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脂聯(lián)素心肌保護(hù)效應(yīng)的研究進(jìn)展*

2016-03-13 09:09華綜述張德玲審校
微循環(huán)學(xué)雜志 2016年2期
關(guān)鍵詞:脂聯(lián)素

劉 華綜述 張德玲審校

zdlme@whu.edu.cn

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脂聯(lián)素心肌保護(hù)效應(yīng)的研究進(jìn)展*

劉華1,2綜述張德玲1,#審校

zdlme@whu.edu.cn

【摘要】脂聯(lián)素(Adiponectin, ADPN)是一種主要由脂肪組織分泌的脂肪因子,具有增加胰島素敏感性、抗動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化、抗炎等效應(yīng)。ADPN作為心臟疾病的重要保護(hù)因子,其在心肌肥厚、心肌缺血-再灌注損傷、糖尿病心肌病中的保護(hù)機(jī)制研究受到廣泛關(guān)注,有望為相關(guān)疾病的診斷和防治提供新策略。

【關(guān)鍵詞】脂聯(lián)素;心肌肥厚;缺血-再灌注損傷;糖尿病心肌病

脂聯(lián)素(Adiponectin, ADPN)是一種主要由脂肪組織分泌的脂肪因子,與其受體結(jié)合后,通過一系列細(xì)胞信號(hào)通路發(fā)揮胰島素增敏、抗動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化、抗炎等效應(yīng)。大量研究證實(shí)ADPN可調(diào)節(jié)心臟能量代謝、抑制心肌肥大和重塑、抑制間質(zhì)纖維化、抗心肌細(xì)胞凋亡等[1];而血漿低ADPN水平是高血壓、冠狀動(dòng)脈病變和心肌梗死等的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[2]。因此認(rèn)為ADPN是心臟疾病的重要保護(hù)因子,包括對(duì)糖尿病性心臟病的保護(hù)作用[3],以及預(yù)防心臟疾病的重要靶點(diǎn)。本文綜述ADPN對(duì)心肌肥厚、心肌缺血-再灌注損傷、糖尿病心肌病保護(hù)作用及機(jī)制的研究進(jìn)展。

1概述

1995年,Scherer等[4]發(fā)現(xiàn)了主要由脂肪細(xì)胞合成及分泌的ADPN,命名為Acrp30,或稱apM1、AdipoQ、GBP28。近年研究表明,非脂肪細(xì)胞也可表達(dá)ADPN,如心肌細(xì)胞[5]、肝細(xì)胞[6]等。全長(zhǎng)型ADPN包括四個(gè)區(qū)域:分泌信號(hào)序列、可變區(qū)、N-末端膠原結(jié)構(gòu)域及C-末端膠原結(jié)構(gòu)域;還有少部分ADPN直接以C端球狀結(jié)構(gòu)域形式存在,謂之球狀A(yù)DPN(Globular Adiponectin, gAd)[7]。健康人血漿ADPN含量為2-20 mg/L,約占血漿蛋白量的0.01%。血漿中ADPN以三聚體、六聚體和多聚體等形式存在,其中多聚體ADPN具備生物學(xué)活性[8]。

ADPN表達(dá)水平受到多種因素調(diào)節(jié),如二硫鍵氧化還原酶A類似蛋白(DsbA-L)促進(jìn)脂肪細(xì)胞分泌ADPN以及ADPN多聚體的形成[9];而內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激、氧化應(yīng)激及促炎因子等負(fù)向調(diào)節(jié)ADPN的合成及分泌[8]。血漿ADPN水平與腹部脂肪量呈負(fù)相關(guān),即肥胖者ADPN分泌明顯較低[10],這可能與肥胖誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激以及肥胖者脂肪細(xì)胞內(nèi)DsbA-L表達(dá)降低密切相關(guān)[8]。

目前已發(fā)現(xiàn)三種ADPN受體:AdipoR1、AdipoR2及T-鈣黏蛋白(T-cadherin)。研究表明,小鼠全身組織廣泛表達(dá)AdipoR1,在骨骼肌表達(dá)最豐富。AdipoR1對(duì)gAd有高度親和性,而對(duì)全長(zhǎng)型ADPN親和性較低;AdipoR2主要表達(dá)于肝臟,對(duì)gAd和全長(zhǎng)型ADPN均為中度親和性[11];T-cadherin是一種新發(fā)現(xiàn)的ADPN受體,在心肌細(xì)胞高表達(dá),有研究報(bào)道T-cadherin是介導(dǎo)ADPN對(duì)心肌保護(hù)作用的必需受體;但由于其缺乏細(xì)胞內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)域,可能作為ADPN結(jié)合蛋白而發(fā)揮信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)作用[12]。

