幸享鳳,王恬竹,秦新月
(重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科,重慶市神經(jīng)病學(xué)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,重慶 400016)
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CRMP2可通過改善神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡減輕缺血/再灌注大鼠神經(jīng)功能缺損
幸享鳳,王恬竹,秦新月
(重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科,重慶市神經(jīng)病學(xué)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,重慶400016)
摘要:目的探討CRMP2(collapsin response mediator protein 2)對(duì)大鼠腦缺血/再灌注損傷后神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡的影響及其可能的機(jī)制。方法192只♂成年SD大鼠分成4組:假手術(shù)組(sham)、腦缺血/再灌注組(MCAO)、腦缺血+質(zhì)粒對(duì)照組(MCAO+GFP)、腦缺血+CRMP2真核質(zhì)粒干預(yù)組(MCAO+CRMP2/GFP)。大鼠MCA阻塞手術(shù)前1 d將真核質(zhì)粒注射入腦內(nèi),缺血/再灌注后48 h、1周,采用RT-PCR檢測(cè)各組大鼠腦組織CRMP2、BCL2、p53、Caspase-3和Caspase-8的mRNA的表達(dá);Western blot檢測(cè)腦組織CRMP2蛋白的表達(dá);TUNEL染色檢測(cè)凋亡細(xì)胞;免疫組化檢測(cè)腦源性神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子(brain derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)的表達(dá);TTC染色檢測(cè)腦梗死體積并進(jìn)行神經(jīng)功能缺損評(píng)分。結(jié)果腦缺血/再灌注48 h及1周,與sham組比較,MCAO組及MCAO+GFP組CRMP2和BCL2的表達(dá)水平明顯降低(P<0.01),而Caspase-3、Caspase-8及p53的mRNA表達(dá)升高(P<0.01),TUNEL陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞數(shù)量明顯升高(P<0.01)。MCAO+CRMP2/GFP組CRMP2和BCL2較MCAO及MCAO+GFP組明顯增高(P<0.01),同時(shí)該組p53、Caspase-3及Caspase-8表達(dá)明顯降低(P<0.01)。過表達(dá)CRMP2使TUNEL陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞數(shù)明顯減少(P<0.01)。腦缺血/再灌注后BDNF表達(dá)升高(P<0.01),而腦內(nèi)過表達(dá)CRMP2使BDNF的水平上調(diào)更明顯(P<0.01)。TTC染色顯示,MCAO+CRMP2/GFP組腦梗死體積較MCAO組及MCAO+GFP組明顯減小(P<0.01),且神經(jīng)功能缺損明顯減輕(P<0.01)。結(jié)論過表達(dá)CRMP2可能通過對(duì)線粒體凋亡通路的調(diào)控減少了腦缺血/再灌注損傷后的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡、減少腦梗死體積而起到神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用。
關(guān)鍵詞:CRMP2;腦缺血/再灌注;BDNF;凋亡;神經(jīng)功能評(píng)分;TUNEL
缺血性腦損傷的病理過程極其復(fù)雜,其發(fā)病機(jī)制涉及腦組織能量代謝紊亂、興奮性氨基酸毒性、細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣超載、氧化應(yīng)激損傷、炎癥反應(yīng)等諸多環(huán)節(jié)。最后,由于激活細(xì)胞凋亡基因?qū)е录?xì)胞程序性死亡,使缺血半暗帶區(qū)及梗死區(qū)融合。已經(jīng)證實(shí),在MCAO模型中,線粒體p53可通過轉(zhuǎn)錄依賴的機(jī)制來(lái)激活細(xì)胞的凋亡[1]。此外,腦缺血時(shí)鈣離子在細(xì)胞內(nèi)的大量聚集,引起大量興奮性氨基酸及神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的釋放,并且會(huì)激活大量的磷酸化酶,例如凋亡蛋白酶(caspase)[2],加速了神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的凋亡。
