中國醫(yī)療保健國際交流促進(jìn)會(huì)血管疾病高血壓分會(huì)專家共識(shí)組
指南與共識(shí)
冠心病合并頸動(dòng)脈狹窄的處理策略專家共識(shí)
中國醫(yī)療保健國際交流促進(jìn)會(huì)血管疾病高血壓分會(huì)專家共識(shí)組
由于我國人口老齡化的來臨,冠心病合并頸動(dòng)脈狹窄的患病率也在逐步增長,成為導(dǎo)致心腦血管事件的重要因素,但目前無論冠狀動(dòng)脈還是頸動(dòng)脈血管重建指南均無確切推薦如何處理冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄與頸動(dòng)脈狹窄共患問題[1-4]。因此,建立該共識(shí)是心血管臨床工作提出的迫切要求,有助于推動(dòng)臨床研究,指導(dǎo)臨床實(shí)踐。
動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化是慢性進(jìn)展性全身性血管疾病,冠心病和頸動(dòng)脈狹窄兩者共存在臨床上并非少見。冠心病的診斷和頸動(dòng)脈狹窄的診斷可參照相關(guān)指南[1-4],二者均達(dá)到診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)定義為冠心病合并頸動(dòng)脈狹窄。有許多研究顯示,在冠心病患者中頸動(dòng)脈狹窄的患病率較高。日本一項(xiàng)納入連續(xù)632例疑似冠心病患者的研究顯示,冠狀動(dòng)脈0、1、2、3支病變患者超聲診斷頸動(dòng)脈狹窄>50%的發(fā)生率分別為7%、14.5%、21.4%、36%,總計(jì)達(dá)25.4%[5]。另一組連續(xù)1405例疑似冠心病患者行冠狀動(dòng)脈造影及頸動(dòng)脈超聲檢查的研究表明,經(jīng)冠狀動(dòng)脈造影診斷為冠心病的患者中嚴(yán)重頸動(dòng)脈狹窄(>70%)達(dá)5%[6]。以色列的一個(gè)研究表明,在未經(jīng)選擇的325例門診冠心病患者中,頸動(dòng)脈狹窄超過50%的患病率高達(dá)25.5%[7]。在擬行心臟直視手術(shù)(OHS),尤其是冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)(CABG)的患者中,頸動(dòng)脈狹窄的患病率達(dá)9%~36%[8-12]。多數(shù)研究者建議對(duì)冠心病患者,如果合并有頸動(dòng)脈雜音、既往腦卒中史、外周動(dòng)脈狹窄、有二個(gè)以上危險(xiǎn)因素(高血壓、高血脂、糖尿病、吸煙),尤其是年齡大于60歲,應(yīng)進(jìn)行頸動(dòng)脈狹窄的超聲篩查。同樣頸動(dòng)脈狹窄患者中冠心病的患病率亦很高,許多頸動(dòng)脈狹窄治療的隨機(jī)臨床試驗(yàn)證實(shí)在研究人群中冠心病的患病率為13%~86%[13]。由此可見冠心病與頸動(dòng)脈狹窄并存形影相隨,患病率并不低。薈萃分析表明,冠心病患者進(jìn)行CABG,如果合并嚴(yán)重頸動(dòng)脈狹窄,則圍手術(shù)期卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯增加[9];同樣,嚴(yán)重頸動(dòng)脈狹窄患者無論行頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜剝脫術(shù)(CEA)或頸動(dòng)脈支架成形術(shù)(CAS),如果合并嚴(yán)重冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄,則圍手術(shù)期急性心肌梗死(AMI)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯增加[13,14]。因此,在確診的冠心病或頸動(dòng)脈狹窄患者中篩查并存情況,并進(jìn)行合理治療十分必要。
在動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化高危人群(老年、高血壓、吸煙、高血脂、糖尿病、早發(fā)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化家族史)中,本共識(shí)推薦:(1)已確診為冠心病的患者,行頸動(dòng)脈區(qū)聽診和頸動(dòng)脈超聲檢查,如有明確的陽性發(fā)現(xiàn),需進(jìn)一步行無創(chuàng)影像學(xué)檢查,必要時(shí)行頸動(dòng)脈造影。冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄程度越重、部位越多,頸動(dòng)脈檢查越迫切。(2)已確診為頸動(dòng)脈狹窄的患者,問診有無冠心病病史,并行心電圖檢查;可疑患者如無禁忌證建議行運(yùn)動(dòng)負(fù)荷心電圖和(或)冠狀動(dòng)脈計(jì)算機(jī)斷層掃描血管成像(CTA)檢查,如有明確的陽性發(fā)現(xiàn),行冠狀動(dòng)脈造影檢查。頸動(dòng)脈和外周動(dòng)脈狹窄程度越重、部位越多,行冠狀動(dòng)脈檢查越迫切。
