孫菲 張建剛 肖水清
1.濱州醫(yī)學(xué)院口腔學(xué)院正畸教研室 濱州 256603;2.濟(jì)南市口腔醫(yī)院正畸科 濟(jì)南 250001
細(xì)胞致死性擴(kuò)張毒素和外膜蛋白的結(jié)構(gòu)功能和致病機(jī)制
孫菲1張建剛2肖水清2
1.濱州醫(yī)學(xué)院口腔學(xué)院正畸教研室濱州 256603;2.濟(jì)南市口腔醫(yī)院正畸科濟(jì)南 250001
伴放線放線桿菌是青少年牙周病的主要致病菌,與侵襲性牙周炎密切相關(guān)。伴放線放線桿菌細(xì)胞致死性擴(kuò)張毒素(CDT)和外膜蛋白(OMP)等毒力因子使其更易定植到宿主體內(nèi),破壞宿主的免疫調(diào)節(jié),從而進(jìn)一步引起牙周組織破壞和加速牙周病的進(jìn)展。本文主要就CDT和OMP毒力因子目前的結(jié)構(gòu)功能及致病機(jī)制作一綜述,以期對(duì)其深入研究有所幫助。
伴放線放線桿菌;細(xì)胞致死膨脹毒素;外膜蛋白
This study was supported by the Enterprise Innovation Project of Technology Division in Jinan(201121038).
[Abstract]Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans(A.actinomycetemcomitans) is the main pathogenic bacteria of juvenile periodontal diseases and is associated with aggressive periodontitis. A.actinomycetemcomitans cells secrete synthetic cytolethal distending toxin(CDT) and outer membrane protein(OMP),which can be easily planted into the host to destroy immunity function. Thus,the presence of these molecules leads to the progression of periodontal tissue destruction and periodontal diseases. This paper mainly describes the structural function and pathogenic mechanism of the two virulence factors,namely,CDT and OMP,for further research.
[Key words]Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans;cytolethal distending toxin;outer membrance proteins
伴放線放線桿菌是一種兼性厭氧的革蘭陰性球桿菌,是一種侵襲性牙周炎(aggressive periodontitis,AgP)重要的可疑致病菌,成為牙周炎細(xì)菌病因?qū)W中研究最多的細(xì)菌之一。伴放線放線桿菌可引起心內(nèi)膜炎、骨髓炎、感染性關(guān)節(jié)炎、菌血癥、敗血癥、肺炎和動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化等疾病[1-2]。伴放線放線桿菌可以產(chǎn)生細(xì)胞致死性擴(kuò)張毒素(cytolethal distending toxin,CDT)、外膜蛋白(outer membrance proteins,OMP)、脂多糖、白細(xì)胞毒素、菌毛相關(guān)蛋白和膠原酶等多種毒力因子,這些毒力因子有利于細(xì)菌在宿主體內(nèi)定植,破壞組織,抑制組織修復(fù),干擾宿主免疫反應(yīng)[3-5]。本文主要就伴放線放線桿菌CDT和OMP的結(jié)構(gòu)功能、致病機(jī)制等研究進(jìn)展作一綜述,以期進(jìn)一步了解伴放線放線桿菌的致病機(jī)制。
CDT可引起細(xì)胞膨脹,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞周期阻滯,抑制細(xì)胞增殖,誘導(dǎo)淋巴細(xì)胞程序性死亡,影響宿主免疫,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞因子分泌等,在牙周病的發(fā)生發(fā)展中起至關(guān)重要的作用[5-6]。CDT由一系列與黏膜相關(guān)的革蘭陰性細(xì)菌所產(chǎn)生[7],這種毒素會(huì)影響慢性疾病中細(xì)菌與宿主免疫系統(tǒng)間的相互作用。伴放線放線桿菌是口腔中唯一攜帶cdt基因并表達(dá)Cdt蛋白的細(xì)菌[8]。
1.1CDT各亞基的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能
