祁 軍,王 靜,潘世成,劉 瑞,孟秀祥
(1.甘肅興隆山國(guó)家級(jí)自然保護(hù)區(qū)管理局,蘭州 730117;2. 中國(guó)人民大學(xué) 環(huán)境學(xué)院,北京 100872)
興隆山自然保護(hù)區(qū)優(yōu)勢(shì)植物的物候格局對(duì)氣候變化的響應(yīng)
祁 軍1,2,王 靜2,潘世成1,劉 瑞1,孟秀祥2
(1.甘肅興隆山國(guó)家級(jí)自然保護(hù)區(qū)管理局,蘭州 730117;2. 中國(guó)人民大學(xué) 環(huán)境學(xué)院,北京 100872)
甘肅興隆山自然保護(hù)區(qū)地處青藏高原、黃土高原、蒙新高原交匯地帶,區(qū)域內(nèi)的植物物候變化對(duì)探索氣候變化對(duì)該地區(qū)的生態(tài)影響有重要意義。本文對(duì)1951 — 2014年的氣象數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了分析,結(jié)果表明:60年來(lái),興隆山地區(qū)的日均溫呈逐年上升趨勢(shì),累積增溫0.92℃,年降水量逐年下降,平均減少率為83.09 mm · (10a)-1。通過(guò)對(duì)比2004 — 2007年和2012 — 2015年間兩時(shí)間段內(nèi)的鮮黃小檗(Berberis diaphana)等14種植物物種的開(kāi)花等8種物候現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生時(shí)間發(fā)現(xiàn),有42.86%的觀測(cè)物種的物候存在顯著差異,其中華北珍珠梅(Sorbaria kirilowii)、鮮黃小檗最為顯著。鮮黃小檗物候期都呈推遲趨勢(shì)。華北珍珠梅的春季物候期推遲,秋季物候期提前,其生長(zhǎng)季減少率為15.49 d · a-1。在保護(hù)區(qū)的植被管理實(shí)踐中,應(yīng)特別加強(qiáng)對(duì)華北珍珠梅的保育。
興隆山自然保護(hù)區(qū);氣候變化;物候期;優(yōu)勢(shì)植物
以氣候變暖為主要特征的氣候變化受到社會(huì)各界的廣泛關(guān)注,IPCC第五次評(píng)估報(bào)告(秦大河等,2014)顯示近130多年來(lái),全球地表年平均溫度上升了0.85℃,其中1951 — 2012年全球地表年平均氣溫平均每10年上升0.12℃,是1880 — 1950年的近兩倍;而近60年來(lái)我國(guó)地表平均氣溫每10年上升0.23℃,氣候變暖的幅度明顯高于全球。物候是指示氣候變化的主要指標(biāo)之一(丁抗抗等,2010),是指生物長(zhǎng)期適應(yīng)溫度條件的周期性變化,形成與此相適應(yīng)的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育節(jié)律,主要指動(dòng)植物的生長(zhǎng)、發(fā)育、活動(dòng)規(guī)律與非生物的變化對(duì)節(jié)候的反映(陸佩玲等,2006)。
甘肅興隆山保護(hù)區(qū)地處我國(guó)黃土高原、青藏高原和蒙新高原的交匯地帶(劉鴻源等,2012),是我國(guó)的“綠色巖島”、生物多樣性中心及重要基因庫(kù),區(qū)內(nèi)海拔跨度大、生態(tài)系統(tǒng)類(lèi)型齊全,瀕危植物及特有植物物種極多(魏強(qiáng)等,2011)。然而,目前國(guó)內(nèi)外開(kāi)展的植被物候觀測(cè)與預(yù)測(cè)研究對(duì)象多為中高緯度地區(qū)的植物,對(duì)“過(guò)渡帶”地區(qū)的物候研究較少。在全球變暖的氣候背景下,研究“過(guò)渡帶”地區(qū)的植物對(duì)氣候變化的響應(yīng),是亟待解決的重要科學(xué)問(wèn)題。對(duì)興隆山保護(hù)區(qū)主要樹(shù)種物候期的連續(xù)觀測(cè),系統(tǒng)記錄物種的發(fā)芽、展葉、開(kāi)花、枝條生長(zhǎng)、結(jié)果及落葉等關(guān)鍵物侯格局,結(jié)合長(zhǎng)時(shí)序氣象數(shù)據(jù)分析闡明局域氣候變化對(duì)興隆山植物物候的效應(yīng)及作用機(jī)制,其結(jié)果將為保護(hù)區(qū)的資源保護(hù)、林副業(yè)生產(chǎn)、病蟲(chóng)害防治、生態(tài)旅游等提供科學(xué)依據(jù)和參考。
1.1 研究區(qū)概況
興隆山自然保護(hù)區(qū)位于甘肅省蘭州市東南部的榆中縣境內(nèi)(103°50′ — 104°10′E、35°38′ — 35°58′N(xiāo)),屬祁連山的東延余脈,總面積約295.84 km2,屬于森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)類(lèi)型的國(guó)家級(jí)保護(hù)區(qū),主要保護(hù)對(duì)象為野生動(dòng)物馬麝(Moschus chrysogaster)、原始云杉林(Picea asperata)及其相應(yīng)的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)??偟臍夂蛱卣鞅憩F(xiàn)為溫帶半濕潤(rùn)氣候,屬于大陸性氣候,春季多風(fēng)少雨,夏季降水增多。保護(hù)區(qū)初霜凍一般發(fā)生在10月初,終霜凍在5月中、下旬,主要的氣象災(zāi)害包括霜凍、冰雹和暴雨。保護(hù)區(qū)內(nèi)平均溫度為4.1℃,平均年降水量為621.6 mm,平均年蒸發(fā)量為918.6 mm,相對(duì)濕度68%(祁軍等,2009)。
