常文靜 綜述,蔡 輝 審校
(南京軍區(qū)南京總醫(yī)院中西醫(yī)結(jié)合科,江蘇南京 210002)
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·綜述·
類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎患者骨重建標(biāo)志物的研究進(jìn)展
常文靜 綜述,蔡輝 審?!?/p>
(南京軍區(qū)南京總醫(yī)院中西醫(yī)結(jié)合科,江蘇南京 210002)
關(guān)鍵詞:骨重建標(biāo)志物;類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎;炎癥;關(guān)節(jié)破壞;生物制劑
類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎(RA)是以慢性進(jìn)行性軟骨和骨破壞及滑膜改變?yōu)樘卣鞯难仔宰陨砻庖咝约膊?。全身和關(guān)節(jié)滑膜合成的促炎細(xì)胞因子介導(dǎo)RA患者骨丟失,并可能導(dǎo)致骨質(zhì)疏松癥和骨折。骨形成標(biāo)志物有血清Ⅰ型前膠原氨基端前肽(P1NP)、血清Ⅰ型膠原羧基末端前肽 (ⅠCTP)、骨堿性磷酸酶(BAP)、骨鈣素(OC),骨吸收標(biāo)志物有Ⅰ型膠原羧基末端肽(Ⅰ-CTX)、Ⅰ型膠原氨基末端肽(Ⅰ-NTX)、吡啶諾林(DPD 和 PYD)和抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)。促炎細(xì)胞因子通過(guò)促進(jìn)骨保護(hù)素(OPG)和和核因子-KB受體激活子配體(RANKL)比值下降,增加破骨細(xì)胞的生成和骨吸收,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致關(guān)節(jié)周圍和全身性骨丟失。近年研究發(fā)現(xiàn),骨重建標(biāo)志物與RA 病情活動(dòng)和關(guān)節(jié)破壞相關(guān),并可預(yù)測(cè)放射學(xué)進(jìn)展及評(píng)估藥物療效。本文重點(diǎn)探討骨重建標(biāo)志物評(píng)估生物制劑的療效。
1炎癥、關(guān)節(jié)破壞和骨質(zhì)量
RA是以關(guān)節(jié)破壞、關(guān)節(jié)周圍骨丟失為特征的慢性疾病,慢性炎癥增加骨質(zhì)疏松的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。RA導(dǎo)致全身性骨丟失是多因素的:糖皮質(zhì)激素、體力活動(dòng)減少和疾病本身(尤其是疾病未得到控制)。無(wú)論是關(guān)節(jié)周圍骨丟失,還是全身性骨丟失,其機(jī)制都是促炎細(xì)胞因子通過(guò)促進(jìn)核因子-κB受體激活子配體,間接或直接地增加破骨細(xì)胞的生成,并促進(jìn)其功能。在RA早期階段,骨丟失與炎癥參數(shù)相關(guān)。用Larsen評(píng)分評(píng)估關(guān)節(jié)破壞,關(guān)節(jié)破壞與骨密度(BMD)和脊椎畸形相關(guān)。
2細(xì)胞因子和信號(hào)通路
RA 關(guān)節(jié)骨破壞和骨丟失的嚴(yán)重程度取決于破骨細(xì)胞的數(shù)量及功能。促炎細(xì)胞因子在破骨細(xì)胞活化中起著重要作用。核因子-KB受體激活子(RANK)信號(hào)通路參與炎癥過(guò)程基因表達(dá)的調(diào)節(jié)。成骨細(xì)胞分泌RANKL,RANKL與破骨前體細(xì)胞表面受體RANK結(jié)合,從而刺激破骨細(xì)胞的生成。成骨細(xì)胞和基質(zhì)細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生OPG,OPG通過(guò)結(jié)合RANKL而阻斷RANKL與RANK的結(jié)合,從而負(fù)性調(diào)節(jié)破骨細(xì)胞的生成。因此,OPG與RANKL的相對(duì)比例決定了單位時(shí)間里破骨細(xì)胞的數(shù)量及骨丟失的程度。許多促進(jìn)或抑制骨吸收的因素通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)RANKL和OPG的表達(dá)而起作用。腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)和白細(xì)胞介素-1(IL-1)等促炎細(xì)胞因子調(diào)節(jié)RANKL的表達(dá)[1-4]。RANKL值可以評(píng)估RA患者對(duì)TNF抑制劑治療的療效[5],而不是OPG[6]。但使用英夫利昔單抗和依那西普治療的RA患者滑膜OPG表達(dá)增加,RANKL卻不受治療的影響。這說(shuō)明RANKL/OPG比值比每個(gè)單獨(dú)指標(biāo)評(píng)估骨吸收更具有重要性[7]。因此,RANKL對(duì)骨密度有不利作用,而RANKL單克隆抗體狄諾塞麥可增加RA患者骨密度和減少骨轉(zhuǎn)換[8]。炎癥過(guò)程骨形成也下降,DKK-1是dickkopf家族的一種蛋白質(zhì),TNF-α能增加其表達(dá),并對(duì)Wnt信號(hào)通路發(fā)揮負(fù)調(diào)控作用,阻止成骨細(xì)胞分化和誘導(dǎo)硬化蛋白的表達(dá),導(dǎo)致骨細(xì)胞死亡[9]。DKK-1水平升高與關(guān)節(jié)侵蝕風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加相關(guān),且獨(dú)立于年齡、性別、基線放射學(xué)損傷、C反應(yīng)蛋白和疾病活動(dòng)[10]。IL-6通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)Janus激酶/STAT、STAT3和ERK1/2磷酸化信號(hào)通路直接誘導(dǎo)RA患者滑膜細(xì)胞RANKL分泌[11-12]。
3骨重建標(biāo)志物
骨基質(zhì)主要由Ⅰ型膠原和Ⅰ型膠原肽組成。Ⅰ-CTX和ⅠCTP在血清和尿液中均能檢測(cè)到,且是骨降解非常敏感性和特異性的指標(biāo)。這兩種肽是Ⅰ型骨膠原被兩種不同的酶水解釋放的。(1)ⅠCTP是由基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶酶解Ⅰ型膠原產(chǎn)生,非常有效地反映RA相關(guān)的骨侵蝕。(2)Ⅰ-CTX是由組織蛋白酶K降解Ⅰ型膠原羧基端產(chǎn)生并被分解及釋放入血,可有效地反應(yīng)全身性骨吸收。RA患者ⅠCTP滑液與血清比值增加,而Ⅰ-CTX滑液與血清比值則無(wú)顯著變化。表明ⅠCTP是預(yù)測(cè)關(guān)節(jié)周圍骨吸收更敏感的標(biāo)志物。這可能與滑膜細(xì)胞基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶活性增加相關(guān)。
骨重建和軟骨降解與RA密切相關(guān)。雖然Ⅱ-CTX不是骨重建的標(biāo)志物,但是軟骨降解的標(biāo)志物之一。骨和軟骨標(biāo)志物是關(guān)節(jié)侵蝕的獨(dú)立強(qiáng)預(yù)測(cè)因子。Straburzynska-Lupa等[13]研究表明,RA早期患者Ⅰ-CTX和Ⅱ-CTX水平均顯著升高,并能預(yù)測(cè)關(guān)節(jié)進(jìn)一步破壞。
4生物制劑對(duì)RA患者骨代謝的影響
4.1TNF-α抑制劑RA患者BMD與血清TNF-α水平呈負(fù)相關(guān)。TNF-α對(duì) RA患者骨代謝的影響主要是通過(guò)促進(jìn)破骨細(xì)胞的形成,而對(duì)骨細(xì)胞的影響較小。即TNF-α主要通過(guò)促進(jìn)骨吸收來(lái)影響骨代謝,而對(duì)骨形成影響較小。TNF-α抑制劑通過(guò)阻斷TNF-α來(lái)發(fā)揮作用,這就決定了TNF-α抑制劑對(duì)骨吸收的抑制作用強(qiáng),而對(duì)骨形成的作用弱。因此,骨吸收標(biāo)志物較骨形成標(biāo)志物更能反映TNF-α抑制劑對(duì)骨代謝的影響。Vis等[14]對(duì)102例RA患者進(jìn)行了開(kāi)放式隊(duì)列研究,觀察使用英夫利昔單抗治療一年的RA患者腰椎、髖部和手的變化以及骨重建標(biāo)志物的變化,結(jié)果顯示,RA患者腰椎和髖部BMD無(wú)顯著變化,但手BMD下降0.8%,提示RA患者掌骨皮質(zhì)骨經(jīng)英夫利昔單抗治療一年后仍在持續(xù)丟失。