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促絲裂原激活蛋白激酶在牙髓干細(xì)胞向成牙本質(zhì)細(xì)胞分化和牙髓損傷修復(fù)中的作用

2016-03-11 02:41林穎秦偉鄒瑞林正梅中山大學(xué)光華口腔醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬口腔醫(yī)院牙體牙髓病科廣東省口腔醫(yī)學(xué)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室廣州50055廣州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬口腔醫(yī)院廣州口腔病研究所口腔醫(yī)學(xué)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室廣州5040

林穎秦偉鄒瑞林正梅.中山大學(xué)光華口腔醫(yī)學(xué)院?附屬口腔醫(yī)院牙體牙髓病科 廣東省口腔醫(yī)學(xué)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 廣州 50055;.廣州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬口腔醫(yī)院?廣州口腔病研究所?口腔醫(yī)學(xué)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 廣州 5040

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促絲裂原激活蛋白激酶在牙髓干細(xì)胞向成牙本質(zhì)細(xì)胞分化和牙髓損傷修復(fù)中的作用

林穎1秦偉1鄒瑞2林正梅1
1.中山大學(xué)光華口腔醫(yī)學(xué)院?附屬口腔醫(yī)院牙體牙髓病科 廣東省口腔醫(yī)學(xué)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 廣州 510055;
2.廣州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬口腔醫(yī)院?廣州口腔病研究所?口腔醫(yī)學(xué)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 廣州 510140

[摘要]通過誘導(dǎo)牙髓干細(xì)胞(DPSC)向成牙本質(zhì)細(xì)胞方向分化,齲源性牙髓炎的治療將不再局限于根管治療這一臨床選擇,修復(fù)治療也不再成為缺失牙治療的唯一方案。促絲裂原激活蛋白激酶(MAPK),尤其是P38MAPK通過直接或間接磷酸化特定的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,將細(xì)胞外刺激信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)至細(xì)胞及其核內(nèi),從而引起一系列細(xì)胞生物學(xué)反應(yīng),如細(xì)胞增殖、分化、轉(zhuǎn)化和程序性死亡。骨形態(tài)發(fā)生蛋白-2、礦物三氧化物聚合體和Biodentine皆可誘導(dǎo)DPSC向成牙本質(zhì)細(xì)胞分化,而三者正是通過MAPK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路發(fā)揮作用的。在組織工程支架誘導(dǎo)DPSC分化過程中,支架材料通過激活P38MAPK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路促進(jìn)了DPSC的分化。此外,MAPK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路參與牙髓損傷修復(fù)中DPSC的遷移、黏附和分化,參與牙髓損傷修復(fù)中牙本質(zhì)的形成。由于MAPK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路在細(xì)胞增殖、分化和生存等過程中都起著十分關(guān)鍵的作用,因此,深入研究其反應(yīng)分子、作用底物和作用機(jī)制有著重要的理論和臨床意義。

[關(guān)鍵詞]促絲裂原激活蛋白激酶;牙髓干細(xì)胞;信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路;細(xì)胞分化

牙髓干細(xì)胞(dental pulp stem cell,DPSC)是一類形態(tài)呈梭形、可自我更新、多向分化和有較強(qiáng)克隆能力的牙髓細(xì)胞,于2000年從牙髓中分離并命名[1-2]。DPSC源于神經(jīng)嵴和間質(zhì)細(xì)胞群[3],這兩個(gè)細(xì)胞群都具有多向分化的功能,在不同誘導(dǎo)劑的作用下,可分化為成牙本質(zhì)細(xì)胞、脂肪細(xì)胞和神經(jīng)樣細(xì)胞等多種細(xì)胞[4-6]。其中,誘導(dǎo)DPSC向成牙本質(zhì)細(xì)胞方向分化的潛在應(yīng)用價(jià)值非常巨大:齲源性牙髓炎的治療,將不再局限于根管治療這一臨床選擇,而是在充分清除感染的前提下,通過體內(nèi)誘導(dǎo)DPSC向成牙本質(zhì)細(xì)胞分化,促進(jìn)修復(fù)性牙本質(zhì)的形成;修復(fù)治療也不再成為缺失牙治療的唯一方案,DPSC研究的深入將為牙組織工程研究帶來突破性的進(jìn)展。同時(shí),隨著DPSC的分離、鑒定與培養(yǎng)技術(shù)的成熟,上述展望將逐步成為可能。

