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骨形態(tài)發(fā)生蛋白與乳腺癌的研究進(jìn)展△

2016-03-17 03:34:29陳偉玲韓向暉
癌癥進(jìn)展 2016年4期
關(guān)鍵詞:成骨研究進(jìn)展受體

陳偉玲 韓向暉

上海中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)附屬龍華醫(yī)院中醫(yī)外科研究所,上?!?00032

骨形態(tài)發(fā)生蛋白與乳腺癌的研究進(jìn)展△

陳偉玲韓向暉#

上海中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)附屬龍華醫(yī)院中醫(yī)外科研究所,上海200032

骨形態(tài)發(fā)生蛋白(BMP)是一類具有誘導(dǎo)骨活性的多功能糖蛋白,它不但能促進(jìn)骨的生成,誘導(dǎo)成骨和間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞成骨分化,而且在多種腫瘤的惡性進(jìn)展中發(fā)揮重要作用。乳腺癌是女性最常見(jiàn)的惡性腫瘤,在我國(guó)發(fā)病率逐年升高,約70%的乳腺癌患者發(fā)生肺、骨等部位的轉(zhuǎn)移。目前,BMP在乳腺癌發(fā)生、發(fā)展過(guò)程中的作用機(jī)制及尋找乳腺癌新的治療靶點(diǎn)已經(jīng)成為醫(yī)學(xué)界的研究熱點(diǎn)。本文就近10年BMP對(duì)乳腺癌細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移的影響及機(jī)制的研究進(jìn)展作一綜述。

骨形態(tài)發(fā)生蛋白;乳腺癌;增殖;轉(zhuǎn)移;侵襲

骨形態(tài)發(fā)生蛋白(bone morphogenetic proteins,BMP)是一種生長(zhǎng)因子,大部分BMP屬于轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子-β(transform ing grow th factor-β,TGF-β)超家族。BMP由Marshall Urist于1965年發(fā)現(xiàn),Wozney等從骨提取物中分離并鑒定出具有骨誘導(dǎo)和成骨作用的物質(zhì),將之命名為BMP。BMP是一種二聚體蛋白,可以被蛋白酶分解。不同的BMP表現(xiàn)出不同的受體結(jié)合性,一般情況下是一對(duì)一結(jié)合。但不同的BMP卻有可能利用相同的信號(hào)通路,主要是MAPK和Smad。最新研究表明BMP可能與人類癌癥有關(guān),因?yàn)锽MP是組織形態(tài)發(fā)生素。這些研究關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)是BMP在癌細(xì)胞中發(fā)揮的作用,包括增殖、轉(zhuǎn)移、血管新生、分化和表觀遺傳調(diào)控。本文旨在闡述BMP與腫瘤生長(zhǎng)、轉(zhuǎn)移和侵襲的關(guān)系,尤其著重闡述BMP與乳腺癌發(fā)生發(fā)展的關(guān)系。

1 BMP的概述

BMP是一類酸性糖蛋白,是唯一能使誘導(dǎo)性骨祖細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化為成骨細(xì)胞的蛋白質(zhì),具有促進(jìn)骨的生成,誘導(dǎo)成骨和間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞成骨分化的作用[1-3]。BMP的其他生物學(xué)功能逐漸被證實(shí),如參與腫瘤惡性進(jìn)展,調(diào)節(jié)胚胎發(fā)育,調(diào)節(jié)脂肪、肝臟及神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)等組織器官平衡等[3]。目前發(fā)現(xiàn)的BMP有20多種亞型,除了BMP1是金屬蛋白酶的蝦紅素家族外,大部分BMP都是TGF-β超家族成員[4-5]。BMP首先與細(xì)胞膜上Ⅰ型受體(BMPR1)和Ⅱ型受體(BMPR2)結(jié)合形成復(fù)合物,激活下游的Smad通路,將細(xì)胞外的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)到細(xì)胞內(nèi),進(jìn)而活化或抑制靶基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄,從而發(fā)揮生物學(xué)功能[6-7]。

