李明靜 曹經(jīng)江 陳宏翔
443002 湖北宜昌,三峽大學第二臨床醫(yī)學院皮膚科(李明靜、曹經(jīng)江);華中科技大學同濟醫(yī)學院附屬協(xié)和醫(yī)院皮膚科(陳宏翔)
光動力治療中疼痛管理研究進展
李明靜 曹經(jīng)江 陳宏翔
443002 湖北宜昌,三峽大學第二臨床醫(yī)學院皮膚科(李明靜、曹經(jīng)江);華中科技大學同濟醫(yī)學院附屬協(xié)和醫(yī)院皮膚科(陳宏翔)
局部光動力療法是一種高效、安全、無創(chuàng)的治療方法,對于皮膚科領(lǐng)域的多種疾病具有良好的療效,如,光線性角化病、尖銳濕疣、痤瘡等。制約光動力療法普及的主要原因是在治療過程中產(chǎn)生的疼痛,有些患者因無法耐受需要暫停甚至終止治療。目前,對于PDT疼痛的控制研究已經(jīng)取得了一些進展。影響PDT疼痛的因素有個體特征、皮損特征和治療參數(shù)如光源、光敏劑等。用于控制PDT疼痛的方法有局部降溫、口服鎮(zhèn)痛藥、二步照射法、表面麻醉、注射麻醉、吸入性麻醉、經(jīng)皮神經(jīng)電刺激、催眠等。
光動力療法;疼痛管理;影響因素分析;皮膚疾病
光動力療法(PDT)是一種在有氧環(huán)境中因光化學反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生細胞毒性進而誘導細胞凋亡壞死的治療新技術(shù)。臨床上發(fā)生不良反應(yīng)導致患者對其接受度不高,常見的包括感染、水腫糜爛、疼痛等,其中疼痛最為常見,發(fā)生率高達92%[1]。到目前為止,PDT疼痛機制尚未明確,臨床上缺乏規(guī)范化、科學化的疼痛管理。
1.個體特征:PDT疼痛相關(guān)因素包括年齡、性別、Fitzpatrick皮膚分型、PDT前口服鎮(zhèn)痛藥及長期口服鎮(zhèn)痛藥。多數(shù)研究表明,PDT疼痛與患者的年齡及性別并無顯著相關(guān)[2?3]。也有部分研究顯示,男性患者疼痛程度強于女性[4],且>70歲的患者疼痛更明顯[3,5]。Buinauskaite等[6]認為,F(xiàn)itzpatrick皮膚分型與PDT疼痛之間并無明顯聯(lián)系。Sandberg等[7]發(fā)現(xiàn),皮膚Ⅰ~ Ⅲ型光線性角化?。ˋK)患者(n=88)具有較Ⅳ型(n=3)更疼的趨勢。進一步研究提示,Ⅰ/Ⅱ型患者(n=148)較Ⅲ型(n=5)更疼[5]。但上述研究中患者例數(shù)均較少,需大樣本臨床試驗來驗證結(jié)果??诜?zhèn)痛藥是臨床上常用的鎮(zhèn)痛方法,有相關(guān)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在PDT前口服鎮(zhèn)痛藥與未予以疼痛干預(yù)的空白對照組PDT疼痛相比并無顯著差異[8]。而某些患者因其他原因需長期口服鎮(zhèn)痛藥對PDT過程中的疼痛無明顯影響[5]。
2.皮損特征:皮損特征包括部位、大小、局部炎癥、診斷、預(yù)處理、AK分型等。皮下組織較少或神經(jīng)分布密集的區(qū)域,如頭面部、頸部等部位,及較大治療面積均與較為劇烈的疼痛相關(guān)[2?6,9]。研究顯示,AK 患者嚴重PDT疼痛的發(fā)生率高于基底細胞癌(BCC)和Bowen病患者,且Bowen病患者高于BCC患者[5]。斑塊狀銀屑病患者接受0.1%、1%和5%氨基酮戊酸(ALA)介導的PDT中分別有4/11、6/11及4/7例患者因疼痛無法耐受而中斷治療[10]。病毒疣中1/5(10/61例)的皮損因疼痛嚴重無法忍受需要對PDT疼痛進行干預(yù)[11]。因此,AK、斑塊狀銀屑病及病毒疣似乎均是PDT疼痛較劇烈的病種。AK的臨床分型被認為并不會對PDT疼痛產(chǎn)生影響[6]。由于PDT能引發(fā)局部細胞凋亡壞死,研究者認為,細胞壞死導致局部炎癥或多或少參與了PDT疼痛,進而對靶區(qū)域在治療前已存在的紅斑炎癥或治療后誘發(fā)的局部炎癥對PDT疼痛的影響展開了研究,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),無論是治療前[7]還是治療后[12]的局部炎癥與PDT疼痛之間均呈顯著正相關(guān)。為了增加局部光敏劑(photosensitizer,PS)的濃度,提高療效,有人將PDT與其他治療方法聯(lián)合使用,進而打破局部屏障,提高光敏劑滲透性,如CO2激光、微針等。CO2激光聯(lián)合PDT能明顯提高光敏劑的吸收和局部熒光性,但也使疼痛更加劇烈[13],而微針的結(jié)果卻并不完全一致,其能提高低濃度(2%和8%)光敏劑的吸收,但對高濃度(16%)光敏劑的吸收無明顯影響,同時不會加重PDT過程中的疼痛[14]。