3.1冠心病合并頸動(dòng)脈狹窄的治療策略建議
冠心病和頸動(dòng)脈狹窄并存的情況下,對(duì)其中之一進(jìn)行治療時(shí),有可能引發(fā)另一部分的并發(fā)癥,導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重后果[9,13,14]。因此,合理處理并存病變,減少并發(fā)癥是臨床工作的迫切需要。基于已發(fā)表的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)和臨床實(shí)踐中遵循的共識(shí),根據(jù)病情和病變程度建議如下:
3.1.1病情平穩(wěn),藥物治療下無癥狀發(fā)作或偶有輕度癥狀發(fā)作,如狹窄病變程度不重,可以臨床隨訪觀察并強(qiáng)化藥物治療,3~6個(gè)月復(fù)查1次;如狹窄病變程度較重,應(yīng)擇期行血管重建治療。
3.1.2病情不平穩(wěn),藥物治療下癥狀反復(fù)發(fā)作或加重,應(yīng)該盡快行血管重建治療。如以冠心病的癥狀為主,應(yīng)先行冠狀動(dòng)脈血管重建治療;如以頸動(dòng)脈狹窄的癥狀為主,應(yīng)先行頸動(dòng)脈血管重建治療;如二者均不穩(wěn)定,可考慮同期血管重建。
3.2冠心病合并頸動(dòng)脈狹窄血管重建的次序和術(shù)式選擇建議
3.2.1冠心病患者的病情和冠狀動(dòng)脈病變的解剖有經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療(PCI)指征,頸動(dòng)脈狹窄有CAS指征,也符合CEA指征,本共識(shí)建議:此類患者一般情況下建議先行PCI,病情穩(wěn)定后擇期行CAS,時(shí)間間隔3天以上為宜,如PCI后有并發(fā)癥,要待到并發(fā)癥穩(wěn)定或治愈后方可考慮CAS;如果病情允許或者病情需要,如病變簡單,技術(shù)可靠,同期介入并非禁忌。
因PCI通常對(duì)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)影響小,往往不影響頸動(dòng)脈的供血,根據(jù)病情和病變解剖特點(diǎn),可先行PCI。在PCI術(shù)后,因必須使用雙聯(lián)抗血小板藥物,頸動(dòng)脈狹窄血管重建應(yīng)優(yōu)先選擇CAS,可維持抗血小板治療的連續(xù)性。如果要選擇CEA,則涉及術(shù)前需要停用抗血小板藥物的問題,有可能導(dǎo)致冠狀動(dòng)脈支架血栓形成,一般不作優(yōu)先推薦。
當(dāng)前關(guān)于PCI+CAS策略國內(nèi)外均缺少大規(guī)模臨床試驗(yàn)的數(shù)據(jù),多限于小樣本量的回顧性分析。有研究隨訪了239例接受PCI+CAS的患者,其中 192例(80%)患者接受分期PCI+CAS,38例(16%)患者接受同期PCI+CAS術(shù),30天隨訪主要心腦血管病事件明顯低于既往報(bào)道的CAS+CABG隨訪結(jié)果[15,16],提示PCI+CAS策略短期及長期結(jié)果尚令人滿意。盡管臨床數(shù)據(jù)有限,推測(cè)該術(shù)式組合可能適用于相對(duì)簡單的冠狀動(dòng)脈及頸動(dòng)脈血管病變,或者外科手術(shù)高危的患者。對(duì)于相對(duì)簡單的冠狀動(dòng)脈及頸動(dòng)脈血管病變,同期介入處理可能并不帶來額外手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。但是對(duì)于復(fù)雜的病變,需要考慮手術(shù)時(shí)間延長及造影劑用量增多可能帶來對(duì)患者腎功能的影響,CAS后出現(xiàn)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)抑制對(duì)冠狀動(dòng)脈灌注的影響,高灌注綜合征繼發(fā)腦出血對(duì)PCI術(shù)后雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療的影響等因素,故分期處理較為合理。
