吳 浪綜述 楊勝利審校
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CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性與氯吡格雷的應(yīng)用及替代治療的研究進(jìn)展
吳 浪1,2綜述 楊勝利1,2審校
【摘要】在急性冠狀動(dòng)脈綜合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)和經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)術(shù)后的患者中,阿司匹林聯(lián)合氯吡格雷雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療是降低血栓形成及缺血性事件發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的常規(guī)治療。細(xì)胞色素P450 2C19(cytochrome P450 2C19,CYP2C19)基因多態(tài)性影響氯吡格雷的藥效學(xué)和藥動(dòng)學(xué),增加PCI術(shù)后患者缺血性事件發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。根據(jù)CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性調(diào)整PCI術(shù)后氯吡格雷的應(yīng)用具有一定的指導(dǎo)價(jià)值。筆者將對(duì)CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性與氯吡格雷的應(yīng)用及替代治療的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
【關(guān)鍵詞】CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性;氯吡格雷;經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療
的流行趨勢(shì)逐年上升,導(dǎo)致心血管疾病的發(fā)病率隨之增加。美國(guó)心臟病學(xué)會(huì)基金會(huì)(ACCF)/美國(guó)心臟學(xué)會(huì)(AHA)/美國(guó)心血管造影和介入學(xué)會(huì)(SCAI)推薦在ACS和部分穩(wěn)定性冠心病的患者中行經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療[1]。阿司匹林和氯吡格雷雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療是ACS和PCI后預(yù)防缺血性事件發(fā)生、改善臨床預(yù)后的常規(guī)藥物治療[2,3]。然而仍有大量的缺血性事件發(fā)生包括支架內(nèi)血栓形成、再發(fā)心梗及卒中等[2]。CYP2C19是人體內(nèi)重要的藥物代謝酶之一,CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性影響氯吡格雷氯吡格雷有效地轉(zhuǎn)化為活性成分,降低了機(jī)體的藥物反應(yīng)性,從而增加了缺血性事件發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[4,5]。筆者將對(duì)CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性與氯吡格雷的應(yīng)用及其替代治療的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述如下。
1.1ADP受體拮抗劑 人體內(nèi)血小板表面存在的三種ADP受體(P2Y12,P2Y1和P2X1)是導(dǎo)致血小板活化和聚集的關(guān)鍵。ADP與人體內(nèi)血小板表面的P2Y12受體結(jié)合從而誘導(dǎo)血小板活化與聚集。ADP受體拮抗劑選擇性抑制P2Y12 ADP受體,從而抑制ADP介導(dǎo)的糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa復(fù)合物的激活,抑制血小板聚集,用于治療動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心腦血管疾病包括缺血性腦卒中、心肌梗死和周?chē)鷦?dòng)脈疾病,是ACS和PCI術(shù)后預(yù)防缺血性事件發(fā)生、改善臨床預(yù)后的常規(guī)藥物治療。ADP受體拮抗劑代表藥物:氯吡格雷、普拉格雷和替格瑞洛,但目前在我國(guó)氯吡格雷仍是占據(jù)著最大比例的ADP拮抗劑。
1.2氯吡格雷代謝 氯吡格雷為噻吩并吡啶類(lèi)ADP受體拮抗劑,是一種無(wú)活性的前體藥物,被人體吸收后僅15%的藥物第一步經(jīng)CYP1A2、CYP2B6以及CYP2C19的催化作用氧化為硫內(nèi)酯衍生物2-氧-氯吡格雷,第二步經(jīng)CYP2B6、CYP2C9、CYP2C19及CYP3A4催化水解,轉(zhuǎn)化為有活性的硫醇衍生物R-130964,并選擇性地、不可逆地與血小板表面的ADP受體結(jié)合,從而發(fā)揮抗血小板的作用[6,7]。在過(guò)去的十年里,部分患者對(duì)氯吡格雷的反應(yīng)性減低或者無(wú)反應(yīng)稱為氯吡格雷抵抗(clopidogrel resistance,CR)[5]。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)劑量的氯吡格雷在這類(lèi)人群中的療效是降低的,因此發(fā)生缺血性事件的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)將顯著增加[4]。研究證實(shí),氯吡格雷抵抗與患者的遺傳基因多態(tài)性、臨床特征如年齡、吸煙、超重/肥胖、血脂異常、胰島素抵抗及藥物的聯(lián)合應(yīng)用如血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)化酶抑制劑、血管緊張素Ⅱ受體阻滯劑、鈣拮抗劑和質(zhì)子泵抑制劑等有關(guān)[8,9]。