ADPN與其受體結(jié)合后,可激活下游信號(hào)分子腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)、p38促絲裂原蛋白激酶(p38 MAPK)和過氧化物酶體增殖物激活受體α(PPAR-α)等,發(fā)揮干預(yù)糖尿病、抗炎、心血管保護(hù)等生物學(xué)作用。Mao等[13]發(fā)現(xiàn)ADPN受體激活下游信號(hào)分子需要銜接蛋白[包含PH區(qū)域、PTB區(qū)域、亮氨酸拉鏈結(jié)構(gòu)1(APPL1)]的介導(dǎo)才能完成。APPL1通過PTB結(jié)構(gòu)域直接與AdipoR1和AdipoR2的胞內(nèi)段結(jié)合并介導(dǎo)ADPN下游信號(hào)的傳導(dǎo),對(duì)調(diào)節(jié)糖脂代謝和胰島素敏感性有關(guān)鍵作用[13-15];同時(shí),APPL1與ADPN受體結(jié)合后介導(dǎo)ADPN下游信號(hào)AMPK的激活,對(duì)ADPN的心血管保護(hù)效應(yīng)也有重要作用[16, 17]。銜接蛋白[包含PH區(qū)域、PTB區(qū)域、亮氨酸拉鏈結(jié)構(gòu)2(APPL2)]是APPL1的同源異構(gòu)體,但APPL2在骨骼肌細(xì)胞內(nèi)的ADPN信號(hào)通路中起負(fù)向調(diào)節(jié)作用,通過與APPL1競(jìng)爭(zhēng)ADPN受體的結(jié)合位點(diǎn),抑制APPL1與ADPN受體結(jié)合,從而阻斷ADPN信號(hào)通路的傳遞[18]。APPL1與APPL2在ADPN信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)中的這種調(diào)節(jié)模式可能有利于ADPN對(duì)糖脂代謝平衡的調(diào)控。

2ADPN對(duì)心肌的保護(hù)效應(yīng)

2.1ADPN與心肌肥厚

心肌肥厚是心臟為適應(yīng)各種刺激而產(chǎn)生的心肌細(xì)胞體積增大,常在高血壓、心臟瓣膜病等壓力負(fù)荷增加的情況下發(fā)生。適當(dāng)肥厚的心肌能克服室壁壓力,維持心室功能;當(dāng)心肌肥厚不足以克服室壁壓力時(shí),心臟重塑加重,表現(xiàn)為心室腔進(jìn)行性擴(kuò)大、心肌纖維化并伴心肌收縮功能減退,最終發(fā)展為心力衰竭。因此,心肌肥厚是引起心血管病發(fā)生率和死亡率顯著增高的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。流行病學(xué)調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),血漿ADPN水平與心肌肥厚密切相關(guān)。Mitsuhashi等[19]報(bào)道,與血漿高ADPN水平人群相比,血漿低ADPN水平人群更易發(fā)生左心室肥厚。另有實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),ADPN基因敲除小鼠,由于ADPN缺乏,其壓力超負(fù)荷誘導(dǎo)的心肌肥厚向心力衰竭的發(fā)展進(jìn)程加快、死亡率增加[20];相反,如果對(duì)ADPN基因敲除、野生型或糖尿病db/db小鼠過度表達(dá)ADPN,則可減輕壓力超負(fù)荷誘導(dǎo)的心肌肥厚[21]。這些研究證實(shí)ADPN對(duì)心肌肥厚有改善作用。

大量研究顯示,壓力超負(fù)荷、腎上腺素、血管緊張素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)、內(nèi)皮素-1等多種刺激因素誘導(dǎo)的心肌肥厚機(jī)制與心肌細(xì)胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶(ERK)、核因子-κB(NF-κB)的激活密切相關(guān)。尤其是ERK的活化,是促進(jìn)心肌肥厚發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵步驟[21, 22]。有研究認(rèn)為,ADPN可抑制AngⅡ誘導(dǎo)的實(shí)驗(yàn)大鼠心肌重構(gòu),其機(jī)制為ADPN通過激活A(yù)MPK信號(hào)而抑制了ERK信號(hào)及NF-kB活化引起的心肌肥厚[23]。另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ADPN通過APPL1介導(dǎo)激活A(yù)MPK,可抑制NF-κB活化,減少AngⅡ誘導(dǎo)的新生大鼠心肌肥厚及成纖維細(xì)胞纖維化[24]。研究還證實(shí)在ADPN應(yīng)對(duì)壓力超負(fù)荷的適應(yīng)性新生血管生成過程中,AMPK發(fā)揮了重要的信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)作用[20]。

2.2ADPN與心肌缺血-再灌注損傷(Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury, IRI)