3.治療參數(shù):
(1)光源:光源的不同主要在于波長和激光發(fā)射器。紅光因穿透性最強,已成為臨床上最常用光源,但治療較大面積AK時疼痛嚴重[15]。光源波長對疼痛程度有一定的影響,但這種影響會進一步受其他條件如病種、光敏劑、聯(lián)合方法等的制約[16?17]。日光在近些年被發(fā)現(xiàn)也能作為PDT光源,與紅光相比,其療效相當,而疼痛顯著減輕甚至零疼痛[18]。常用的激光發(fā)射器包括發(fā)光二極管(LED)、半導體激光器、氦氖激光器等。通常認為單一波長或窄譜光源能提高光敏劑的激發(fā),因此最常用LED。但就PDT疼痛來看,寬譜光源和LED之間并無顯著差異[19]。
(2)光敏劑:目前最常用的光敏劑為ALA及甲酯氨基酮戊酸(methylaminolevulinate,MAL)。不同研究結(jié)果不同,有研究顯示,光敏劑與PDT疼痛之間無明顯關(guān)系[20],也有研究顯示,ALA所引發(fā)的疼痛強于MAL[21]。除了光敏劑的種類以外,光敏劑的濃度也對疼痛具有一定影響。0.25%、0.75%、2%的MAL?PDT之間疼痛并無顯著差異,但16%的MAL?PDT組疼痛顯著高于上述3個低濃度組[22],提示在光敏劑濃度方面似乎存在一個界定閾值。
(3)溫度:包括孵育期間的溫度和照光期間的溫度。在孵育期間適當提高溫度能提高PDT療效,并增加疼痛,但可控制在可耐受范圍,尤其是正常情況下溫度較低的部位,如四肢末端等[23]。在治療過程中熱輻射能協(xié)同光動力效應(yīng),但溫度過高又會加重疼痛[24]。因此,在治療過程中應(yīng)適當控制靶區(qū)域溫度。
(4)時間:包括光敏劑的孵育時間和除去光敏劑后繼續(xù)孵育至照光前的間隔時間。PDT疼痛與兩個時間均相關(guān),時間延長,熒光性、光漂白程度、疼痛、紅斑炎癥均增高,作者認為縮短時間對于原卟啉Ⅸ形成最佳的亞細胞分布狀態(tài)極為重要,可以避免其非特異性分布,造成正常組織受損[25]。
(5)照射:照射過程中參數(shù)眾多,包括光劑量、照射度、熒光性、漂白程度等。普遍認為PDT疼痛與光劑量呈正相關(guān)[4],如0、100、180 mW/cm23組的疼痛隨照射度增高而加?。?2],但當照射度在較小范圍內(nèi)變化時(30~75 mW/cm2)疼痛無明顯差異[26]。原卟啉Ⅸ經(jīng)光照激發(fā),能量轉(zhuǎn)移可以造成光漂白現(xiàn)象。一般認為PDT疼痛與照光開始前原卟啉Ⅸ的熒光強度[27]及光漂白程度[28]有關(guān),即熒光強度與漂白程度越高,PDT疼痛越強烈。
(6)治療次數(shù):治療次數(shù)與PDT疼痛之間的關(guān)系仍不清楚。有研究顯示,兩者之間并無明顯關(guān)系,但有第1次治療更疼的趨勢[9]。有學者認為,第1次治療疼痛程度>第2次,可能是因為首次治療后皮損減少,光敏劑吸收減少,光動力效應(yīng)降低[2]。但也有研究者認為第2次>第1次,可能是首次治療后表面?zhèn)谖赐耆謴?,增加了?次光敏劑的滲透或是首次PDT損傷了感受器或神經(jīng)[29]。
1.局部降溫法:目前,常用的局部降溫法包括已經(jīng)成熟上市的冷風鎮(zhèn)痛設(shè)備及水噴霧,這種設(shè)備能產(chǎn)生低溫氣體,迅速降低靶區(qū)域溫度,有效緩解患者疼痛[30],但存在不太明確的缺陷——光漂白程度。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),若在照射的前半部分進行冷風設(shè)備鎮(zhèn)痛,會造成前半部分光漂白程度顯著下降,但在完全結(jié)束照射后,光漂白程度與對照組并無明顯差異[30]。但也有研究結(jié)果顯示,不論在AK、BCC還是Bowen病患者中,使用冷風設(shè)備組均能增加光敏劑在靶區(qū)域的累積,也能減少光漂白程度,降低臨床療效[31]。