CDT是由3個(gè)相鄰基因cdtA、cdtB和cdtC編碼的蛋白亞基CdtA(28 000)、CdtB(32 000)、CdtC(20 000)組成的異源三聚體全毒素,是一種熱不穩(wěn)定蛋白[3]。CDT的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)是兩個(gè)由CdtA、CdtB和CdtC構(gòu)成的CDT異源三聚體通過CdtB 亞基之間的結(jié)合而形成的二聚體晶體結(jié)構(gòu)[9]。
1.1.1CdtBCdtB與1型脫氧核糖核酸酶具有功能和結(jié)構(gòu)的同源性,可以裂解DNA,最終導(dǎo)致程序性細(xì)胞死亡[10]。Shenker等[11]通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn):CdtB具有磷脂酰肌醇3,4,5-三磷酸根磷酸酶3(phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate phosphatase 3,PI3,4,5P3)活性,導(dǎo)致某些類型細(xì)胞的周期阻滯和程序性死亡;而且只有PI3,4,5P3存在時(shí),CdtB才具有磷酸酶活性;對(duì)CdtB磷酸酶活性相關(guān)位點(diǎn)進(jìn)行突變,突變體的活性明顯減弱。這就提示,磷酸酶活性也可能是CdtB的毒性機(jī)制之一。在CdtB的氨基酸序列中,核酸酶和磷酸酶的許多活性位點(diǎn)是重疊的,CdtB 的毒性機(jī)制既涉及核酸酶活性又涉及磷酸酶活性,究竟何者起主導(dǎo)作用尚不明確,仍需深入的研究[12]。
1.1.2CdtA和CdtCCdtA具有一個(gè)由多個(gè)芳香族氨基酸組成的特有的芳香斑區(qū)域[9],將這些區(qū)域的氨基酸突變后,CdtA或CdtC的突變體與靶細(xì)胞表面的結(jié)合能力減弱,即這些區(qū)域可能是CDT毒素的受體結(jié)合區(qū)[10]。重組CDT全毒素的生物活性取決于其生物學(xué)功能的每個(gè)亞基在體外的變性和復(fù)性,從而使CdtA可發(fā)揮其黏附功能,以形成一個(gè)與CdtB和CdtC聯(lián)合黏附在細(xì)胞表面以及轉(zhuǎn)移CdtB 和CdtC進(jìn)入細(xì)胞的功能全毒素[13-14]。半乳甘露聚糖(galactomannan,GM)3可能是CDT在細(xì)胞膜上的受體,CDT與含GM3的脂質(zhì)體共同孵育后,CDT對(duì)人單核細(xì)胞U937的毒性作用減弱[15]。
1.2CDT的致病機(jī)制
1.2.1細(xì)胞周期性阻滯完整的細(xì)胞周期存在4個(gè)檢測(cè)位點(diǎn),分別是G1/S期、S期、G2/M期以及M期檢測(cè)點(diǎn),當(dāng)靶細(xì)胞的DNA在CDT作用下受到損傷時(shí),細(xì)胞會(huì)不可逆地阻滯在G1、S或G2期而不能進(jìn)入M期。共濟(jì)失調(diào)毛細(xì)血管擴(kuò)張癥突變基因(ataxia telangiectasia mutant gene,ATM)編碼的蛋白激酶磷酸化激活腫瘤抑制因子P53,從而上調(diào)細(xì)胞周期蛋白依賴激酶抑制劑P21的表達(dá),P21再抑制G1期或S期細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控蛋白的活性,使細(xì)胞阻滯在G1/S期。細(xì)胞周期依賴性激酶1水平下降,細(xì)胞分裂周期(cell division cycle,CDC)25C磷酸酶不發(fā)生磷酸化,使CDC25C磷酸酶失去活性,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞阻滯在G2/M期[16]。堿性磷酸酶活性增高,易引起牙齦的局部炎癥[17]。
1.2.2誘導(dǎo)程序性細(xì)胞死亡和破壞宿主的免疫系統(tǒng)CDT可通過誘導(dǎo)性一氧化氮合酶來抑制巨噬細(xì)胞合成一氧化氮,該機(jī)制也是CDT破壞宿主免疫反應(yīng)的一個(gè)重要方面[18]。此外,誘導(dǎo)Cdt減少一氧化氮的生成,不僅會(huì)降低宿主控制感染的能力,而且還會(huì)干擾骨代謝[19]。檢查點(diǎn)激酶(checkpoint kinase,CHK)2在CDT介導(dǎo)的牙齦上皮程序性細(xì)胞死亡中起重要的作用[16]。
1.2.3誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞分泌表達(dá)致病因子CDT可促進(jìn)牙周膜細(xì)胞合成白細(xì)胞介素(interleukin,IL)-1β、IL-6和IL-8等多種炎癥因子[20]。當(dāng)宿主受到CDT刺激時(shí),口腔牙齦上皮細(xì)胞會(huì)產(chǎn)生炎癥因子IL-1β和IL-8[21]。CDT可以通過炎癥受體核苷酸結(jié)合寡聚化結(jié)構(gòu)域樣受體家族熱蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)域(nucleotidebinding oligomerization domain-like-receptor family pyrin domain,NLRP)3而誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生IL-1β,但與Cdt和Ltx的產(chǎn)生無關(guān)[22]。一些學(xué)者[23-24]認(rèn)為,CDT可以增加中性粒細(xì)胞的滲透力,從而產(chǎn)生炎癥遞質(zhì)和加快骨質(zhì)破壞。