3.2.2冠心病患者的病情和冠狀動(dòng)脈病變的解剖有PCI指征,頸動(dòng)脈狹窄只符合CEA指征,本共識(shí)建議:這類患者一般情況下先行PCI,再擇期行CEA。
PCI對(duì)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)影響較小,一般不會(huì)對(duì)CEA術(shù)前患者顱內(nèi)血流產(chǎn)生明顯的負(fù)面影響。對(duì)于擬行CEA的患者,即使無明顯冠心病癥狀,只要有危險(xiǎn)因素,也推薦常規(guī)行冠狀動(dòng)脈影像檢查,一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)存在嚴(yán)重冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄,需先予PCI,再行CEA[17]。這類患者如先行PCI,再擇期CEA,面臨的主要問題為是否需要停用雙聯(lián)抗血小板藥物,以減少手術(shù)出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。既往一般主張?jiān)贑EA前需要先停用雙聯(lián)抗血小板藥物5~7天,這樣可減少手術(shù)出血,但可能增加冠狀動(dòng)脈支架血栓的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。但最近也有研究表明, CEA術(shù)前連續(xù)雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療雖然增加CEA圍手術(shù)期出血事件,但是明顯降低術(shù)后卒中及死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[18]。如何銜接兩次手術(shù)間的抗凝抗血小板治療策略,預(yù)防血栓和栓塞的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)仍有爭議,需進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化。如先行CEA再擇期PCI,雖可避開兩次手術(shù)間的抗凝抗血小板銜接問題,但已有許多研究表明,這一策略增加心臟事件風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[14],不推薦采用。是否可以同期行PCI加CEA雜交手術(shù)尚不清楚,一般認(rèn)為這兩種術(shù)式在抗血小板治療和對(duì)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的影響上均有沖突,相互有不利影響,因此不推薦。
3.2.3冠心病患者的病情和冠狀動(dòng)脈病變的解剖符合CABG指征,頸動(dòng)脈狹窄有CAS指征,也符合CEA指征,本共識(shí)建議:這類患者一般情況下優(yōu)先選擇提前或同期CAS+CABG,也可選擇同期CEA+CABG,提前CEA+CABG只適合于冠狀動(dòng)脈病變穩(wěn)定的患者。
頸動(dòng)脈嚴(yán)重狹窄是CABG患者圍手術(shù)期卒中的重要危險(xiǎn)因素,卒中發(fā)生率高達(dá)3%~11%,并且與頸動(dòng)脈狹窄的程度呈正相關(guān)[19]。因此,如何正確處理這類患者越來越引起臨床上的重視。OHS患者圍手術(shù)期發(fā)生卒中的原因較多,主要為栓塞和缺血[20]。體外循環(huán)期間血壓往往偏低,腦循環(huán)的自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制嚴(yán)重受限,此時(shí)腦血流量直接與灌注壓正相關(guān),如Willis環(huán)代償不全,則并存頸動(dòng)脈嚴(yán)重狹窄的患者發(fā)生缺血性腦損傷很難避免,這是OHS患者需要提前或同期進(jìn)行頸動(dòng)脈血管重建的理論基礎(chǔ)。此類患者的治療策略既往多采用分期或同期CEA,近年來由于經(jīng)皮介入治療技術(shù)的進(jìn)展,已有研究采用分期或同期CAS。