2.口服鎮(zhèn)痛藥:臨床上,PDT疼痛機制不明導致在鎮(zhèn)痛藥的選擇上偏向依據(jù)個人經(jīng)驗,缺乏針對性。目前常用的口服鎮(zhèn)痛藥包括曲馬多、雙氯芬酸鈉、對乙酰氨基酚等。關(guān)于口服鎮(zhèn)痛藥對PDT疼痛控制的文獻資料較少,具體療效尚不明確。Huang等[8]在照射前30 min予患者口服325 mg對乙酰氨基酚+5 mg羥考酮,發(fā)現(xiàn)其與安慰劑組在疼痛開始時間及疼痛強度上并無明顯差異,且在校正年齡、性別、部位、皮損類型因素后,兩者的疼痛評分仍無顯著差異。
3.二步照射法:二步照射法指維持總光劑量不變,初始以較小量照射,直至最大程度的原卟啉Ⅸ發(fā)生光漂白,改為較高照射度快速予以剩余光量。Huang等[32]發(fā)現(xiàn),隨初始照射度增高,疼痛也加劇,當90%原卟啉Ⅸ漂白轉(zhuǎn)為高照射度時,初始照射度為20 mW/cm2、40 mW/cm2、50 mW/cm2組只觀察到輕度疼痛增加,而60 mW/cm2組疼痛反而減輕,因此,將初始照射度控制在40 mW/cm2以下,能將疼痛控制到最低。二步照射法在PDT疼痛控制和PDT臨床療效上已得到證實[33]。
作者[34]就曲馬多緩釋片和二步照射法在尖銳濕疣中的疼痛控制效果進行比較,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),在PDT的初始階段,二步照射法的鎮(zhèn)痛效果優(yōu)于曲馬多,而曲馬多的后期療效要強于二步照射法,因此提出假設(shè),聯(lián)合二步照射法和曲馬多緩釋片能否起到療效上的互補,該試驗正在進行當中,若假設(shè)成立,極有可能為接受ALA?PDT治療的患者提供一種全程無痛式的治療體驗。
4.表面麻醉:目前表面麻醉相關(guān)的文獻量較少,一般認為表面麻醉劑未起到明顯的疼痛控制作用[4,35]。一方面可能是因為大部分的局麻藥為堿性,而ALA和MAL為酸性,造成酸堿中和反應(yīng),另一方面可能是ALA改變了表皮的滲透性,造成表面麻醉劑無法滲入[35]。但是,這些試驗的樣本量較小,有關(guān)表面麻醉劑對疼痛的作用還需進一步驗證。
5.注射麻醉:注射麻醉包括局部浸潤麻醉、腫脹麻醉和神經(jīng)阻滯。注射麻醉是目前證明最有效的PDT疼痛控制方案,尤其是神經(jīng)阻滯,疼痛控制明顯,甚至強于局部降溫和靜脈注射氰苯雙哌酰胺[36]。但該方法具有引發(fā)血腫甚至直接損傷神經(jīng)的風險。相對于口服鎮(zhèn)痛藥,局部浸潤麻醉療效更好[37],但局部浸潤麻醉會使靶區(qū)域的血管收縮,血流量降低,且某些特殊部位(如顏面部)的大范圍治療,可能導致眼瞼水腫,甚至引發(fā)視力損傷。
6.吸入性麻醉:鎮(zhèn)痛藥的攝入途徑較為多樣化。Cabete等[38]用吸入性麻醉劑對PDT疼痛控制進行探索。他們對1例75歲的外陰硬化性苔蘚患者進行PDT治療,輔以50%一氧化二氮和氧氣的混合物進行疼痛控制,發(fā)現(xiàn)其在治療過程中既保證了患者神志清醒,又有止痛、抗焦慮和鎮(zhèn)靜作用。
7.經(jīng)皮神經(jīng)電刺激:經(jīng)皮神經(jīng)電刺激是一種通過皮膚用特定的低頻脈沖電流刺激人體的感覺纖維以治療疼痛的電療方法,主要用于各種急慢性疼痛。Halldin等[39]嘗試將該方法引入PDT疼痛控制中,結(jié)果顯示,其能較為顯著地減輕PDT疼痛,但具體療效還有待驗證。
8.催眠:2014 年 Paquier?Valette等[40]發(fā)表關(guān)于催眠對PDT疼痛控制作用的預(yù)試驗結(jié)果,他們對12例平均74.6歲的患者進行催眠鎮(zhèn)痛,發(fā)現(xiàn)催眠對其中8例患者有效,該8例患者平均疼痛評分為2.9,其中6例曾接受過無疼痛干預(yù)的PDT治療,那時平均疼痛評分為8.3,因此推測催眠對于PDT疼痛的控制有一定價值。