2.1CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性 催化氯吡格雷代謝的CYP同工酶中,CYP2C19可顯著影響氯吡格雷的藥動(dòng)學(xué)和藥效學(xué),因此CYP2C19催化氯吡格雷代謝的改變可能導(dǎo)致心血管不良事件的發(fā)生。CYP2C19是人體內(nèi)重要的藥物代謝酶之一,主要存在于肝臟細(xì)胞的微粒體中,約2%的藥物都由CYP2C19催化代謝。CYP2C19基因的單核苷酸多態(tài)性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)位點(diǎn)主要包括CYP2C19*1、*2、*3、*4、*5、*6、*7、*8和*17等。CYP2C19*1等位基因能充分催化氯吡格雷的代謝,CYP2C19*2和*3等位基因影響氯吡格雷的活化,降低氯吡格雷的抗血小板作用,增加心血管事件發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[10],可作為氯吡格雷抵抗獨(dú)立的危險(xiǎn)因子[11]。在不同的種族CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性的分布不同,在亞洲人群中,CYP2C19功能缺失的等位基因*2和*3的頻率顯著高于歐美人群。CYP2C19*4、*5、*6、*7、*8和其他等位基因可能與CR有關(guān),但比CYP2C19*2和*3更少見(jiàn)。CYP2C19*17等位基因能提高患者對(duì)氯吡格雷的反應(yīng)性,降低血小板聚集率[12]。Cayla等[13]的一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示CYP2C19基因變異是冠心病患者PCI術(shù)后早期支架內(nèi)血栓形成的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
2.2CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性與氯吡格雷使用劑量 體內(nèi)CYP2C19基因型常分為三個(gè)類(lèi)型:快代謝型(extensive metabolizer,EM)*1/*1;中 等 代 謝 型(intermediate metabolizer,IM)*1/*2或*1/*3;慢代謝型(poor metabolizer,PM):*2/*2、*2/*3和*3/*3。2011年在美國(guó)食品藥品管理局(Food and Drug Administration,F(xiàn)DA)對(duì)氯吡格雷發(fā)出黑框警告:氯吡格雷慢代謝者不能有效地將其轉(zhuǎn)化為活性產(chǎn)物因而不能充分發(fā)揮抗血小板效應(yīng),醫(yī)務(wù)人員應(yīng)根據(jù)患者的情況進(jìn)行CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性檢測(cè),對(duì)慢代謝型患者考慮選用其他抗血小板藥物或調(diào)整氯吡格雷的治療劑量[14]。氯吡格雷150 mg可增強(qiáng)抗血小板聚集作用,改善血管內(nèi)皮功能,減少炎性反應(yīng),改善患者預(yù)后,且不增加嚴(yán)重出血的發(fā)生率[15]。研究顯示,與常規(guī)的推薦劑量75 mg相比,在慢代謝型的患者中氯吡格雷維持劑量150 mg/d可提高血小板抑制率,減少支架內(nèi)血栓、非致死性心肌梗死等心臟主要不良事件發(fā)生[16]。在口服氯吡格雷150 mg的患者中,因CYP2C19功能缺失等位基因所致的血小板高反應(yīng)性僅占5.2%,故認(rèn)為口服高劑量氯吡格雷可改善CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性對(duì)氯吡格雷藥效的不良影響[17]。在2011年研究結(jié)果顯示,在病情穩(wěn)定的心血管病患者中將CYP2C19*2雜合子的氯吡格雷維持劑量增加至225 mg/d,能使血小板活性降至與CYP2C19*2非攜帶者氯吡格雷75 mg維持治療時(shí)的水平,而CYP2C19*2純合子即使每天口服300 mg氯吡格雷,其血小板抑制作用無(wú)法達(dá)到最佳水平[18]。Bonello等[19]證實(shí)在絕大多數(shù)(包括CYP2C19*2攜帶者)患者中,連續(xù)口服負(fù)荷劑量的氯吡格雷(≥600 mg/d,至少4 d)可使血管舒張因子刺激酸磷蛋白血小板反應(yīng)性指數(shù)(VASP PRI)低于50%(VASP PRI≥50%稱為氯吡格雷抵抗),因此在CYP2C19基因變異的患者中調(diào)整氯吡格雷的負(fù)荷劑量可以改善血小板反應(yīng)性增高(high on-treatment platelet reactivity,HOPR),但大歲數(shù)患者不能耐受至少連續(xù)4 d口服氯吡格雷600 mg。Collet等[20]通過(guò)增加氯吡格雷負(fù)荷劑量至900 mg可以有效減少攜帶CYP2C19*2或*3的雜合子發(fā)生氯吡格雷抵抗的比率,但并不適用于CYP2C19*2純合子。由此可見(jiàn),以上研究為CYP2C19等位基因變異的患者使用高劑量氯吡格雷提供了依據(jù)。