心臟是高度需氧和耗能的器官,心肌缺血后盡早恢復(fù)再灌注,可使絕大部分心肌功能得到恢復(fù)。但如果在特定缺血時(shí)間窗口恢復(fù)再灌注,心肌組織會(huì)發(fā)生IRI。氧化應(yīng)激是IRI的主要發(fā)生機(jī)制之一。心肌IRI時(shí),活性氧(ROS)大量產(chǎn)生引起的氧化/硝化應(yīng)激對(duì)線粒體膜造成損害,釋放過多細(xì)胞色素C,從而激活半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3(Caspase-3),啟動(dòng)凋亡程序,造成心肌細(xì)胞的不可逆轉(zhuǎn)性損傷[25]。

ADPN對(duì)心肌IRI有保護(hù)作用。研究表明,ADPN可以減少實(shí)驗(yàn)小鼠IRI心肌的梗死面積及心肌細(xì)胞凋亡[26];向心肌缺血后的實(shí)驗(yàn)豬冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)注入ADPN,可顯著減少其心肌梗死面積,改善左心室功能[27]。

ADPN對(duì)心肌IRI的保護(hù)機(jī)制主要在于ADPN可減少心肌IRI導(dǎo)致的氧化/硝化應(yīng)激損傷、炎癥反應(yīng)和心肌細(xì)胞凋亡等[28]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn), ADPN基因敲除小鼠的心肌內(nèi)氧自由基、一氧化氮等ROS產(chǎn)物明顯多于野生型小鼠,而引起了嚴(yán)重的氧化/硝化應(yīng)激;而在心肌再灌注前注射gAd可逆轉(zhuǎn)各項(xiàng)病理指標(biāo)的增高,充分表明ADPN對(duì)IR導(dǎo)致的心肌氧化/硝化應(yīng)激損傷有拮抗作用[26]。進(jìn)一步研究證明,ADPN抗心肌氧化/硝化應(yīng)激效應(yīng)主要由蛋白激酶A(PKA)信號(hào)通路介導(dǎo)[29]。另外,ADPN可抑制脂多糖誘導(dǎo)的促炎因子腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)合成,減輕心肌IRI,是ADPN通過活化的環(huán)氧化酶-2(COX-2)信號(hào)介導(dǎo)抗炎效應(yīng),如促進(jìn)前列腺素E2合成等[30]實(shí)現(xiàn)的。AMPK信號(hào)也參與介導(dǎo)ADPN對(duì)IRI的保護(hù)效應(yīng)[30-32]。心肌IRI實(shí)驗(yàn)中,AMPK缺陷小鼠心肌受損程度較野生型小鼠明顯加重,給予ADPN處理可顯著減輕野生型小鼠的心肌損傷,但對(duì)AMPK缺陷小鼠的心肌保護(hù)作用明顯較弱,提示AMPK在ADPN對(duì)IRI心肌保護(hù)效應(yīng)中有重要的介導(dǎo)作用[31],但其介導(dǎo)途徑并不清楚。在AMPK缺陷小鼠中,PKA介導(dǎo)的ADPN抗氧化/硝化應(yīng)激效應(yīng)并不受AMPK影響,表明AMPK信號(hào)通路與PKA信號(hào)通路對(duì)ADPN的心肌保護(hù)效應(yīng)并無交聯(lián)[29]。AMPK與COX-2介導(dǎo)的ADPN抗炎效應(yīng)的信號(hào)通路也無交聯(lián),因?yàn)樵谂囵B(yǎng)的心肌細(xì)胞中,抑制AMPK對(duì)ADPN激活COX-2發(fā)揮抗炎效應(yīng)沒有任何影響,而抑制COX-2的作用也不影響AMPK活化介導(dǎo)ADPN的作用[30]。表明ADPN通過幾條獨(dú)立的信號(hào)途徑,包括PKA介導(dǎo)的抗氧化/硝化應(yīng)激效應(yīng)、COX-2介導(dǎo)的抗炎效應(yīng)、AMPK介導(dǎo)的心肌保護(hù)效應(yīng)來發(fā)揮對(duì)心肌IRI的保護(hù)作用。

