徐娟 曾力群
[摘要] 古往今來(lái),飲酒是人們社會(huì)文化中不可或缺的一部分。飲酒對(duì)心功能及心血管系統(tǒng)的影響根據(jù)飲酒量的多少,有好壞之分。一方面,適量飲酒可改善心功能;另一方面,長(zhǎng)期大量的飲酒對(duì)心血管系統(tǒng)有毒性作用,酒精對(duì)心臟的損傷可導(dǎo)致酒精性心肌病。近年來(lái),酒精對(duì)心功能的影響及相關(guān)機(jī)制受到了廣泛的關(guān)注。本文闡述了酒精與心血管疾病之間的關(guān)系,對(duì)心功能影響的相關(guān)機(jī)制作一綜述。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 酒精;心臟;酒精性心肌病
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R541 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2016)01(c)-0015-04
[Abstract] From ancient to modern times, alcohol consumption has been an integral part of social culture in human beings.The consumption of ethanol can have both beneficial and detrimental effects on the function of the heart and cardiovascular system,depending on the amount consumed. moderate amounts of ethanol intake are associated with improvements in cardiac function. On the other hand, ethanol chronically consumed in large amounts acts as a toxin to the heart and vasculature.The cardiac injury produced by alcohol can progress to alcoholic cardiomyopathy.In recent years, the effects of alcohol on cardiac function and related mechanisms have been widely concerned.The purposes of this review are to outline the association between cardiovascular diseases and alcohol,focusing on the related pathophysiology of cardiac function effects of alcohol。
[Key words] Alcohol;Heart;Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
古往今來(lái),飲酒是人類(lèi)社會(huì)文化中不可或缺的一部分。2014年世界衛(wèi)生組織發(fā)布,過(guò)量飲酒可導(dǎo)致酒精性心肌病,肝硬化,腦卒中,意外事故,肝癌、乳腺癌等惡性腫瘤,占全球死亡原因的5.9%[1],但也有大量研究表明,有規(guī)律適量的飲酒可降低心血管疾病的發(fā)病率及死亡率,存在J或U形相關(guān),因此,酒精之于心臟,就好比是一把雙刃劍,正確認(rèn)識(shí)酒精對(duì)心臟的作用及其相關(guān)機(jī)制至關(guān)重要。
1 適量飲酒的益處及其相關(guān)機(jī)制
據(jù)報(bào)道,少量或適量飲酒可降低心血管疾病如腦卒中、心肌梗死的發(fā)生率及死亡率,飲酒量與心血管疾病尤其是冠心病呈J型或U形相關(guān),即少量或適量的飲酒對(duì)心血管具有保護(hù)作用,大量飲酒者患心血管疾病相對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加,但關(guān)于飲酒時(shí)間及劑量的劃定目前尚存在爭(zhēng)議。研究顯示,女性每天飲酒量為0.5~1 drink(1 drink=12 g乙醇量)時(shí),能使總死亡率降低18%,而男性最大獲益量為1~2 drink[2]。分析表明,男性飲用31 g/d酒精,患缺血性心肌病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最低[3]。適量飲酒對(duì)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的保護(hù)機(jī)制可能與血液中HDL-C、脂聯(lián)蛋白水平增加、血小板聚集減少,抗氧化作用等有關(guān)[4]。
1.1 高密度脂蛋白(high-density lipoprotein,HDL)