3.2.3.1提前或同期CEA+CABG:在歐美等發(fā)達(dá)國家,這種治療策略已廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床。有研究抽樣調(diào)查了全美約1000所醫(yī)院1993年至2002年住院期間行CEA和(或)CABG的病例[21],共有657 877例患者納入分析,行聯(lián)合CEA+CABG 7 037例,其中同期手術(shù)1 230例、分期手術(shù)5 807例,經(jīng)校正有關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素后,行聯(lián)合手術(shù)病例的術(shù)后死亡和卒中率相對(duì)于單獨(dú)CABG病例的危險(xiǎn)比為1.38,而聯(lián)合手術(shù)病例的術(shù)后死亡和卒中無論是同期手術(shù)還是分期手術(shù)的差異并無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。對(duì)擬行CABG患者并存頸動(dòng)脈嚴(yán)重狹窄的治療策略雖無隨機(jī)臨床研究報(bào)道,但Das等[22]進(jìn)行的回顧性薈萃分析結(jié)果提示,擬行CABG的患者提前CEA(n=573)與同期CEA(n=3295)及不行CEA(n=1436)相比,可顯著降低卒中發(fā)生率,但死亡率并無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的顯著增高,卒中和死亡的聯(lián)合終點(diǎn)三組差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。隨后Naylor等[23]系統(tǒng)回顧了1972年至2002年發(fā)表的97篇文獻(xiàn)共8 972例患者術(shù)后30天的臨床結(jié)果,發(fā)現(xiàn)同期CEA 組和提前CEA組總的死亡、卒中和心肌梗死聯(lián)合終點(diǎn)等指標(biāo)無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。這些結(jié)果表明,提前CEA可顯著降低CABG圍手術(shù)期卒中發(fā)生率,但與同期CEA或不行CEA比較,對(duì)聯(lián)合終點(diǎn)并無顯著影響。
美國神經(jīng)病學(xué)院對(duì)CEA的推薦稱:對(duì)計(jì)劃CABG患者并存頸動(dòng)脈嚴(yán)重狹窄的治療策略,目前獲得的資料不足以證明提前或同期CEA比保守治療有更大獲益,故需要進(jìn)一步有足夠把握度的多中心隨機(jī)臨床試驗(yàn)予以澄清[24]。Bandyk 等[25]認(rèn)為:對(duì)于冠心病合并頸動(dòng)脈嚴(yán)重狹窄患者的治療需根據(jù)癥狀和疾病嚴(yán)重程度制定個(gè)體化方案。嚴(yán)重頸動(dòng)脈狹窄且有癥狀的患者在行冠狀動(dòng)脈血管重建術(shù)時(shí)應(yīng)考慮行同期或提前行CEA,對(duì)于雙側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈嚴(yán)重狹窄且輔助檢查表明Willis環(huán)代償異常的患者尤其如此。同期CEA與分期CEA比較可減少2次麻醉的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),沒有2次手術(shù)間隔期內(nèi)發(fā)生心腦血管事件的問題,也縮短了住院時(shí)間,并降低醫(yī)療費(fèi)用等;但同期手術(shù)操作時(shí)間延長,要同時(shí)經(jīng)受2個(gè)手術(shù)可能發(fā)生的并發(fā)癥,可能對(duì)患者打擊更大。先行CEA后行CABG的治療策略適合于冠狀動(dòng)脈病變穩(wěn)定,左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)良好的患者,并且最好在局部麻醉下進(jìn)行CEA,以盡量減少CEA誘發(fā)心臟事件的可能性。CEA術(shù)后等待CABG的間期也不宜過長,否則有增加心肌梗死及心原性猝死的可能性,這將抵消提前CEA的臨床獲益。
3.2.3.2提前或同期CAS+CABG:近年來已有一些小規(guī)模臨床研究表明,提前或同期CAS比CEA可能有更好的安全性[26-30],提示該策略獲益最大。上述資料表明,計(jì)劃OHS患者并存頸動(dòng)脈嚴(yán)重狹窄時(shí),由于CAS微創(chuàng),不需要全麻,對(duì)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)影響小,較CEA引起心臟事件的危險(xiǎn)性小,可以為頸動(dòng)脈血管重建提供一種可替代的方式。但是我們也要清楚地認(rèn)識(shí)到,為嚴(yán)重心臟病患者實(shí)施CAS面臨雙重風(fēng)險(xiǎn),首先是CAS本身的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),其次是CAS操作過程中誘發(fā)心臟事件的危險(xiǎn)。