目前,DPSC向成牙本質(zhì)細(xì)胞分化的具體機(jī)制尚不清楚,國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者的研究方向主要集中其基因組學(xué)、蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué)、表觀遺傳學(xué)、離子通道和信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路等方面。

1 促絲裂原激活蛋白激酶

細(xì)胞對(duì)環(huán)境變化的反應(yīng)部分是由一系列胞內(nèi)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路來誘導(dǎo)的,細(xì)胞信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路接替、放大并整合來自細(xì)胞外的刺激信號(hào),最終導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞的基因和生理改變。促絲裂原激活蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)是細(xì)胞內(nèi)的一類絲氨酸/蘇氨酸蛋白激酶。在哺乳動(dòng)物機(jī)體中,至少有4種不同的MAPK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路:細(xì)胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶(extracellular signalregulated kinase,ERK)1/2/5、c-Jun N-末端激酶(c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase,JNK)1/2/3、P38α/β/ γ/δ等。MAPK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路存在于大多數(shù)細(xì)胞內(nèi),將胞外刺激信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)至細(xì)胞及其核內(nèi)并引起細(xì)胞生物學(xué)反應(yīng),如細(xì)胞增殖、分化、轉(zhuǎn)化和程序性死亡等[7]。MAPK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路在細(xì)胞內(nèi)具有生物進(jìn)化的高度保守性,在低等原核細(xì)胞和高等哺乳類細(xì)胞內(nèi),均存在著多條并行的MAPK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路,不同的細(xì)胞外刺激可使用不同的MAPK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路,通過其相互調(diào)控而介導(dǎo)不同的細(xì)胞生物學(xué)反應(yīng)[8]。

2 MAPK在DPSC向成牙本質(zhì)細(xì)胞分化過程中的作用

有許多互相作用的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路參與到DPSC向成牙本質(zhì)細(xì)胞分化的過程中[9-10],MAPK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路,尤其是P38MAPK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路參與了DPSC向成牙本質(zhì)細(xì)胞分化的進(jìn)程中。Qin等[11]在研究過程中發(fā)現(xiàn),在體外試驗(yàn)中,骨形態(tài)發(fā)生蛋白(bone morphogenetic protein,BMP)-2可呈劑量和時(shí)間依賴性地誘導(dǎo)磷酸化的P38MAPK水平增加,P38MAPK抑制劑明顯抑制堿性磷酸酶活性和成牙本質(zhì)樣細(xì)胞的分化,同時(shí)降低了礦化結(jié)節(jié)的形成。這表明P38MAPK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路在BMP-2誘導(dǎo)DPSC向成牙本質(zhì)細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞分化中起重要的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)作用。他們經(jīng)過分析后認(rèn)為,P38MAPK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路很可能是通過直接或間接磷酸化特定的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子將信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)到細(xì)胞內(nèi)的,當(dāng)這些轉(zhuǎn)錄因子被P38MAPK或者其下游激酶磷酸化時(shí),它們的反式激活能力會(huì)增加,DNA結(jié)合親和力會(huì)激活,從而使那些激活以及維持成牙本質(zhì)細(xì)胞分化的特定基因表達(dá)增強(qiáng)。

目前,許多充填材料被應(yīng)用到牙髓病的研究和臨床治療當(dāng)中,以信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路作為靶點(diǎn)進(jìn)行疾病治療是目前業(yè)界研究的熱點(diǎn)。礦物三氧化物聚合體(mineral trioxide aggregate,MTA)已被證實(shí)可以誘導(dǎo)DPSC向成牙本質(zhì)細(xì)胞分化。Zhao等[12]發(fā)現(xiàn),MTA正是通過MAPK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路發(fā)揮作用的。在模擬MTA誘導(dǎo)DPSC分化的過程中,MTA增加了P42MAPK、P44 MAPK和P38MAPK以及JNK1/2的磷酸化水平;而抑制P42MAPK和P44MAPK,則削弱了MTA對(duì)成牙本質(zhì)細(xì)胞分化的作用。這些結(jié)果為牙本質(zhì)再生與修復(fù)提供了一個(gè)新的思路,可以通過調(diào)控MAPK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路進(jìn)行細(xì)胞功能的調(diào)控。近年來,Biodentine這種新型的三鈣硅酸材料的誕生,彌補(bǔ)了MTA操作性能不佳、凝固時(shí)間長(zhǎng)和變色等不足之處。Biodentine作為一種具有生物活性的材料,同樣可促進(jìn)DPSC分化,而且是通過MAPK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路、鈣調(diào)蛋白激酶2信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路發(fā)揮作用的[13]。這些研究結(jié)果表明,MTA和Biodentine都可通過MAPK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路促進(jìn)DPSC分化為成牙本質(zhì)細(xì)胞,如果未來能更深刻地理解和闡明其中的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)機(jī)制,將能極大地促進(jìn)口腔材料學(xué)的發(fā)展[14]。