飲酒對(duì)心臟的保護(hù)作用最顯著的表現(xiàn)為對(duì)血清中脂蛋白的影響,尤其HDL水平改變。HDL是調(diào)節(jié)膽固醇代謝的關(guān)鍵因子,可將血液循環(huán)中游離膽固醇轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)至肝臟,也可促進(jìn)巨噬細(xì)胞內(nèi)膽固醇轉(zhuǎn)移,阻止其向泡沫細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化[6]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),少量飲酒可刺激載脂蛋白A1和載脂蛋白A2表達(dá)增加,引起HDL增高[5],HDL還可結(jié)合血管壁上氧化的脂質(zhì),減少免疫細(xì)胞、炎癥因子聚集,從而起到抗氧化、抗炎作用,保護(hù)心臟的作用[6]。
1.2 脂聯(lián)蛋白
脂聯(lián)蛋白與多種心血管疾病有關(guān),甚至成為了心血管疾病的預(yù)測(cè)因子[7]。少量飲酒時(shí),血清中脂聯(lián)蛋白水平增高,能減少胰島素受體酪氨酸磷酸化,增加胰島素敏感性[8]。研究中還發(fā)現(xiàn),脂聯(lián)蛋白對(duì)缺血再灌注損傷具有保護(hù)作用,在內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞內(nèi),脂聯(lián)蛋白使一氧化氮合成增加,超氧化物產(chǎn)生減少,起到擴(kuò)張血管的作用。血液循環(huán)中,脂聯(lián)蛋白還可抑制血小板聚集,降低巨噬細(xì)胞活性,減少泡沫細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化,從而起到抗動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的作用[9]。
1.3 抗氧化作用
根據(jù)體內(nèi)酒精含量的不同,其代謝機(jī)制也有不同。高濃度的酒精主要經(jīng)微粒體乙醇氧化系統(tǒng),細(xì)胞色素酶P450 2E1(cytochrome P450 2E1,CYP2E1)代謝,如它的名字一樣,可創(chuàng)造一個(gè)氧化環(huán)境[10];低濃度的酒精由乙醇脫氫酶(alcohol dehydrogenase,ADH)代謝,期間伴有NADH生成的減少,細(xì)胞內(nèi)抗氧化能力增強(qiáng)。乙醛經(jīng)乙醛脫氫酶2(aldehyde dehydrogenase 2,ALDH2)進(jìn)一步代謝,細(xì)胞的抗氧化能力將繼續(xù)增強(qiáng)[11],此外,乙醇的最終代謝產(chǎn)物乙酸鹽還可促進(jìn)尿酸產(chǎn)生增加,抑制脂質(zhì)氧化,因此,少量飲酒的抗氧化作用還可能與尿酸增加有關(guān)[12]。
1.4 抗血小板聚集
內(nèi)皮損傷時(shí),可刺激血小板聚集形成血凝塊,從而起到止血的作用,但大量的血小板聚集也可引起組織缺血和梗死[13]。心血管系統(tǒng)中,小劑量的乙醇可影響血小板功能及凝血因子水平,從而降低栓塞事件如心肌梗死、腦卒中的發(fā)生。血栓烷A2為血小板聚集的潛在激活因子,小劑量的乙醇可抑制血栓烷A2形成,同時(shí)抑制血小板表面凝血酶誘導(dǎo)的P-選擇素表達(dá),進(jìn)一步阻止其聚集[14]。適量飲酒還可降低纖維蛋白原、Ⅶ因子和血管性血友病因子水平,抑制纖維蛋白分子形成血凝塊,從而起到抗血栓的作用[15]。
2 大量飲酒與酒精性心肌病
盡管適量的飲酒對(duì)心血管系統(tǒng)有多種益處,但急、慢性的大量飲酒對(duì)心血管系統(tǒng)有極大的害處。酒精心肌病是由長(zhǎng)期大量飲酒導(dǎo)致的特異性心肌疾病,臨床特點(diǎn)為心腔擴(kuò)大,心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)降低。目前被普遍接受的是,飲酒量≥90 g/d,持續(xù)時(shí)間超過(guò) 5年就有可能發(fā)展為酒精性心肌病,出現(xiàn)心力衰竭的表現(xiàn),若不能完全戒酒, 4年死亡率高達(dá)50%[16]。酒精對(duì)心臟的破壞作用可能與腎素-血管緊張素系統(tǒng)(renin-angiotensin aldosterone system,RAAS)興奮、心肌細(xì)胞肥厚、凋亡、間質(zhì)纖維化及氧化應(yīng)激等有關(guān)。
2.1 腎素-血管緊張素系統(tǒng)