因此建議提前或同期進(jìn)行CAS+CABG須在有條件的醫(yī)療中心進(jìn)行,必須有熟練掌握CAS+CABG的專家良好合作;同時(shí),應(yīng)充分考慮到CAS對(duì)患者心臟的影響,特別是在頸動(dòng)脈支架釋放后及球囊擴(kuò)張時(shí),由于對(duì)頸動(dòng)脈竇的壓迫,持續(xù)的低血壓和(或)心動(dòng)過緩會(huì)使冠狀動(dòng)脈血供不足,可能誘發(fā)心臟事件甚至死亡。術(shù)者要充分考慮患者術(shù)前的身體狀況,支架的選擇,球囊擴(kuò)張的尺度,以及妥善處理術(shù)中術(shù)后低血壓和(或)心動(dòng)過緩等技術(shù)細(xì)節(jié),盡可能減少介入并發(fā)癥,為CABG創(chuàng)造條件。
至于CAS術(shù)后多長時(shí)間進(jìn)行CABG治療也是臨床關(guān)心的問題之一,因?yàn)殚g隔時(shí)間過短,CABG術(shù)前停用氯吡格雷等會(huì)增加支架內(nèi)血栓的顧慮,間隔時(shí)間過長,1個(gè)月以上的等待可能會(huì)發(fā)生心臟事件和死亡,也明顯增加了住院時(shí)間和費(fèi)用。Dong等[31]研究表明,冠心病嚴(yán)重程度和CAS至OHS的間隔時(shí)間是CAS+OHS主要心血管事件發(fā)生的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子,進(jìn)一步分析發(fā)現(xiàn)CAS術(shù)后6~30天行OHS圍手術(shù)期主要心血管事件的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最低。因此一般建議CAS+CABG兩手術(shù)間隔至少1周,但也不宜超過2個(gè)月。
CABG術(shù)中血流動(dòng)力學(xué)波動(dòng)較大,因在全麻下也無法及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)是否發(fā)生卒中,故先CABG再擇期頸動(dòng)脈血管重建可能增加腦卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn),不建議采用。如先行CEA再擇期CABG,雖可避開2次手術(shù)間的抗凝抗血小板銜接問題,但已有許多研究顯示這種策略增加心臟事件,不建議優(yōu)先采用。如同期行CEA+CABG,既可避開2次手術(shù)間的抗凝抗血小板銜接問題,又可同期治療并存的狹窄,在有經(jīng)驗(yàn)技術(shù)的可靠團(tuán)隊(duì),有可能達(dá)到較好的結(jié)果,但這種策略創(chuàng)傷加大,手術(shù)時(shí)間延長,多數(shù)中心并不具備這樣的條件和實(shí)力,勉強(qiáng)采用反而增加不良事件。如先行CAS再擇期CABG,雖面臨2次手術(shù)間的抗凝抗血小板銜接問題,但已有許多研究顯示這種策略不增加心臟事件,可減少腦卒中事件,相對(duì)安全可行,建議采用。同期行CAS+CABG,往往只用于病變重、病情無法穩(wěn)定的患者。
抗血小板治療是血管重建圍術(shù)期藥物治療的關(guān)鍵,能夠有效減低動(dòng)脈栓塞事件,但不同術(shù)式之間的抗栓銜接有爭議,因此需要達(dá)成共識(shí)。根據(jù)血管重建的干預(yù)方式,可分為以下幾種情況:
4.1PCI+CAS
PCI的抗栓治療強(qiáng)于CAS,本共識(shí)推薦PCI+CAS患者的抗栓治療策略參照單純PCI的抗栓治療,即PCI術(shù)前阿司匹林≥300 mg,氯吡格雷≥300 mg,PCI術(shù)后阿司匹林(100 mg,1次/d)+氯吡格雷(75 mg,1次/d)≥6個(gè)月,阿司匹林(100 mg,1次/d)終身服用,CAS期間阿司匹林+氯吡格雷劑量維持不變[15,32-34]。
4.2PCI+CEA
阿司匹林可顯著降低CEA患者圍手術(shù)期及術(shù)后隨訪時(shí)卒中、心肌梗死及死亡的發(fā)生率,指南推薦CEA術(shù)前應(yīng)使用阿司匹林抗血小板治療[24,35,36]。另有研究表明,CEA圍手術(shù)期應(yīng)用雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療可能減少死亡和腦栓塞的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),且并不顯著增加出血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[37,38]。有研究認(rèn)為,CEA術(shù)前維持阿司匹林+氯吡格雷的雙聯(lián)抗血小板方案,術(shù)后給予魚精蛋白中和肝素可使術(shù)后出血事件發(fā)生率降至1%以下[18]。因此本共識(shí)建議對(duì)PCI后擇期CEA的患者維持雙抗是合理的,CEA術(shù)后根據(jù)情況可適當(dāng)加用魚精蛋白。