且歐洲抗風(fēng)濕病聯(lián)盟評(píng)分改善明顯的患者在髖部骨密度上的獲益也是同步的,其血清CTX和RANKL在0、14、30、46周較基線水平明顯下降,且血清CTX的下降與疾病活動(dòng)評(píng)分和C反應(yīng)蛋白的下降是同步的。Chopin等[15]進(jìn)行了多中心前瞻性隊(duì)列研究,48例經(jīng)其他改變病情抗風(fēng)濕藥治療失敗的病程超過(guò)10年的重度RA女性使用1年的英夫利昔單抗,這些患者沒(méi)有使用雙磷酸鹽制劑,其中77%患者在使用糖皮質(zhì)激素治療,結(jié)果顯示,RA患者經(jīng)治療1年后BMD沒(méi)有變化,但血清Ⅰ-CTX水平在第6周、第22周分別下降19%、22%,而54周時(shí)又回到基線水平。相反地,RA患者血清PINP水平穩(wěn)定,PINP/Ⅰ-CTX比值改善30%~40%,有利于骨形成。另外,軟骨降解標(biāo)志物Ⅱ-CTX在研究期間也沒(méi)有變化??傊切纬?骨吸收標(biāo)志物的改善提示英夫利昔對(duì)RA患者全身和局部骨有有利影響。在“BeST”研究中,研究者對(duì)218例早期RA患者應(yīng)用四種不同的治療方法:連續(xù)單藥治療、加強(qiáng)聯(lián)合治療、聯(lián)合糖皮質(zhì)激素治療和聯(lián)合英夫利昔單抗治療。治療1、2年后檢測(cè)患者腰椎、髖部和手指(第2~4掌指關(guān)節(jié))BMD。所有治療組患者經(jīng)1、2年治療后腰椎、髖部和手指都存在骨丟失,但手指骨丟失較腰椎和髖部骨丟失嚴(yán)重,而聯(lián)合糖皮質(zhì)激素治療患者或聯(lián)合英夫利昔單抗治療患者手指骨丟失較輕。關(guān)節(jié)侵蝕的進(jìn)展與手指和髖部BMD降低有關(guān)。二磷酸鹽只保護(hù)腰椎和髖部骨丟失[16]。用PubMed數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)查詢TNF-α抑制劑對(duì)RA患者BMD和骨重建標(biāo)志物的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)有四個(gè)研究表明RA患者BMD穩(wěn)定或腰椎BMD增加(高達(dá)2.8%)和髖部BMD增加(高達(dá)13.1%)[17-20],而有一個(gè)研究表明結(jié)果是陰性的[15]。骨重建標(biāo)志物的變化是不同的,但是骨吸收略有減少而骨形成增加。
4.2IL-6抑制劑在體外,IL-6抑制劑能減少RANKL或RANKL加TNF-α刺激培養(yǎng)的單核細(xì)胞破骨細(xì)胞分化和骨吸收;在體內(nèi),IL-6抑制劑能抑制轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠破骨細(xì)胞形成和骨吸收[21]。一項(xiàng)試點(diǎn)研究比較22例活動(dòng)性RA女性患者和22例非骨質(zhì)減少的健康女性對(duì)照者注射8 mg/kg托珠單抗血清骨重塑標(biāo)志物早期變化[22]。在基線,RA患者血清OPG/RANKL比值較對(duì)照者低5倍;RA患者血清Dkk-1、硬化蛋白、β-CTX和骨鈣素水平升高與其高重塑狀態(tài)和骨形成減慢相關(guān);RA患者血清OPG水平與其DAS28評(píng)分呈負(fù)相關(guān),而RA患者血清RANKL水平與其C反應(yīng)蛋白水平呈正相關(guān)。2月后,RA患者血清OPG/RANKL比值增加,而其血清Dkk-1水平下降。10例患者疾病緩解或低活動(dòng)的10例RA患者血清OPG/RANKL比值較疾病活動(dòng)的12例RA患者增加尤為顯著,而兩者血清Dkk-1和硬化蛋白水平相似。因此,IL-6抑制劑因迅速抑制炎癥而糾正骨骼平衡。“OPTION”多中心隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究評(píng)估托珠單抗對(duì)骨和軟骨重塑的影響。623例患者中的416例中重度RA患者納入該研究,且這些患者對(duì)甲氨蝶呤療效欠佳?;颊唠S機(jī)給予托珠單抗(每4周4 mg/kg或每4周8 mg/kg)聯(lián)合甲氨蝶呤或安慰劑聯(lián)合甲氨蝶呤。結(jié)果顯示,托珠單抗在第4、16、24周后呈劑量依賴性降低Ⅱ型前膠原氨基端肽、膠原螺旋肽和基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-3;在骨形成標(biāo)志物中,托珠單抗者只有血清PINP較對(duì)照者顯著升高,而骨吸收標(biāo)志物Ⅰ-CTX和ⅠCTP顯著降低[23]。