Zhang等[15]發(fā)現(xiàn)不僅在藥物材料中,而且在組織工程支架誘導(dǎo)DPSC分化的過程中也有MAPK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路的參與。他們?cè)谟梦宸N不同的組織工程支架誘導(dǎo)DPSC向成牙本質(zhì)細(xì)胞分化時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),在五種支架上都出現(xiàn)了不同水平的ERK1/2信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路和P38MAPK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路磷酸化活動(dòng)的增強(qiáng),但卻未見JNK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路磷酸化活動(dòng)增強(qiáng)。當(dāng)抑制ERK1/2和P38MAPK這兩條信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路時(shí),明顯導(dǎo)致其堿性磷酸酶活性降低和牙本質(zhì)涎磷蛋白(dentin sialophosphoprotein,DSPP)、牙本質(zhì)基質(zhì)蛋白-1的mRNA低水平表達(dá);而JNK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路被抑制時(shí),上述成牙本質(zhì)細(xì)胞分化標(biāo)志物的水平卻沒有相應(yīng)的變化。這就表明,ERK1/ 2和P38MAPK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路參與調(diào)控了DPSC的分化,支架材料通過激活ERK1/2和P38MAPK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路來促進(jìn)DPSC的分化。

3 MAPK在牙髓損傷修復(fù)中的作用

當(dāng)牙發(fā)育完成后,牙髓通過自我平衡和自我保護(hù)機(jī)制來支持牙本質(zhì)的生長(zhǎng),同時(shí)牙髓可重新啟動(dòng)牙本質(zhì)的形成來進(jìn)行自我保護(hù)。早期的研究顯示,當(dāng)牙髓受到嚴(yán)重?fù)p傷時(shí),牙髓細(xì)胞會(huì)從牙髓的中央?yún)^(qū)遷移至牙髓的邊緣區(qū)并分化為類成牙本質(zhì)細(xì)胞,取代死去的成牙本質(zhì)細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生修復(fù)性牙本質(zhì)[5,16-17];因此,牙髓-牙本質(zhì)再生包括DPSC遷移并黏附至損傷處,進(jìn)一步分化為類牙本質(zhì)細(xì)胞,形成第三期牙本質(zhì)[18]。

3.1MAPK參與牙髓損傷修復(fù)中DPSC的遷移和黏附

齲病致病菌會(huì)造成牙體的損害,但是這些致病菌同樣對(duì)于牙髓-牙本質(zhì)再生起著重要的作用。脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)一種是存在于革蘭陰性菌細(xì)胞壁的主要致病因子[19],且與牙髓炎有關(guān)[20]。適宜質(zhì)量濃度(1 mg·L-1)的LPS可以通過上調(diào)黏附因子和趨化因子的表達(dá),激活核因子(nuclear factor,NF)-κB、ERK、JNK和P38-MAPK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路促進(jìn)DPSC的遷移和附著[21]。

3.2MAPK參與牙髓損傷修復(fù)中DPSC的分化

He等[22]發(fā)現(xiàn)在LPS誘導(dǎo)DPSC分化的過程中,當(dāng)抑制Toll樣受體4、ERK和P38MAPK信號(hào)分子時(shí),DPSC的分化活動(dòng)被抑制;當(dāng)抑制JNK和NF-κB信號(hào)分子時(shí),DPSC的分化活動(dòng)卻不受影響。該結(jié)果表明,LPS可以通過Toll樣受體4、ERK和P38MAPK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路,而不能通過JNK和NF-κB信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路調(diào)控DPSC的分化。