2 BMP與腫瘤

BMP在多種腫瘤的惡性進(jìn)展中發(fā)揮重要的調(diào)控作用,在一些腫瘤中主要發(fā)揮抑制活性,而在另一些腫瘤中則表現(xiàn)出促進(jìn)作用。研究表明,BMP2能通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞周期,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡,抑制乳腺癌、胃癌、前列腺癌、腎上腺皮質(zhì)腫瘤和成神經(jīng)管細(xì)胞瘤的生長(zhǎng)[8]。BMP7在前列腺癌和黑色素瘤中通過(guò)類似機(jī)制實(shí)現(xiàn)抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)、侵襲的作用[9-10];BMP2能通過(guò)激活Smad促進(jìn)胰腺癌、肺癌細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng),轉(zhuǎn)移和侵襲[11-12];BMP4則可以促進(jìn)肝癌、黑色素瘤、結(jié)直腸癌的生長(zhǎng),轉(zhuǎn)移和侵襲[13-15]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),BMPR異?;蛉笔?huì)影響腫瘤的進(jìn)展。一方面BMPR下調(diào)能增加炎性反應(yīng),對(duì)BMP的生長(zhǎng)抑制效應(yīng)產(chǎn)生抵抗,使腫瘤細(xì)胞在增殖過(guò)程中避免正常生理的制約而發(fā)展為惡性表型;另一方面在某些腫瘤(如前列腺癌、乳腺癌)中,缺失BMPR的癌細(xì)胞會(huì)逃避抑制效應(yīng)向骨等組織中轉(zhuǎn)移[16-17]。此外,BMP與Wnt/Smad信號(hào)之間的相互作用會(huì)促進(jìn)腫瘤的惡性進(jìn)展。Voorneveld等[18]和Clausen等[19]發(fā)現(xiàn)BMP在Smad4缺失時(shí)或Smad磷酸化被阻斷后,能激活腫瘤細(xì)胞中Wnt信號(hào)通路,從而促進(jìn)乳腺癌和結(jié)直腸癌的增殖和侵襲;而Wnt也能通過(guò)蛋白激酶C/NF-κB通路誘導(dǎo)BMP的表達(dá),激活相應(yīng)的Smad通路,促進(jìn)前列腺癌細(xì)胞的增殖和侵襲[20]。異常的BMP能通過(guò)刺激ALK3/6和ALK5/7復(fù)合物的形成,誘導(dǎo)Smad1/5和Smad2/3在腫瘤細(xì)胞中的積聚,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲能力[21]。

3 BMP與乳腺癌

3.1BMP對(duì)乳腺癌細(xì)胞增殖的影響

BMP對(duì)乳腺癌細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)主要表現(xiàn)為抑制作用[22-23],其中BMP2、BMP4、BMP6、BMP9的研究較為廣泛。Hu等[24]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),正常的乳腺組織中BMP6的表達(dá)高于乳腺癌組織,BMP6可以靶向調(diào)節(jié)裸鼠移植瘤模型中的m icroRNA-192,調(diào)節(jié)乳腺癌MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)程,抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞增殖。Lian等[25]也證實(shí)了BMP6下調(diào)能夠促進(jìn)乳腺癌細(xì)胞MCF-7的增殖及對(duì)化療藥阿霉素的抗性,并與雌激素受體(ER)和孕激素受體(PR)狀態(tài)、腫瘤分級(jí)等密切相關(guān)。此外,Chen等[26]和Ketolainen等[27]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),BMP4可以使乳腺癌細(xì)胞MDA-MB231和MCF-7的細(xì)胞周期停滯在G1期,加速癌細(xì)胞凋亡,顯著抑制癌細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)、增殖。而B(niǎo)MP2抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)的機(jī)制是通過(guò)上調(diào)p21CIP1/WAF1蛋白,抑制Cdk2激酶活性和減少pRb的磷酸化來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。Wang等[28]將乳腺癌細(xì)胞MDA-MB-231和過(guò)表達(dá)BMP9的骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞HS-5共培養(yǎng),發(fā)現(xiàn)BMP9可以促進(jìn)乳腺癌細(xì)胞MDA-MB-231凋亡及下調(diào)上皮細(xì)胞-間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)相關(guān)分子表達(dá),顯著抑制其增殖。