隨著PDT疼痛機制研究的深入,潛在的PDT疼痛控制方案越來越多。γ?氨基丁酸受體阻滯劑、生物發(fā)光性的化學分子代替外部光源、由納米分子或靶向分子介導新型光敏劑等等,這些研究方向均有可能在以后改善PDT疼痛,為患者提供更好的治療體驗。
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Pain management in photodynamic therapy
Li Mingjing,Cao Jingjiang,Chen Hongxiang
Department of Dermatology,The Second College of Clinical Medical Science,Three Gorges University,Yichang 443002,China(Li MJ,Cao JJ);Department of Dermatology,Union Hospital,Tongji Medical College,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430022,China(Chen HX)
Topical photodynamic therapy(PDT),a highly effective,safe and non?invasive therapeutic method,exerts good therapeutic effects on various diseases in dermatology,such as actinic keratosis,condyloma acuminatum,acne,and so on.The major drawback of PDT is pain during the treatment.Some patients have to interrupt or terminate the treatment because of pain intolerance.Some progress has been made in the management of PDT?related pain.It has been revealed that multiple factors are associated with PDT?related pain,including individual factors,lesion characteristics,therapeutic parameters(such as light sources,photosensitizers).Many methods can be used to manage PDT?related pain,including local cooling,oral analgesics,two?step irradiance protocol,topical anesthesia,injection anesthesia,inhalation anesthesia,transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation,hypnosis.
Photochemotherapy;Pain management;Root cause analysis;Skin diseases
Chen Hongxiang,Email:hongxiangchen@hotmail.com
2015?09?11)
(本文編輯:尚淑賢)
陳宏翔,Email:hongxiangchen@hotmail.com
10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412?4030.2016.09.024
2014年CDA?復旦張江光動力基金
Fund program:Chinese Society of Dermatology?Fudan Zhangjiang Foundation for Photodynamics in 2014