3.3MAPK參與牙髓損傷修復(fù)中牙本質(zhì)的形成

Simon等[23]通過一系列的研究發(fā)現(xiàn):在初期牙本質(zhì)形成時(shí),P38基因在成牙本質(zhì)細(xì)胞中高表達(dá);在第二期牙本質(zhì)形成時(shí),細(xì)胞進(jìn)入靜默狀態(tài),P38基因表達(dá)下調(diào);在第三期反應(yīng)性牙本質(zhì)形成時(shí),P38基因表達(dá)上調(diào)且其磷酸化和核轉(zhuǎn)位增強(qiáng)。這就證明在初期牙本質(zhì)和第三期反應(yīng)性牙本質(zhì)形成階段,P38MAPK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路均被激活。

MAPK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路還通過間接方式參與牙髓損傷修復(fù)中牙本質(zhì)的形成。研究[24-25]顯示,齲源性牙髓炎經(jīng)常伴隨著牙髓中微小血管的形成,但其微小血管在牙本質(zhì)形成階段同樣具有重要的作用,其中血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)是微小血管形成的重要因素。LPS可通過MAPK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路在DPSC中產(chǎn)生VEGF,這就為控制牙髓炎中的血管反應(yīng)提供了治療靶點(diǎn),小劑量的MAPK信號(hào)抑制劑產(chǎn)生的瞬間抑制作用也為后期修復(fù)性牙本質(zhì)的形成提供了可能[26]。

3.4MAPK在牙髓損傷修復(fù)中的調(diào)控機(jī)制

經(jīng)過研究,MAPK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路在牙髓損傷修復(fù)中的作用已經(jīng)明確,但其在DPSC損傷發(fā)生時(shí)啟動(dòng)增殖和分化的具體機(jī)制仍不清楚。Téclès等[5]認(rèn)為:干細(xì)胞沉默與激活間的平衡是組織保持穩(wěn)態(tài)、刺激生長(zhǎng)和啟動(dòng)修復(fù)等活動(dòng)的重要因素,人DPSC也具有完全相似的特點(diǎn);牙發(fā)育完成后,人DPSC一直處于細(xì)胞周期中的靜止期,直到牙髓遭到嚴(yán)重?fù)p傷時(shí)才會(huì)重新進(jìn)入細(xì)胞周期,向成牙本質(zhì)細(xì)胞分化,從而產(chǎn)生修復(fù)性牙本質(zhì)。Vandomme等[27]在研究中發(fā)現(xiàn):P38MAPK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路和胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子1受體(insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor,IGF-1R)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路對(duì)于保持DPSC的靜默狀態(tài)有重要的作用,當(dāng)二者被抑制時(shí)候可以調(diào)控DPSC向成牙本質(zhì)細(xì)胞分化;同時(shí),P38-MAPK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路和IGF-1R信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路之間存在著串話現(xiàn)象,然而信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)子和轉(zhuǎn)錄激活子(signal transduction and activator of transcription,STAT)3是這兩條信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路匯聚的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)。他們結(jié)合其他學(xué)者[28-29]的研究成果,構(gòu)建了一個(gè)P38MAPK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路和IGF-1R信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路共同協(xié)作,影響DPSC自我更新和分化進(jìn)程的工作模型。根據(jù)該模型可推測(cè),當(dāng)牙髓細(xì)胞未受到嚴(yán)重?fù)p傷時(shí),具有顯性效應(yīng)的P38MAPK信號(hào)分子可以使STAT3和糖原合成酶激酶3失活,從而讓DPSC保持在靜止期,僅進(jìn)行自我更新,不進(jìn)行分化。P38MAPK的這種顯性效應(yīng)是因?yàn)槠浯嬖谟诖蟛糠諨PSC核內(nèi),核定位決定了該激酶的激活形式[30-31];因此,P38MAPK在DPSC中是持續(xù)激活的,從而保證了DPSC一直處于靜默狀態(tài),而IGF-1R對(duì)保持細(xì)胞靜默狀態(tài)也起著一定的作用[19,32]。

當(dāng)牙髓細(xì)胞受到嚴(yán)重?fù)p傷時(shí),P38MAPK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路和IGF-1R信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路被抑制,激活DPSC并使其退出細(xì)胞周期中的G0期,從而進(jìn)行增殖或分化;但是二者對(duì)STAT3卻有著截然不同的作用效果,P38MAPK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路被抑制,導(dǎo)致STAT3磷酸化水平增加,細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)磷酸糖蛋白(matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein,MEPE)表達(dá)下降;IGF-1R信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路的抑制,導(dǎo)致STAT3磷酸化水平下降,MEPE表達(dá)上升。當(dāng)成牙本質(zhì)細(xì)胞進(jìn)行分化時(shí),MEPE表達(dá)上升,說明STAT3磷酸化水平下降,此時(shí)P38MAPK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路又重新被激活,IGF-1R信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路持續(xù)抑制。