4.3CAS+CABG
該方案抗栓策略制定較為復(fù)雜且爭議較大,是目前臨床研究的熱點(diǎn)。目前美國心臟學(xué)會(huì)(AHA)指南建議CABG術(shù)前應(yīng)繼續(xù)應(yīng)用阿司匹林,而且術(shù)后6 h內(nèi)應(yīng)恢復(fù)使用[1]。同期CAS+CABG不存在間隔期,抗栓策略相對(duì)明確[31,39,40],本共識(shí)推薦CAS術(shù)前應(yīng)用抗血小板治療(阿司匹林,100 mg/d)≥2天,CABG術(shù)后應(yīng)用低分子肝素抗凝(100 U/kg,q12h)3天,盡早恢復(fù)阿司匹林(100 mg,1次/d)+氯吡格雷(75 mg,1次/d)≥3個(gè)月,阿司匹林終身服用。
分期CAS+CABG時(shí),為了預(yù)防支架內(nèi)血栓的發(fā)生,需應(yīng)用雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療(常為阿司匹林和氯吡格雷),但為了避免CABG圍手術(shù)期的出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn),術(shù)前盡量停用氯吡格雷,保留阿司匹林。氯吡格雷停用的時(shí)間需權(quán)衡出血、支架內(nèi)血栓和冠狀動(dòng)脈病變處理的緊急程度等因素[1]。研究顯示,如氯吡格雷在CABG術(shù)前24 h內(nèi)停用,圍手術(shù)期大出血和需要緊急輸血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯升高[41,42];如氯吡格雷在CABG術(shù)前1~4天停用,圍手術(shù)期需要緊急輸血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)升高,而大出血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)未見升高[41,43,44];而如果氯吡格雷在CABG術(shù)前停用≥5天,圍手術(shù)期大出血和需要緊急輸血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)均未見增高[43,45]。因此本共識(shí)推薦,對(duì)于分期CAS+CABG,抗栓策略為CAS術(shù)前阿司匹林(100 mg,1次/d)+氯吡格雷(75 mg,1次/d)≥2天, CABG術(shù)前停用氯吡格雷(擇期CABG,術(shù)前≥5天停用;緊急CABG,術(shù)前>1天停用),CABG術(shù)后應(yīng)用低分子肝素抗凝(100 U/ kg,q12h)3天,盡早恢復(fù)阿司匹林(100 mg,1次/d)+氯吡格雷(75 mg,1次/d)≥3個(gè)月,其后阿司匹林(100 mg,1次/d)終身服用。停用氯吡格雷期間,支架內(nèi)血栓形成的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加,一些新型半衰期短、作用可逆的抗血小板藥物如替格瑞洛、鹽酸沙格雷酯在CAS和CABG間隔期顯示了良好的血小板抑制作用,停用后血小板功能可快速恢復(fù)。這些藥物可能在縮短CAS和CABG過渡期無血小板保護(hù)方面有廣闊的臨床應(yīng)用前景。
4.4CEA+CABG
通過外科手術(shù)進(jìn)行冠狀動(dòng)脈和頸動(dòng)脈的血管重建,抗血小板治療可參閱相關(guān)指南[1,3]。阿司匹林可顯著降低CABG患者圍手術(shù)期致死率和致殘率,僅輕度增加出血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),而且CABG術(shù)后盡早應(yīng)用可降低靜脈橋血管的閉塞率[1,46-49]。因此,本共識(shí)推薦對(duì)于CEA+CABG的患者圍手術(shù)期均應(yīng)用阿司匹林抗血小板治療,一般情況下不需要停藥。