缺氧/復(fù)氧損傷實(shí)質(zhì)上是IRI的中心環(huán)節(jié),體外實(shí)驗(yàn)常用缺氧/復(fù)氧模型來模擬IRI。缺氧/復(fù)氧損傷可引起線粒體ROS增多、內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激,最終啟動(dòng)凋亡途徑導(dǎo)致心肌細(xì)胞凋亡。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ADPN可顯著減少缺氧/復(fù)氧誘導(dǎo)的大鼠心肌H9c2細(xì)胞內(nèi)線粒體ROS大量增加及心肌細(xì)胞凋亡。當(dāng)用siRNA干擾AdipoR1或APPL1表達(dá)后,ADPN對(duì)細(xì)胞內(nèi)ROS和Caspase-3生成的抑制作用明顯減弱,說明AdipoR1/APPL1信號(hào)通路可介導(dǎo)ADPN對(duì)缺氧/復(fù)氧誘導(dǎo)的心肌細(xì)胞凋亡的保護(hù)效應(yīng)[33]。另外,ADPN可通過激活磷脂酰肌醇激酶/蛋白激酶(PI3K/Akt)信號(hào)通路,上調(diào)新生大鼠心肌細(xì)胞內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)Ca2+-ATP酶活性來抑制內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激,進(jìn)而減輕缺氧/復(fù)氧誘導(dǎo)的心肌IRI[34]。

2.3ADPN與糖尿病心肌病(Diabetic Cardiomyopathy,DCM)

DCM是由高血糖、高血脂和炎癥等多種病理因素誘導(dǎo),繼發(fā)于糖尿病心臟微血管病變和心肌代謝紊亂所致的特殊心肌病[35]。包括DCM在內(nèi)的心血管并發(fā)癥是糖尿病患者死亡的主要原因[36]。

DCM的發(fā)病機(jī)制復(fù)雜,一般認(rèn)為,高血糖、高血脂誘導(dǎo)的心肌能量代謝異常及氧化損傷是其重要機(jī)制之一[37]。DCM的特征性病理表現(xiàn)是心肌間質(zhì)纖維化,嚴(yán)重時(shí)可導(dǎo)致心臟重塑及心力衰竭的發(fā)生[35];心肌細(xì)胞凋亡在DCM發(fā)展過程中的作用也不容忽視,2型糖尿病人群及糖尿病模型動(dòng)物的心臟中均存在較多心肌細(xì)胞凋亡[38, 39]。特異性凋亡阻斷劑不僅能減少糖尿病鼠早期心肌細(xì)胞凋亡,也有效阻止糖尿病心肌纖維化[40]。

臨床研究表明,血漿ADPN水平與DCM的發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān),下調(diào)ADPN是延緩DCM發(fā)展、改善其預(yù)后的保護(hù)措施[41, 42]。ADPN通過APPL1介導(dǎo)的AMPK活化,可以增加心肌細(xì)胞對(duì)脂肪酸和葡萄糖的攝取[16],從而減少心肌能量代謝異常引起的心肌肥厚及心臟重塑[37],促進(jìn)心肌成纖維細(xì)胞遷移至受損組織,并激活基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(MMP)降解細(xì)胞外基質(zhì),延緩糖尿病對(duì)心肌的損傷,改善心功能[17]。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí),采用鏈脲佐菌素(STZ)誘導(dǎo)的DCM大鼠,ADPN通過激活核因子E2相關(guān)因子2(Nrf2)和Brahma相關(guān)基因1(Brg1)促進(jìn)血紅素氧合酶1(HO-1)生成及抗氧化能力,從而減少高糖誘導(dǎo)的心肌氧化應(yīng)激損傷、心肌肥厚,逆轉(zhuǎn)心室功能紊亂[43]。細(xì)胞研究也提示,ADPN可通過上調(diào)HO-1 mRNA轉(zhuǎn)錄水平,降低高糖誘導(dǎo)的心肌細(xì)胞氧化應(yīng)激損傷及心肌細(xì)胞凋亡[44]??梢夾DPN對(duì)DCM具有廣泛的保護(hù)作用。

3小結(jié)

綜上所述,ADPN是一種對(duì)心臟具有保護(hù)作用的脂肪因子,可以減少心肌細(xì)胞凋亡,抑制心肌肥厚、心肌纖維化及心臟重塑。ADPN通過抗氧化應(yīng)激、抗炎、調(diào)節(jié)心肌能量代謝等多種信號(hào)機(jī)制保護(hù)受損心肌,其中,APPL1介導(dǎo)AMPK活化是ADPN信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)的重要途徑。同時(shí),ADPN與心肌肥厚、IRI及DCM關(guān)系的深入研究,有望為相關(guān)疾病的臨床治療提供新思路。

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劉華(1987-),女,漢族,碩士研究生,研究方向:糖尿病及心血管疾病的分子機(jī)制

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*[基金項(xiàng)目]教育部博士點(diǎn)新教師基金(20110141120052)

[中圖分類號(hào)]R363.2+1

[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼]A

[文章編號(hào)]1005-1740(2016)02-0070-05

作者簡(jiǎn)介:本文

本文2015-12-04收到,2016-03-12修回

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