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),長(zhǎng)期大量飲酒可通過(guò)激活RAAS系統(tǒng)損害心功能,該作用可被血管緊張素Ⅱ受體完全阻斷[17],其作用機(jī)制相當(dāng)復(fù)雜,其一為飲酒能使尿量增加,導(dǎo)致血容量減少,從而刺激腎素釋放。RAAS系統(tǒng)激活能引起水鈉潴留,增加血容量及心臟前負(fù)荷[18]。血管緊張素Ⅱ 1型受體(angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor,AT1受體)廣泛分布于心血管系統(tǒng),是調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞肥厚、凋亡和纖維化的關(guān)鍵因子[17]。血管緊張素Ⅱ(angiotensinⅡ,Ang Ⅱ)與AT1受體結(jié)合可導(dǎo)致NADPH氧化酶(NADPH oxidase,NOX)激活,產(chǎn)生氧自由基(reactiv eoxygen species,ROS),導(dǎo)致氧化應(yīng)激[19]。此外,Ang Ⅱ可激活NF-κB通路促進(jìn)炎癥因子釋放,可激活MAP激酶通路,分泌基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases,MMPs),促進(jìn)細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)重塑[19],因此,慢性酒精攝入可刺激RAAS系統(tǒng)激活,直接引起水鈉潴留和心臟前負(fù)荷增加,導(dǎo)致心肌細(xì)胞肥厚,重塑。
2.2 細(xì)胞肥厚
酒精心肌病的早期病理改變?yōu)樾募》屎?,尤其是左室的心肌肥厚[20]。生理調(diào)節(jié)下,心室肥厚是一類(lèi)適應(yīng)性改變,病理性心肌肥厚則可導(dǎo)致心功能障礙,常伴有間質(zhì)纖維化。細(xì)胞內(nèi)調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞肥厚的主要信號(hào)通路為絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)和磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶/蛋白激酶B(phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/protein kinase B,PI3K/Akt)途徑[21]。MAPK通路由細(xì)胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶1/2 (extracellular-signal regulated kinase,ERK1/2),Jun激酶 (Jun-kinase,JNK),p38通路組成[22]。Akt通路通過(guò)激活雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)可促進(jìn)核糖體蛋白合成,從而誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞肥厚發(fā)生[23]。酒精誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞肥厚主要通過(guò)PI3K/Akt通路使糖原合成酶激酶-3β(glycogen synthase kinase-3β,GSK-3β)失活,負(fù)向調(diào)節(jié)mTOR,促進(jìn)核糖體蛋白合成,從而誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞肥厚,同時(shí)慢性飲酒還可增加細(xì)胞凋亡刺激激酶1(apoptosis-stimulated kinase 1,ASK-1)磷酸化,導(dǎo)致MAPK通路中JNK磷酸化,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞肥厚的發(fā)生[24]。
2.3 纖維化
酒精性心肌病的臨床表現(xiàn)為彌漫性左室擴(kuò)張和射血分?jǐn)?shù)降低,擴(kuò)張的心室,存在大量的間質(zhì)纖維化,導(dǎo)致心室的順應(yīng)性減低,從而影響心功能。酒精可通過(guò)多種機(jī)制促進(jìn)心肌纖維化,如RAAS系統(tǒng)的激活、氧化應(yīng)激,都能使心臟成纖維細(xì)胞激活[25]。心臟成纖維細(xì)胞可分泌多種細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)(extracellular matrix,ECM),包括纖維膠原蛋白Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型。研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),無(wú)論是體內(nèi)還是體外實(shí)驗(yàn),酒精暴露均可導(dǎo)致成纖維細(xì)胞的激活,并向心肌成纖維細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化[26]。大量飲酒時(shí),氧化應(yīng)激也有助于成纖維細(xì)胞的激活,導(dǎo)致膠原蛋白的表達(dá)分泌,促進(jìn)纖維化[27]。酒精還可通過(guò)破壞MMPs和基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶組織抑制物(tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases,TIMPs)動(dòng)態(tài)平衡促進(jìn)細(xì)胞纖維化[26]。MMPs和TIMPs的相對(duì)平衡由ECM的膠原蛋白決定,用酒精喂養(yǎng)小鼠2周發(fā)現(xiàn),心肌組織TIMP-1,-3,-4水平明顯增加,而MMPs沒(méi)有明顯改變,從而促進(jìn)心肌纖維化,因此,心肌纖維化對(duì)酒精性心肌病的發(fā)展起到非常重要的作用。