CRMP2(collapsin response mediator protein 2)是胞質(zhì)磷酸化蛋白CRMP1-5家族成員之一,可參與調(diào)解多種神經(jīng)生理活動(dòng),如:微管動(dòng)力學(xué)、軸突出芽及回縮、神經(jīng)分化、樹突/軸突特化、依賴驅(qū)動(dòng)蛋白的軸突轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)、鈣離子內(nèi)態(tài)穩(wěn)定性、神經(jīng)介質(zhì)釋放等[3-5]。研究證實(shí),CRMP2可抑制凋亡前體基因p53的表達(dá),調(diào)節(jié)Sema3A誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡[6-7]。它還可調(diào)節(jié)NMDA受體的功能,與N型電壓門控鈣離子通道的α1B亞單位相互作用,穩(wěn)定了鈣離子內(nèi)流[8-9]。因此,我們推測(cè)CRMP2可能是一個(gè)通過調(diào)控凋亡反應(yīng)起到腦缺血后神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用的蛋白。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)采用立體定位方式向顱內(nèi)注射CRMP2真核表達(dá)質(zhì)粒,使大鼠缺血側(cè)腦組織過表達(dá)CRMP2,再進(jìn)一步觀察CRMP2對(duì)大鼠缺血/再灌注損傷后神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡及神經(jīng)功能的影響。
1材料與方法
1.1實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物及材料Sprague-Dawley ♂大鼠192 只(重醫(yī)大動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中心提供),體質(zhì)量220~270 g,(20~25) ℃室溫飼養(yǎng),自然進(jìn)水和食物。RT-PCR試劑盒(TaKaRa公司);兔抗CRMP2(美國(guó)CST);山羊抗兔二抗(Proteintech Group, Inc);TTC(美國(guó)Sigma);兔抗BDNF(美國(guó)Abcam);山羊抗兔二抗試劑盒(博士德)。
1.2方法
1.2.1真核表達(dá)質(zhì)粒立體定位注射右側(cè)側(cè)腦室注射:以前囟為坐標(biāo)0點(diǎn),向右1.5 mm,向后1.2 mm,深4.5 mm。將帶有GFP的空白質(zhì)粒、真核表達(dá)質(zhì)粒(160 mg·L-1)注射至大鼠側(cè)腦室內(nèi),一次注射總量為4 μL,速度為0.3 μL·min-1,留針5 min。
1.2.2MCAO/再灌注模型制作與分組采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字的方法將192只大鼠隨機(jī)分為sham組、MCAO組、MCAO+GFP組、MCAO+CRMP2/GFP組,每組6只。腦立體定位注射后1 d,參照本課題組前期的實(shí)驗(yàn)方法[10],采用Longa評(píng)分,1~3分的模型納入實(shí)驗(yàn),其余剔除,并從同批次實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P痛笫笾须S機(jī)補(bǔ)齊。
1.2.3Western blot檢測(cè)將各組大鼠腦缺血區(qū)域皮質(zhì)取下,液氮速凍,-80 ℃保存。參照碧云天蛋白提取試劑盒提取蛋白用于檢測(cè)。蛋白樣品在濃度分?jǐn)?shù)為0.1的SDS-PAGE凝膠中分離并轉(zhuǎn)移至0.45的PVDF膜上,濃度分?jǐn)?shù)為0.05的脫脂奶粉封閉90 min,CRMP2(55~65 ku)一抗(1 ∶1 000)4 ℃過夜,山羊抗兔二抗(1 ∶2 000)37 ℃孵育1 h,采用fusion軟件檢測(cè)與分析。
1.2.4RT-PCR檢測(cè)滅酶器械取組織標(biāo)本,參照RNA提取及逆轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒說明書處理得組織cDNA,-80 ℃保存。引物序列如下:CRMP2上游(21 bp)5′-TCCGGTCTGTTCTGGCTTTTTC-3′,下游(21 bp):5′-AGGGTCCGCTCAGGCTGTGTC-3′; p53上游(19 bp)5′-CTGGACGACAGGCAGACTT-3′,下游(19 bp)5′-CAGCGTGATGATGGTAAGGA-3′;BCL2上游(19 bp)5′-GGTGGACAACATCGCTCT-3′,下游(20 bp) 5′-CAGCCAGGAGAAATCAAACA-3′;Caspase-3上游(20 bp) 5′-AAAGGAATGACTGGGAGTGG-3′,下游(20 bp)5′-AATGACGACCTGGAACATCG-3′,Caspase-8上游(20 bp)5′-AGCCCA TCTTCACACTACGG-3′,下游(22 bp)5′-AGCACACATCAGTTAGGACACA-3′。用SYBR GREEN進(jìn)行擴(kuò)增反應(yīng)。
1.2.5免疫組化及TUNEL染色各組大鼠缺血/再灌注后48 h及1周,PBS加多聚甲醛(體積分?jǐn)?shù)0.04)經(jīng)升主動(dòng)脈灌注取腦,固定24 h,脫水,冰凍切片(10 μm/片)。切片微波修復(fù)后進(jìn)行BDNF一抗及相應(yīng)的二抗孵育,中性樹膠封片;用于檢測(cè)TUNEL的組織,固定脫水后石蠟包埋切片,切片脫蠟后按照TUNEL染色試劑盒說明書進(jìn)行染色,中性樹膠封片。光鏡400倍下,每個(gè)腦組織隨機(jī)選取3個(gè)腦片,每個(gè)腦片的缺血半暗帶隨機(jī)選取5個(gè)區(qū)域,計(jì)算平均數(shù)。
1.2.6TTC染色及神經(jīng)功能評(píng)分各組大鼠缺血/再灌注48 h后斷頭取腦,腦組織縱向切成2 mm厚度的腦片,TTC浸泡染色20 min,拍照,軟件分析腦梗死體積百分比。神經(jīng)功能評(píng)估采用評(píng)分者單盲的方法,參照Garcia[10]的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行評(píng)分,最低3分,最高18分,得分越低表示神經(jīng)功能缺損越嚴(yán)重。
