化劑尿酸,其水平降低可能是PD發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素,但血尿酸水平是否與PD認(rèn)知障礙的發(fā)生有關(guān),目前尚不清楚。
Annanmaki等[44]最早對尿酸與PD認(rèn)知障礙的關(guān)系進(jìn)行了研究,經(jīng)過多元線性回歸分析后發(fā)現(xiàn)尿酸水平降低與PD患者執(zhí)行功能(主要是填圖測驗(yàn)、規(guī)則轉(zhuǎn)換卡測試和找相似性方面)障礙有關(guān)。對上述患者隨訪3 y,體內(nèi)尿酸水平保持穩(wěn)定的PD患者其認(rèn)知功能下降速度較慢,他們由此推測體內(nèi)尿酸具有潛在的神經(jīng)保護(hù)機(jī)制,能延緩PD患者的進(jìn)程[45];Wang等[46]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)與無認(rèn)知功能障礙的PD患者相比,存在認(rèn)知功能障礙的PD患者其體內(nèi)尿酸水平更低。然而González-Aramburu等[47]通過研究343例PD患者(其中72例存在認(rèn)知功能障礙),發(fā)現(xiàn)這些患者無論是否存在認(rèn)知功能障礙,其體內(nèi)血尿酸的濃度是相似的,從而認(rèn)為血尿酸與PD認(rèn)知功能障礙無明確的相關(guān)性;張玉虎等[48]研究得出血尿酸濃度降低與PD可能有關(guān),與PD認(rèn)知障礙可能無關(guān)。
綜上,尿酸與認(rèn)知功能障礙的研究有利于認(rèn)知功能障礙患者的早期診斷與治療,但是由于尿酸本身具有抗氧化性及促氧化性的雙重特點(diǎn),尿酸與認(rèn)知功能障礙的關(guān)系尚無一致結(jié)論。分析結(jié)論不一的可能原因可能為為研究周期不夠長、尿酸與其他物質(zhì)在體內(nèi)的相互作用和實(shí)驗(yàn)方法不一等。尿酸對認(rèn)知功能障礙是否具有保護(hù)因素或者兩者之間無相關(guān)性,尚需大量的臨床研究來進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。
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1003-2754(2016)07-0666-03
R749.1
2016-05-15;
2016-07-15
(吉林大學(xué)白求恩第一醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科,吉林長春130021)
孫莉,E-mail:sjnksunli@163.com