2.4 細(xì)胞凋亡
細(xì)胞凋亡可導(dǎo)致心肌細(xì)胞數(shù)量的減少和心肌結(jié)構(gòu)的改變。細(xì)胞凋亡受細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié),經(jīng)核質(zhì)濃縮,核膜核仁裂解,DNA降解,最終形成凋亡小體[28]。大量飲酒時(shí),肥大細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞可釋放腫瘤壞死因子α(TNF-α),激活心肌細(xì)胞內(nèi)caspase-8,繼而激活caspase-3和caspase-7,導(dǎo)致蛋白降解。線粒體內(nèi),酒精誘導(dǎo)的氧化應(yīng)激可導(dǎo)致DNA損傷,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡,該過(guò)程受到Bax和Bcl調(diào)節(jié),凋亡過(guò)程中,Bax負(fù)責(zé)在線粒體膜上形成小孔,線粒體色素酶C經(jīng)此流出,募集凋亡蛋白激酶因子(apoptotic protease activating factor,APAF-1)導(dǎo)致凋亡小體的形成,從而激活caspase-9,再激活caspase-3和caspase-7。研究表明,慢性飲酒時(shí),Bax和Bcl-2在心肌組織存在明顯改變[29],表明細(xì)胞凋亡,對(duì)于酒精性心肌病的發(fā)生發(fā)揮了重要作用。
2.5 氧化應(yīng)激
氧化應(yīng)激為自由基的產(chǎn)生超過(guò)了細(xì)胞的抗氧化能力,導(dǎo)致蛋白質(zhì)、脂質(zhì)、DNA氧化,引起細(xì)胞不可逆的損傷[30]。酒精誘導(dǎo)的氧化應(yīng)激貫穿于酒精性心肌病發(fā)病機(jī)制的多個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),如細(xì)胞肥大,細(xì)胞凋亡,纖維化[31],正常情況下, ROS主要來(lái)源于電子傳遞鏈,病理狀態(tài)下, ROS可來(lái)源于NADPH氧化酶,尤其是NOX-2和NOX-4,此外,酒精誘導(dǎo)的線粒體功能障礙,也能促進(jìn)ROS產(chǎn)生增加。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),慢性酒精攝入可減低抗氧化酶谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、谷胱甘肽過(guò)氧化酶(glutathione peroxidase,GPx)含量[5]。細(xì)胞內(nèi)主要的抗氧化系統(tǒng)受到核因子E2相關(guān)因子2(nuclear factor E2 related factor,Nrf2)調(diào)節(jié),Nrf 2可感知細(xì)胞內(nèi)ROS變化,結(jié)合基因中相應(yīng)的抗氧化反應(yīng)元件,上調(diào)抗氧化反應(yīng)酶表達(dá),最新研究表明,大量飲酒可抑制心肌細(xì)胞內(nèi)Nrf2表達(dá)[5]。
3 小結(jié)
綜上所述,酒精對(duì)心血管系統(tǒng)可以是有利或有害的,關(guān)鍵在于飲酒量的多少,少至中量的飲酒可降低大多數(shù)心血管疾病如心肌梗死,腦卒中,心力衰竭風(fēng)險(xiǎn),其保護(hù)機(jī)制包括改善血脂,降低血栓形成,提高胰島素敏感性等有關(guān);另一方面,長(zhǎng)期大量飲酒可導(dǎo)致酒精性心肌病。酒精性心肌病的發(fā)病機(jī)制是多因素的,其中氧化應(yīng)激是導(dǎo)致心肌細(xì)胞損害和功能障礙,成纖維化細(xì)胞活化和纖維化的主要因素。目前酒精性心肌病的治療方式相當(dāng)有限,但AngⅡ信號(hào)和ALDH2可作為酒精性心肌病的預(yù)防和治療新的靶點(diǎn),另外,CYP2E1作為酒精誘導(dǎo)的氧化應(yīng)激來(lái)源,也可作為潛在的作用靶點(diǎn),總之,目前對(duì)飲酒誘導(dǎo)的心肌損害相關(guān)機(jī)制仍然知之甚少,有待進(jìn)一步研究。
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(收稿日期:2015-10-12 本文編輯:顧雪菲)
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