2結(jié)果
2.1腦缺血/再灌注后各組大鼠CRMP2 mRNA及蛋白的表達(dá)腦缺血/再灌注48 h及1周后,檢測(cè)CRMP2的表達(dá),結(jié)果提示:缺血/再灌注48 h CRMP2的表達(dá)較假手術(shù)組降低(P<0.01),1周后CRMP2的表達(dá)較48 h時(shí)降低更明顯(P<0.01)。真核表達(dá)質(zhì)粒使缺血側(cè)腦組織CRMP2的表達(dá)在兩個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)均明顯上調(diào),與MCAO和MCAO+GFP組比較差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)(Fig 1)。
2.2過表達(dá)CRMP2對(duì)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡的影響
2.2.1缺血/再灌注48 h和1周各組大鼠p53、Caspase-3、Caspase-8及BCL2 mRNA的表達(dá)腦缺血/再灌注48 h及1周,與sham組比較,缺血/再灌注后BCL2的mRNA的表達(dá)水平明顯降低(P<0.01),而同時(shí)Caspase-3、Caspase-8以及p53的mRNA表達(dá)升高(P<0.01);與MCAO及MCAO+GFP組比,真核質(zhì)粒干預(yù)腦缺血組織后升高了BCL2的mRNA水平(P<0.01),同時(shí)明顯降低了p53、Caspase-3、Caspase-8的mRNA水平(P<0.01)(Fig 2)。
2.2.2TUNEL染色觀察凋亡細(xì)胞在假手術(shù)組,缺血側(cè)皮質(zhì)有少量的凋亡細(xì)胞,而在缺血/再灌注48 h后,可見有大量的TUNEL陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞存在。與MCAO及MCAO+GFP組比較,給予過表達(dá)CRMP2干預(yù)后,該部位TUNEL陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞有所減少(P<0.01)(Fig 3)。
2.3過表達(dá)CRMP2使BDNF表達(dá)升高大鼠缺血/再灌注之后48 h及1周,各組BDNF的表達(dá)均較假手術(shù)組升高(P<0.01);過表達(dá)CRMP2使該組BDNF的表達(dá)較另外兩組明顯升高(P<0.01)(Fig 4)。
2.4過表達(dá)CRMP2對(duì)腦梗死體積及神經(jīng)功能的影響再灌注后48 h,MCAO組及MCAO+GFP組大鼠缺血側(cè)可見明顯的梗死灶,并伴有嚴(yán)重的神經(jīng)功能缺損(P<0.01);真核質(zhì)粒干預(yù)后梗死灶明顯縮小(P<0.01),神經(jīng)功能缺損明顯減輕(P<0.01)。
A~B:Western blot assay of CRMP2 expression. C:The bar graph reflected CRMP2 mRNA expression;**P<0.01vssham group;##P<0.01vsMCAO+CRMP2/GFP group;△△P<0.01vsMCAO group;1:sham group;2:MCAO group;3:MCAO+GFP group;4:MCAO+CRMP2/GFP group
1周后,缺血各組大鼠的神經(jīng)功能均有所恢復(fù),但MCAO+CRMP2/GFP組的神經(jīng)功能評(píng)分明顯高于其他兩組(P<0.01)(Fig 5、Tab1)。
3討論
腦缺血或者腦缺血/再灌注損傷的病理過程極為復(fù)雜,包括興奮性氨基酸毒性、離子不平衡、氧化應(yīng)激、炎癥反應(yīng)、自噬、凋亡及細(xì)胞壞死等[11]。研究證實(shí),細(xì)胞程序性死亡在大鼠局灶性腦缺血的病理生理過程有重要的作用,導(dǎo)致大量神經(jīng)細(xì)胞及傳導(dǎo)束的損害[12]。腦缺血后大量神經(jīng)細(xì)胞死亡,對(duì)神經(jīng)功能產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的不良影響,而缺血半暗帶區(qū)大部分神經(jīng)細(xì)胞死亡以凋亡為主[13]。
**P<0.01vssham group;##P<0.01vsMCAO+CRMP2/GFP group;△△P<0.01vsMCAO group
大鼠腦缺血之后神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的死亡通過壞死和凋亡兩種機(jī)制進(jìn)行[14]。在各種應(yīng)激及損傷的情況下,線粒體內(nèi)膜損傷釋放出細(xì)胞色素C啟動(dòng)內(nèi)源性線粒體凋亡通路,細(xì)胞色素C與凋亡蛋白酶激活因子結(jié)合,可促進(jìn)Caspase-9 前體的自身活化,之后激活Caspase-3 前體,從而導(dǎo)致DNA降解,同時(shí)破壞維持細(xì)胞的完整性的必需物質(zhì)[15]。線粒體凋亡途徑也可以通過激活細(xì)胞膜表面死亡配體[16],如干擾素,誘導(dǎo)TNF 相關(guān)凋亡誘導(dǎo)配體和Fas/FasL引起Fas相關(guān)死亡結(jié)構(gòu)域蛋白的激活,后者依次激活Caspase-8 及下游的Caspase 家族[17],Caspase-8 的激活使Bid裂開,導(dǎo)致線粒體膜電位瓦解并引起細(xì)胞凋亡[18]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),腦缺血/再灌注后48 h及1周,過表達(dá)CRMP2使缺血側(cè)腦皮質(zhì)BCL2表達(dá)升高,而Caspase-3、Caspase-8及p53的表達(dá)降低。