新型的抗血小板藥物如普拉格雷和替格瑞洛能達(dá)到較高水平的血小板抑制作用,且與氯吡格雷相比均能有效地減少ACS后缺血性事件的發(fā)生,但會(huì)增加非手術(shù)相關(guān)的出血[21]。研究結(jié)果顯示:在血小板高反應(yīng)性的冠心病患者中,特別是CYP2C19*2攜帶者,即使氯吡格雷150 mg維持治療也不能完全克服氯吡格雷抵抗,而普拉格雷和替格瑞洛藥效學(xué)和藥動(dòng)學(xué)方面均優(yōu)于氯吡格雷[22],故建議在CYP2C19*2或*3的攜帶者,相較于增加氯吡格雷的治療劑量,直接將氯吡格雷調(diào)整為替格瑞洛或普拉格雷獲益更大。
3.1普拉格雷 普拉格雷也是一個(gè)前體藥物,在腸道內(nèi)快速水解并經(jīng)過(guò)CYP酶,主要是由CYP3A、CYP2B6和CYP2C19介導(dǎo)的一步代謝為活性代謝物R-138727,與血小板P2Y12受體結(jié)合從而發(fā)揮抗血小板作用[23]。盡管普拉格雷與氯吡格雷都是前體性藥物,但在冠心病患者中普拉格雷的活性代謝產(chǎn)物濃度不受CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性的影響,導(dǎo)致上述現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn)的原因可能是普拉格雷只需經(jīng)過(guò)肝臟藥酶代謝一次,故CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性對(duì)該藥的藥動(dòng)學(xué)和藥效學(xué)影響較氯吡格雷?。?4,25]。研究表明:與CYP2C19功能缺失等位基因非攜帶者相比,攜帶者主要不良心血管事件(major adverse cardiovasscular events,MACE)的發(fā)生率無(wú)增加,提示使用普拉格雷時(shí)CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性與主要療效終點(diǎn)無(wú)顯著關(guān)聯(lián)[26]。研究顯示與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)劑量或更高劑量的氯吡格雷相比,無(wú)論是在健康的志愿者還是ACS和PCI術(shù)后的患者中,普拉格雷能夠更迅速、更持久地抑制ADP介導(dǎo)的糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa復(fù)合物的激活[27]。文獻(xiàn)[28]顯示相較于氯吡格雷,擇期或急診PCI術(shù)后的患者口服普拉格雷可減少缺血性事件的發(fā)生,且安全性良好。但在腦卒中和短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作病史、年齡≥75歲,體重<60 kg的患者中,應(yīng)嚴(yán)格評(píng)估其出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)并慎用[19]。
3.2替格瑞洛 替格瑞洛是環(huán)戊基三唑嘧啶類(lèi)制劑(cyclopentyl triazole pyrimi,CPTP),是第一個(gè)可逆性結(jié)合的口服ADP受體拮抗劑,不需要經(jīng)過(guò)肝臟代謝激活,可直接發(fā)揮抗血小板作用[29],因此,CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性不影響替格瑞洛的抗血小板作用。且研究的遺傳學(xué)亞組結(jié)果表明,CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性不影響替格瑞洛的對(duì)血小板的抑制作用[30]。遺傳學(xué)亞組研究分析,在攜帶CYP2C19功能缺失等位基因的患者中,替格瑞洛可降低術(shù)后血小板聚集率,顯著降低終點(diǎn)事件的發(fā)生率[31,32]。在CYP2C19基因型為中慢代謝型的人群中,服用替格瑞洛減少臨床MACE的發(fā)生減少。Collet等[20]研究顯示,ACS患者PCI術(shù)后1年替格瑞洛組中心血管死亡、心肌梗死及卒中的發(fā)生率顯著低于氯吡格雷組,但在替格瑞洛組中,非CABG相關(guān)的嚴(yán)重出血(包括致死性顱內(nèi)出血和其他類(lèi)型少見(jiàn)的致死性出血)發(fā)生率高于氯吡格雷組,因此在既往有過(guò)顱內(nèi)出血或出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高的患者中應(yīng)慎用。Xiong等[32]的研究中,將攜帶CYP2C19*2純合子隨機(jī)給予高劑量氯吡格雷(600 mg負(fù)荷劑量/150 mg,1次/d維持劑量)和替格瑞洛(180 mg負(fù)荷劑量/90 mg,2次/d維持劑量)治療,結(jié)果示氯吡格雷150 mg維持治療組的P2Y12反應(yīng)單元(P2Y12 reaction units,PRU)抑制率低于替格瑞洛組,且出血性事件的發(fā)生率增加。因此對(duì)于出現(xiàn)PCI相關(guān)的血栓性事件的高?;颊呖蓛?yōu)先選擇替格瑞洛治療,且至少持續(xù)1年。