綜上所述,IGF-1R和P38MAPK這兩條信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路對(duì)保持DPSC的靜默狀態(tài)起著重要的作用,當(dāng)抑制這兩條通路時(shí)可以激活DPSC進(jìn)行自我更新;通過抑制STAT3磷酸化,又可以重新激活P38MAPK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路,促進(jìn)DPSC進(jìn)行分化。這些研究闡釋了感染和損傷牙體中修復(fù)性牙本質(zhì)的形成機(jī)制,為今后的口腔再生醫(yī)學(xué)研究提供了有力的依據(jù)。

4 小結(jié)

目前,有關(guān)MAPK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路對(duì)DPSC分化調(diào)控的研究,主要集中在對(duì)DPSC的信號(hào)誘導(dǎo)機(jī)制及信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)機(jī)制方面。在外源性誘導(dǎo)環(huán)境下,MAPK信號(hào)作用增強(qiáng),對(duì)誘導(dǎo)信號(hào)的反應(yīng)性增加的轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)細(xì)胞,可以使DPSC向成牙本質(zhì)細(xì)胞分化;同時(shí),MAPK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路還可以通過觸發(fā)側(cè)向抑制,使具有多向分化能力的DPSC受到抑制,保持未分化狀態(tài)。此外,MAPK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路還與其他細(xì)胞因子共同發(fā)揮調(diào)節(jié)作用,對(duì)于這種協(xié)同作用的深入研究,有助于體外培養(yǎng)條件的優(yōu)化及揭示DPSC定向分化的機(jī)制,從而發(fā)揮DPSC強(qiáng)大的組織工程用途。

由于信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)在細(xì)胞的增殖、分化和生存等過程中都起著十分關(guān)鍵的作用,因而逐漸成為解決諸多重要理論及實(shí)踐問題的基本思路和有力武器;當(dāng)然,有待深入研究的問題還有很多,例如對(duì)于MAPK信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路的反應(yīng)分子、作用底物、作用機(jī)制及調(diào)控機(jī)制仍然有待進(jìn)一步深入的研究。

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(本文采編王晴)

Regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in the odontoblast differentiation of dental pulp stem cells and pulp injury and reparation

Lin Ying1,Qin Wei1,Zou Rui2,Lin Zhengmei1.(1.Dept.of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics,Guanghua School of Stomatology,Hospital of Stomatology,Sun Yat-sen University,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology,Guangzhou 510055,China;2.Institute of Oral Diseases Research,Key Laboratory of Stomatology,The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital,Guangzhou Medical University,Guangzhou 510140,China)

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81271124).

[Abstract]Several more alternatives can be offered for the treatment of carious pulp disease and restoration of lost teeth by inducing the odontoblast differentiation of dental pulp stem cell(DPSC).Mitogen-activated protein kinases(MAPK),specifically P38MAPK,are involved in various cellular functions,such as cell proliferation,differentiation,and apoptosis,by transducing extracellular signal to the cell and nucleus through transcription factor phosphorylation.In addition,bone morphogenetic protein-2,mineral trioxide aggregate,and biodentin can induce the odontoblast differentiation of DPSC by regulating MAPK signaling pathway and certain scaffolds in tissue engineering.Moreover,the MAPK signaling pathway performs an important function in the migration,adhesion,and differentiation of DPSC during dental pulp injury.Based on the key function of MAPK signaling pathway,further study on the molecule,substrate,and mechanisms is crucial.

[Key words]mitogen-activated protein kinase;dental pulp stem cell;signal transduction pathway;differentiation

[收稿日期]2015-06-25;[修回日期]2015-12-15

[基金項(xiàng)目]國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81271124)

[作者簡(jiǎn)介]林穎,碩士,Email:liny27@mail2.sysu.edu.cn

[通信作者]林正梅,教授,博士,Email:linzhm@mail.sysu.edu.cn

[中圖分類號(hào)]Q 55

[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A[doi] 10.7518/gjkq.2016.03.020