此外,過表達(dá)CRMP2使TUNEL陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞減少,減少了腦梗死體積,并更大程度的減輕了神經(jīng)功能的缺損。研究表明,p53能上調(diào)BAX并下調(diào)BCL2[15],而腦缺血組織中BCL2的表達(dá)升高可以調(diào)節(jié)線粒體膜上鈣離子的內(nèi)流,維持線粒體膜的完整性及調(diào)控氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng),從而改善細(xì)胞凋亡。因此,我們推測(cè)CRMP2可以通過調(diào)節(jié)內(nèi)源性線粒體通路調(diào)控細(xì)胞凋亡。
同時(shí),本實(shí)驗(yàn)還顯示,CRMP2的過表達(dá)上調(diào)了BDNF的表達(dá)。已有研究證實(shí),通過Slp1/Rab27B/CRMP-2/Kinesin-1通路募集TrkB傳送到軸突終端是BDNF信號(hào)傳輸?shù)年P(guān)鍵[19]。BDNF可通過依賴ERK方式激活轉(zhuǎn)錄因子CREB和NFκB,從而增加抗凋亡基因Bcl2家族的表達(dá),另一方面,BDNF可激活PKC,進(jìn)一步調(diào)節(jié)GSK3的磷酸化。而GSK3的磷酸化是細(xì)胞存活還是死亡的重要平衡因子[20]。從而,我們推測(cè)CRMP2可能通過調(diào)節(jié)BDNF/CREB通路及BDNF/PLC/PKC/GSK3通路來(lái)影響細(xì)胞凋亡。此外,大量的鈣離子在細(xì)胞內(nèi)聚集,將激活凋亡蛋白酶(Caspase),引起細(xì)胞凋亡[15]。鈣離子的內(nèi)流受NMDA受體調(diào)控,而CRMP2又可調(diào)節(jié)NMDA受體的功能[8-9]。因此,我們還推測(cè),CRMP2通過BDNF/NMDA通路調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣離子的內(nèi)流,參與了對(duì)細(xì)胞凋亡的調(diào)控。這些假設(shè)將在后續(xù)的試驗(yàn)中進(jìn)行論證。
A~D:The bar graph reflected p53,BCL2,Caspase-8 and Caspase-3 mRNA expression.**P<0.01vssham group;##P<0.01vsMCAO+CRMP2/GFP group;△△P<0.01vsMCAO group. The bar graph refiected the expression of p53mRNA(A), BCl2 mRNA(B) Caspase-8 (C) and Caspase-3(D)
The black arrow for TUNEL positive cells.**P<0.01vssham group;##P<0.01vsMCAO+CRMP2/GFP group;△△P<0.01vsMCAO group
The black arrow for BDNF positive cells.**P<0.01vssham group;##P<0.01vsMCAO+CRMP2/GFP group;△△P<0.01vsMCAO group
**P<0.01vssham group;##P<0.01vsMCAO+CRMP2/GFP group
綜上所述,過表達(dá)CRMP2能夠減輕腦缺血/再灌注損傷后腦組織神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的凋亡反應(yīng),縮小腦缺血/再灌注后的腦梗死體積,促進(jìn)神經(jīng)功能的恢復(fù)。這可能與CRMP2參與調(diào)節(jié)內(nèi)源性線粒體凋亡通路及BDNF相關(guān)通路(如CRMP2/BDNF/CREB、CRMP2/BDNF/PLC/PKC/GSK3以及CRMP2/BDNF/NMDA)有關(guān)。本課題組擬在今后的研究中繼續(xù)探索CRMP2的神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用并證實(shí)相關(guān)機(jī)制。
(致謝:本文實(shí)驗(yàn)在重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)神經(jīng)病學(xué)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室完成,在此表示感謝!)
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CRMP2 alleviates neurological deficit by reducing neuron apoptosis in rats after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury
XING Xiang-feng,WANG Tian-zhu,QIN Xin-yue
(DeptofNeurology,theFirstAffiliatedHospitalofChongqingMedicalUniversity,ChongqingKeyLaboratoryofNeurology,Chongqing400016,China)
Key words:CRMP2;cerebral ischemia/reperfusion;BDNF;apoptosis;neurological score;TUNEL