3.2BMP對(duì)乳腺癌細(xì)胞侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移的影響

BMP的活性與乳腺癌的侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移能力密切相關(guān),不同的BMP對(duì)乳腺癌細(xì)胞的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移表現(xiàn)出不同的作用。Du等[29]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),BMP6可以通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)E-cadherin或抑制m icroRNA-21的表達(dá)對(duì)乳腺癌細(xì)胞MDA-MB-231的骨轉(zhuǎn)移產(chǎn)生抑制作用。Ren等[30]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),BMP9在體內(nèi)、體外均可抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞MDA-MB-231向骨的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移,其機(jī)制是通過(guò)活化Smad信號(hào)和下調(diào)結(jié)締組織生長(zhǎng)因子(connective tissue grow th factor,CTGF)的表達(dá)發(fā)揮作用。相反,BMP4和BMP7則主要促進(jìn)乳腺癌細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移和侵襲。Ketolainen等[27]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)BMP4是通過(guò)活化Smad信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞表型的變化,從而誘導(dǎo)乳腺癌細(xì)胞MDA-MB231和MCF-7的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移。有研究也證實(shí)BMP4能通過(guò)刺激乳腺纖維母細(xì)胞上調(diào)促腫瘤形成因子(IL-6、SDF1a、CXCL16等),促炎性細(xì)胞因子和基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(MMP)的分泌,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)乳腺癌細(xì)胞MCF-7的侵襲及增強(qiáng)腫瘤血管的生成[31-34]。當(dāng)乳腺癌荷瘤小鼠使用BMP受體拮抗劑DMH1治療后,腫瘤細(xì)胞的凋亡增強(qiáng),癌化的淋巴血管和巨噬細(xì)胞減少,有效抑制腫瘤負(fù)荷和轉(zhuǎn)移。Naber等[35]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),BMP7能夠促進(jìn)小鼠乳腺癌細(xì)胞4T1E/M 3向脊柱和肺高轉(zhuǎn)移,其機(jī)制與BMP7上調(diào)乳腺癌細(xì)胞的Smad5/8磷酸化水平有關(guān),當(dāng)用抗BMP7抗體或者降低BMP7基因表達(dá)的方法治療時(shí),乳腺癌細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)和轉(zhuǎn)移均受到抑制[36]。此外,這兩種BMP還能通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)炎性反應(yīng),促進(jìn)淋巴管新生,調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤細(xì)胞EMT和間質(zhì)上皮轉(zhuǎn)化(mesenchymal-epithelial transition,MET),促進(jìn)乳腺癌細(xì)胞侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移[37-43]。不同BMP對(duì)乳腺癌細(xì)胞侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移會(huì)產(chǎn)生截然相反的作用,可能是由于BMP劑量、細(xì)胞微環(huán)境和細(xì)胞特性的不同造成的[44]。

4 展望

BMP廣泛參與各種腫瘤的發(fā)生和發(fā)展,與腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)、凋亡、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移有密切關(guān)系。BMP對(duì)乳腺癌細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)和增殖的作用主要是以抑制為主,但對(duì)乳腺癌細(xì)胞的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移則具有不同作用,如BMP6、BMP9可以抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移,加速腫瘤細(xì)胞的凋亡;而B(niǎo)MP4和BMP7則促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移。由于BMP的活性與乳腺癌疾病進(jìn)展密切相關(guān),因此可能成為乳腺癌診斷生物標(biāo)志物及治療的潛在靶點(diǎn)。目前對(duì)BMP與乳腺癌的研究仍不夠深入,其中有些BMP的研究還存在爭(zhēng)議,有待進(jìn)一步闡明。隨著分子生物學(xué)和基因工程學(xué)的快速發(fā)展,人們將深入探究BMP在乳腺癌進(jìn)展中的作用及分子機(jī)制,勢(shì)必為乳腺癌患者的靶向治療提供更多的證據(jù)。

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R737.9

A

10.11877/j.issn.1672-1535.2016.14.04.01

2015-12-14)

國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81573973)

(corresponding author),郵箱:hanxianghui1106@163.com

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