目前阿司匹林和氯吡格雷已成為ACS和PCI術(shù)后常規(guī)的冠心病二級(jí)預(yù)防藥物,但部分患者仍發(fā)生缺血性事件,在這些患者中可能存在氯吡格雷抵抗。氯吡格雷抵抗與個(gè)體的CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性有關(guān),增加氯吡格雷的負(fù)荷劑量或維持劑量可提高氯吡格雷的抗血小板作用。CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性與普拉格雷和替格瑞洛的藥物反應(yīng)性無(wú)顯著關(guān)聯(lián),將氯吡格雷調(diào)整為普拉格雷或替格瑞洛可改善氯吡格雷的無(wú)反應(yīng)性或低反應(yīng)性,因此,在攜帶CYP2C19功能缺失等位基因的患者中,替格瑞洛和普拉格雷可作為氯吡格雷的替代藥物。因此,對(duì)PCI術(shù)后可能發(fā)生氯吡格雷抵抗的高危患者應(yīng)進(jìn)行CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性檢測(cè)并指導(dǎo)ADP受體拮抗劑的用藥方案。但目前對(duì)CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性與PCI術(shù)后MACE事件發(fā)生的關(guān)聯(lián)性仍存在爭(zhēng)議,且關(guān)于根據(jù)CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性結(jié)果如何調(diào)整ADP受體拮抗劑藥物治療方案尚無(wú)統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn),這需要進(jìn)行多中心的隨訪對(duì)照研究,為臨床醫(yī)師制定冠心病二級(jí)預(yù)防藥物治療提供更多更可靠的循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)。
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(2016-03-03 收稿2016-05-27 修回)
(責(zé)任編輯宋宮儒)
Research progress on CYP 2C19 genetic polymorphism and the application and replacement therapy of clopidogrel
WU Lang1,2and YANG Shengli1,2. 1. Clinical College,General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces,Anhui Medical University,Beijing100039,China;2. Department of Cardiology,General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces,Beijing 100039,China Corresponding author:YANG Shengli,E-mail:yangshengli@medmail.com.cn
【Abstract】Dual antiplatelet therapy of aspirin and clopidogrel is conventional to patients with acute coronary syndrome(ACS)and undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI)to reduce the risk of thrombosis and ischemic events.Genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 2C19(CYP2C19)affects the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of clopidogrel,which could improve the risk of ischemic events for patients after PCI.Therefore,it is of great value to guide the application of clopidogrel according to the genetic polymorphisms of CYP2C19.In this paper,the research progress of CYP2C19 geneticpolymorphism and the application and replacement therapyof clopidogrel is reviewed.
【Key words】CYP2C19 genetic polymorphism;clopidogrel;percutaneous coronary intervention隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和人口老齡化,心血管疾病危險(xiǎn)因素(吸煙、高血壓、血脂異常、糖尿病及超重/肥胖等)
【中國(guó)圖書(shū)分類(lèi)號(hào)】R541.4
DOI:10.13919/j.issn.2095-6274.2016.06.010
作者簡(jiǎn)介:吳 浪,碩士研究生在讀,E-mail:wulang56@sina.com
作者單位:1.100039 北京,安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)武警總醫(yī)院臨床學(xué)院; 2.100039 北京,武警總醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科
通訊作者:楊勝利,E-mail:yangshengli@medmail.com.cn