全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者骨髓活檢研究顯示,托珠單抗通過(guò)增加OPG表達(dá)來(lái)增加骨形成,而非生物制劑甲氨蝶呤沒(méi)有這一作用[24]。另外,托珠單抗還降低dickkopf水平來(lái)增加OPG/RANKL比值[22]?!癛ADIATE”研究顯示,托珠單抗通過(guò)降低CTX-Ⅰ和CTX-Ⅰ/OC比值來(lái)抑制組織蛋白酶K介導(dǎo)的骨吸收[25]。此外,用尿C-端交聯(lián)端肽(uCTX-Ⅱ)、尿吡啶啉/脫氧吡啶啉比值、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)和關(guān)節(jié)間隙狹窄評(píng)分4個(gè)指標(biāo)來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)關(guān)節(jié)破壞進(jìn)展的程度。托珠單抗單藥治療RA患者1年。與低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)患者相比,托珠單抗能顯著抑制高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)患者放射學(xué)進(jìn)展[26]。
5利妥昔單抗
B淋巴細(xì)胞通過(guò)分泌RANKL來(lái)增加RA骨吸收。B淋巴細(xì)胞抑制劑利妥昔單抗能降低RA患者骨吸收標(biāo)記物以及抑制RA患者破骨細(xì)胞生成。有研究顯示,利妥昔單抗能減少RA患者滑膜破骨細(xì)胞前體數(shù)目,并能增加RA患者血清OPG/RANKL比值,從而保護(hù)了RA患者的BMD[27]。前瞻性研究[28]表明,RA患者應(yīng)用利妥昔單抗3~15個(gè)月,骨形成標(biāo)志物BAP、ⅠCTP沒(méi)有顯著變化,而能輕微降低RANKL(OPG沒(méi)有變化)以及顯著降低骨降解標(biāo)志物Ⅰ-CTX。因此,利妥昔單抗能降低破骨細(xì)胞活性。
6阿巴西普
CTLA4-Ig抑制CTLA4與單核細(xì)胞表面受體CD80/CD86結(jié)合,并能下調(diào)破骨細(xì)胞分化和成熟。在無(wú)T細(xì)胞存在的情況下,CTLA4在體外呈劑量依賴性抑制RANKL和TNF介導(dǎo)的破骨細(xì)胞生成。另外,阿巴西普能抑制甲狀旁腺素引起小鼠骨丟失,提示阿巴西普可能對(duì)RA骨丟失有保護(hù)作用[29]。
7結(jié)論
RA患者體內(nèi)骨重建標(biāo)志物水平的改變可以反映骨形成和骨吸收情況,并能進(jìn)一步預(yù)測(cè)骨折的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此,骨重建標(biāo)志物與RA病情活動(dòng)及骨丟失相關(guān),并可預(yù)測(cè)放射學(xué)進(jìn)展及評(píng)估藥物療效。而骨重建標(biāo)志物不能用于診斷,它容易受到年齡、性別、飲食、絕經(jīng)、肝腎功能等眾多因素的影響,并且在某些疾病中如肺癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌、腎癌等疾病中也會(huì)升高[30],在分析病情時(shí)應(yīng)該考慮到。除了特定抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物外,生物制劑通過(guò)減少炎癥誘導(dǎo)的骨丟失來(lái)預(yù)防RA患者骨丟失和骨質(zhì)疏松性骨折。
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(收稿日期:2016-01-21)
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-4130.2016.09.034
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
文章編號(hào):1673-4130(2016)09-1236-03
作者簡(jiǎn)介:常文靜,女,醫(yī)師,主要從事中西醫(yī)結(jié)合風(fēng)濕免疫病的研究?!魍ㄓ嵶髡撸珽-mail:caihuipdh@163.com。