冠心病合并頸動(dòng)脈狹窄擬行冠狀動(dòng)脈和頸動(dòng)脈的血管重建,圍術(shù)期的治療要兼顧冠狀動(dòng)脈和頸動(dòng)脈的病情,除了遵循冠心病和頸動(dòng)脈狹窄治療的相關(guān)指南和共識(shí)外[1-4],必須采取更加嚴(yán)密措施。一般情況下必須注意兩方面問題:第一,抗凝抗栓治療的銜接,已在第4節(jié)討論;第二,圍手術(shù)期的血壓、心率管理,尤其是CAS過程中若介入治療涉及頸動(dòng)脈竇部,壓力刺激引起的血管迷走神經(jīng)反應(yīng)或血管減壓反應(yīng)在操作過程中很常見,高齡、使用β受體阻滯劑或者頸動(dòng)脈竇部鈣化、使用降壓藥物也增加頸動(dòng)脈竇的敏感性,大多數(shù)患者血流動(dòng)力學(xué)不穩(wěn)定是短暫性的,但持續(xù)12~48 h的低血壓并不少見[50-53]。并且在CAS介入治療過程中,維持血壓、心率藥物的使用也可導(dǎo)致冠心病心肌缺血發(fā)作。因此圍手術(shù)期應(yīng)該嚴(yán)格管理血壓、心率。
對(duì)于CAS+CABG治療的患者,無論是分期還是同期,CAS術(shù)后低血壓、心率慢更容易誘發(fā)CABG患者心肌缺血發(fā)作。對(duì)于同期行PCI+CAS患者,血壓心率管理可同于一般CAS患者,而分期行PCI+CAS,若先行PCI治療,頸動(dòng)脈狹窄尚未解除,血壓降低可誘發(fā)腦缺血發(fā)作;若先行CAS的患者,低血壓、心率慢時(shí)冠狀動(dòng)脈血流降低也誘發(fā)心肌缺血。對(duì)于分期行PCI+CEA的患者,先行PCI治療過程中也要面臨低血壓誘發(fā)的腦缺血發(fā)作。因此對(duì)于這些患者血壓、心率必須嚴(yán)格管理,建議如下:
5.1血壓管理
術(shù)前降壓目標(biāo)140/90 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)[54],以不加重或誘發(fā)心、腦缺血癥狀為前提。如收縮壓高于180 mmHg,不宜行血管重建治療。CAS或CEA術(shù)后血壓維持應(yīng)低于術(shù)前,最佳維持血壓100~130/60~80 mmHg。CAS或CEA術(shù)前一天開始適當(dāng)調(diào)整降壓藥物,優(yōu)先選用短效藥物,避免長效降壓藥對(duì)術(shù)中血壓調(diào)節(jié)的影響。術(shù)中如血壓較基線值明顯下降(25%~30%)或低于90/60 mmHg,可快速靜脈補(bǔ)液,并靜脈推注多巴胺2~3 mg,可重復(fù)給藥,或靜脈持續(xù)泵入多巴胺,維持血壓>90/60 mmHg。如果頸動(dòng)脈介入后收縮壓>150 mmHg,可靜脈泵入硝普鈉控制高血壓,以降低過度灌注綜合征或腦出血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),并視血壓水平逐步恢復(fù)術(shù)前降壓藥。CAS或CEA術(shù)后連續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)血壓24~48 h,開始2~4 h內(nèi)每15 min測(cè)量血壓1次,如血壓趨于平穩(wěn),30~60 min測(cè)量血壓1次。
5.2心率管理
心率維持非常重要[55,56],血管重建術(shù)前建議心率維持不低于50次/min,不超過80次/min。如介入治療涉及頸動(dòng)脈竇部,而基礎(chǔ)心率<70次/min,則球囊擴(kuò)張或支架置入前先靜脈推注阿托品0.5~1.0 mg,提高心率至70~100次/min;個(gè)別對(duì)阿托品沒有應(yīng)答的病例需植入臨時(shí)起搏器,提高心率至60~70次/min;如球囊擴(kuò)張或支架置入后心率<50次/min,可再靜脈推注阿托品0.5~1.0 mg,1~2次。CAS或CEA術(shù)后心率維持60次/min左右為宜。CAS或CEA術(shù)前一天開始控制心率,根據(jù)心絞痛性質(zhì)和心率情況適當(dāng)調(diào)整藥物,β受體阻滯劑是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療,優(yōu)先選用短效藥物。術(shù)后24~48 h內(nèi)連續(xù)心電監(jiān)測(cè)心率,并根據(jù)心率情況逐步調(diào)整控制心率藥物。
5.3嚴(yán)密監(jiān)測(cè)心臟和神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的癥狀和特征
有助于及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)異常,避免單憑儀器提供的數(shù)據(jù)而忽視患者的實(shí)際情況。對(duì)于新出現(xiàn)的心腦癥狀和體征,一定要及時(shí)明確原因,查看是否與血流動(dòng)力學(xué)改變有關(guān)。
6.1降壓治療和心率控制治療
降壓治療和心率控制治療是術(shù)后藥物治療的重點(diǎn),血壓、心率目標(biāo)可參考上述圍術(shù)期血壓、心率管理的目標(biāo)。