2.1OMP的結(jié)構(gòu)
OMP是革蘭陰性菌外膜的主要結(jié)構(gòu),占其全部組成的1/2,是細(xì)菌致病性的重要物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。伴放線放線桿菌主要的OMP有3種:孔蛋白、外膜A蛋白和脂蛋白(lipoprotein,Lpp)[25]。
2.1.1孔蛋白孔蛋白可以非共價(jià)鍵與肽聚糖緊密結(jié)合,可形成相對(duì)非特異性的細(xì)菌外膜上物質(zhì)交換的通道,對(duì)疏水分子和大分子具有通透屏障的作用。OMP中的孔蛋白稱之為TdeA,TdeA的中央通道是一個(gè)呈α-螺旋桶狀域并且擴(kuò)展到外胞基質(zhì)中,β-桶狀域嵌入外膜中,兩種結(jié)構(gòu)域均為獨(dú)立狀的折疊[26]。
2.1.2OMPAOMPA是革蘭陰性伴放線放線桿菌OMP的主要成分,該蛋白質(zhì)因豐富的β片層結(jié)構(gòu)而被稱為熱修飾蛋白,主要作用是維持外膜的完整性[27]。OMP參與免疫的主要抗原是相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量為1.7×104的肽聚糖相關(guān)Lpp(peptidoglycanassociated lipoprotein,PAL)。PAL既是一種OMP,又是一種Lpp,且與OMPA有相似性,PAL與口腔嗜血桿菌之間抗原的相互反應(yīng)可能會(huì)促進(jìn)牙周炎患者局部和全身免疫系統(tǒng)的反應(yīng)。
2.1.3LppLpp是OMP中質(zhì)量最多的蛋白質(zhì),具有穩(wěn)定細(xì)菌外膜-肽聚糖復(fù)合體糖復(fù)合體的功能。缺少Lpp的變異株細(xì)菌細(xì)胞膜不穩(wěn)定,形態(tài)為球形。Lpp沒有作為噬菌體受體、結(jié)腸菌素受體的功能[25]。
2.2OMP的致病機(jī)制
2.2.1抗原性和免疫原性O(shè)MP100可使小鼠巨噬細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生炎性細(xì)胞因子,促進(jìn)伴放線放線桿菌對(duì)口腔上皮細(xì)胞的定植和黏附。馬來酸伊索拉定(Irsogladine maleate,IM)可抑制牙齦上皮細(xì)胞中OMP29所產(chǎn)生的IL-8的增長,進(jìn)而保護(hù)細(xì)胞間的縫隙連接不受破壞。通過IM對(duì)IL-8水平的調(diào)控,可減少對(duì)細(xì)胞間隙連接的破壞。細(xì)胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶(extracellular signal-regulated kinase,ERK)可阻斷OMP29誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生的IL-8的增長,表明OMP29激活ERK可增加IL-8。
2.2.2抑制宿主免疫應(yīng)答伴放線放線桿菌在細(xì)菌生長期以可溶性的形式釋放表面Fc受體。伴放線放線桿菌通過細(xì)菌特異性的Ig的Fab段與Fc段的橋聯(lián)作用,發(fā)揮吞噬細(xì)胞吞噬細(xì)菌的作用。線放線桿菌細(xì)胞膜表面的Fc受體可干擾這種特異性的橋聯(lián)作用,阻礙吞噬細(xì)胞對(duì)該細(xì)菌的吞噬作用。伴放線放線桿菌的Fc受體還可通過在補(bǔ)體經(jīng)典活化途徑中爭奪與Ig的Fc受體結(jié)合,抑制補(bǔ)體活化或消除在可溶性階段中的補(bǔ)體成分,阻礙補(bǔ)體裂解產(chǎn)物C3b與細(xì)菌的結(jié)合,妨礙吞噬細(xì)胞的吞噬作用,干擾宿主的免疫應(yīng)答應(yīng)答。
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(本文采編王晴)
Structural function and pathogenic mechanism of cytolethal distending toxin and outer membrane proteins
Sun Fei1,Zhang Jiangang2,Xiao Shuiqing2. (1. Dept. of Orthodontics,School of Stomatology,Binzhou Medical College,Binzhou 256603,China;2. Dept. of Orthodontics,Jinan Stomatological Hospital,Jinan 250001,China)
R 780.2
A
10.7518/gjkq.2016.05.016
2015-12-23;[修回日期]2016-06-15
濟(jì)南市科技局企業(yè)創(chuàng)新計(jì)劃(201121038)
孫菲,碩士,Email:sunfeijy@126.com
肖水清,教授,碩士,Email:shqxiao@126.com