Abstract:AimTo investigate the influence of the overexpression of CRMP2 on neural cell apoptosis after ischemia reperfusion injury in rats and its possible mechanism.MethodsA total of 192 male adult SD rats were divided into four groups: sham group, cerebral ischemia/reperfusion group(MCAO group), cerebral ischemia with blank plasmid control group(MCAO+GFP group), cerebral ischemia with CRMP2 eukaryotic plasmid group(MCAO+CRMP2/GFP group). One day after injecting eukaryotic plasmid, the rats were operated for 120-min ischemia through MCA occlusion and reperfused. At 48 h and 1 wk, the expression of CRMP2, p53, Caspase-3, Caspase-8 and BCL2 in brain tissue was tested by RT-PCR and Western blot. Apoptotic cells were observed by TUNEL test. TTC staining was use to detect cerebral infarction volume. The neural function of the rats were also evaluated.ResultsCompared with the sham group, the expression levels of CRMP2 and BCL2 in MCAO group and MCAO+GFP group were significantly decreased(P<0.01), while p53, Caspase-3,Caspase-8 and TUNEL positive cells were elevated(P<0.01). Intervention of CRMP2 eukaryotic plasmid resulted in the increased expression of CRMP2 and BCL2(P<0.01) and the decreased p53, Caspase-3 and Caspase-8 expression. In TUNEL test, overexpression of CRMP2 obviously decreased the number of TUNEL positive cells(P<0.01).The expression of BDNF was upregulated after cerebral ischemic injury(P<0.01), while overexpression of CRMP2 increased BDNF more significantly(P<0.01).TTC staining showed cerebral infarction volumn of MCAO+CRMP2/GFP group was obviously decreased(P<0.01), and neurologic deficits were significantly improved(P<0.01).ConclusionThe overexpression of CRMP2 reduces nerve cell apoptosis possibly by regulating the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury to protect nervous system.
收稿日期:2015-11-09,修回日期:2016-02-04
基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家自然科學(xué)青年基金資助項(xiàng)目(No 81200900)
作者簡(jiǎn)介:幸享鳳(1989-),女,碩士生,研究方向:腦血管病,E-mail:xingxiangfeng5@163.com; 秦新月(1963-),女,博士后,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向:腦血管病,通訊作者,E-mail: qinxy20011@sina.com
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-1978.2016.04.021
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
文章編號(hào):1001-1978(2016)04-0548-06
中國(guó)圖書分類號(hào):R-332;R322.81;R329.25;R743.310.22
網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版時(shí)間:2016-3-18 11:22網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版地址:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/34.1086.R.20160318.1122.042.html