6.2調(diào)脂治療
他汀類藥物治療是動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性血管疾病的基礎(chǔ)治療,對(duì)于無禁忌證或者特殊原因的患者應(yīng)該給予他汀類藥物治療,圍手術(shù)期應(yīng)用他汀類藥物可以顯著降低心血管手術(shù)患者的并發(fā)癥。2015年血脂異常老年人使用他汀類藥物中國專家共識(shí)指出[57],對(duì)于動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心血管疾病降脂目標(biāo)LDL-C目標(biāo)值<1.8 mmol/L、非HDL-C目標(biāo)值<2.6 mmol/L,患者LDL-C達(dá)標(biāo)后他汀長期維持,對(duì)缺血高危和斑塊不穩(wěn)定的患者可以考慮強(qiáng)化降脂治療。
6.3降糖治療
合并糖尿病的患者控制血糖接近正常水平(不超過10 mmol/L),糖化血紅蛋白(HbA1C)<7%,應(yīng)避免血糖波動(dòng)幅度過大,尤其要防止發(fā)生低血糖[58]。
6.4術(shù)后隨訪
每次隨訪均應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)健康的生活方式和心血管危險(xiǎn)因素全面控制。頸動(dòng)脈血管重建最常用隨訪評(píng)估方法是雙功能超聲成像,應(yīng)在術(shù)后1、3、6個(gè)月以及此后每年進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè),以評(píng)估再狹窄。必要時(shí)可復(fù)查CTA或核磁共振血管成像。冠狀動(dòng)脈血管重建術(shù)后應(yīng)當(dāng)定期進(jìn)行全面的臨床和預(yù)后評(píng)估,包括定期進(jìn)行心電圖、實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查、運(yùn)動(dòng)試驗(yàn)及超聲心動(dòng)圖檢測(cè),6~12個(gè)月時(shí)建議冠狀動(dòng)脈造影復(fù)查。
專家共識(shí)組成員(姓名按筆畫順序排序):王國亮(新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)人民醫(yī)院),王斌(廈門市心血管病醫(yī)院),王焱(廈門市心血管病醫(yī)院),田軍(武警后勤學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院心臟醫(yī)院),田紅燕(西安交通大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院),許建忠(上海交通大學(xué)附屬瑞金醫(yī)院),李萍(南昌大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院)、楊濱(山西省心血管病醫(yī)院),余小平(深圳大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院),鄒玉寶(中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院阜外醫(yī)院),羅建方(廣東省人民醫(yī)院),鄭澤琪(南昌大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院),賈楠(中山大學(xué)附屬第八醫(yī)院),倪忠涵(廣東省人民醫(yī)院),唐禮江(浙江醫(yī)院),董徽(中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院阜外醫(yī)院),蔣雄京(中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院阜外醫(yī)院),程康(第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)西京醫(yī)院),蔡琳(成都市第三人民醫(yī)院)
執(zhí)筆:蔣雄京,鄒玉寶
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2016-08-10)
(編輯:寧田海)
蔣雄京 Email: jxj103@hotmail.com 鄒玉寶 Email: zouyb1973@sina.com
R54
C
1000-3614(2016)12-1150-07
10.3969/j.issn.1000-3614.2016.12.002