1.2 觀測(cè)物種的選定
由于研究區(qū)域內(nèi)物種涵蓋層次多樣,故特定選取以下14種優(yōu)勢(shì)物種作為觀測(cè)對(duì)象,包括5種喬木:白樺(Betula platyphylla)、遼東櫟(Quercus wutaishansea)、落葉松(Larix gmelinii)、山楊(Populus davidiana)、油松(Pinus tabulaeformis);9種灌木:刺毛櫻桃(Cerasus setulosa)、刺鼠李(Rhamnus dumetorum)、甘肅山楂(Crataegus kansuensis)、互葉醉魚(yú)草(Buddleja alternifolia)、華北珍珠梅(Sorbaria kirilowii)、黃薔薇(Rosa hugonis)、山梅花(Philadelphus incanus)、鮮黃小檗(Berberis diaphana)、紫丁香(Syringa oblata)。
1.3 物候觀測(cè)方法
參照《中國(guó)物候觀測(cè)方法》(宛敏渭和劉秀珍,1979),在2004 — 2007年、2012 — 2015年分別進(jìn)行了連續(xù)觀測(cè)記錄,當(dāng)觀測(cè)對(duì)象有物候現(xiàn)象變化時(shí),加強(qiáng)觀測(cè)次數(shù),進(jìn)行每日觀測(cè),將觀測(cè)對(duì)象50%出現(xiàn)變化的當(dāng)天,即該物候現(xiàn)象的高峰期,確定為對(duì)應(yīng)的物候期。
觀測(cè)并記錄的物候期包括:發(fā)芽期,即50%的枝條出現(xiàn)新芽;芽膨大期,即枝條上的50%新芽已經(jīng)膨大,即芽的鱗片開(kāi)始分裂或分離;展葉期,即50%卷曲的小葉出現(xiàn)葉片平展時(shí)的階段;開(kāi)花期,即50%的花朵開(kāi)放,且雌蕊、雄蕊從花被中暴露出來(lái);結(jié)果期,即50%的果實(shí)長(zhǎng)出;果實(shí)膨大期,即50%的幼果膨大,體形增大;抽枝期,即50%的老枝條上出現(xiàn)新枝;果實(shí)成熟期,即50%果實(shí)成熟,出現(xiàn)顏色變化或體形變化。
1.4 數(shù)據(jù)處理
氣候數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源于中國(guó)氣象科學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)共享服務(wù)網(wǎng),包括1951 — 2014年甘肅省蘭州市榆中縣日最高溫、日最低溫、日均溫、日降水量的數(shù)據(jù)。
對(duì)于2004 — 2007年及2012 — 2015年所有物候數(shù)據(jù),將所記錄的全部物候期轉(zhuǎn)為日序,即為距當(dāng)年1月1日的天數(shù),并對(duì)其進(jìn)行數(shù)理統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。通過(guò)t檢驗(yàn)判斷觀測(cè)物種兩階段的物候期有無(wú)顯著差異,對(duì)有顯著差異的物候,用具有生態(tài)學(xué)意義的最優(yōu)模型分別對(duì)物候期和年份進(jìn)行回歸分析,所有操作均在Excel、SPSS軟件平臺(tái)上進(jìn)行。
2.1 氣候變化趨勢(shì)
2.1.1 氣溫變化趨勢(shì)
(1)年內(nèi)溫度變化
如圖1所示,興隆山地區(qū)年內(nèi)氣溫呈拋物線狀分布,其變化具有季節(jié)性。冬季(12月、1月、2月)的平均溫度均在冰點(diǎn)溫度以下,其中1月平均氣溫達(dá)(-7.63 ± 0.56)℃,為全年溫度最低月份,平均最低溫度可達(dá)(-13.20 ± 0.56)℃;平均溫度最高為7月,達(dá)(18.90 ± 0.48)℃,平均最高溫度可達(dá)(25.64 ± 0.52)℃。
圖1 興隆山地區(qū)1951 — 2014年月平均氣溫變化圖Fig.1 Average monthly temperature change from 1951 — 2014 in Xinglongshan Natural Reserve
(2)年際溫度變化
對(duì)60余年的氣溫年際變化進(jìn)行分析,如圖2所示,可知60余年的氣溫變化主要可分為四個(gè)階段:第一階段(1951 — 1960年)呈上升趨勢(shì);第二階段(1960 — 1980年)氣溫下降,其中20世紀(jì)70年代到20世紀(jì)80年代平均氣溫均為6.53℃,但20世紀(jì)80年代的氣溫變率略大于20世紀(jì)70年代(Yr= 0.045 > 0.042);第三階段(1980 — 2008年)氣溫上升;第四階段(2008 — 2014年)又出現(xiàn)年均溫下降的變化趨勢(shì)。
總體來(lái)看,興隆山地區(qū)氣溫呈上升趨勢(shì),達(dá)0.15℃· (10a)-1,并以0.17℃· (10a)-1的速率增加,63年間累計(jì)增加了0.95℃。最高氣溫出現(xiàn)在2006年,年平均溫度達(dá)8.04℃;最低氣溫出現(xiàn)在1952年,年平均溫度為4.03℃,兩者相差4.01℃,上升幅度很大。
2.1.2 降水變化趨勢(shì)
(1)年內(nèi)降水量變化
興隆山地區(qū)夏季多雨水,月降水量呈拋物線分布,對(duì)年內(nèi)降水量進(jìn)行曲線擬合,模型為y= 25.875x3+ 28.875x2- 2.616x- 89.765的擬合效果較好(R2= 0.84)(圖3)。
圖2 興隆山地區(qū)1954 — 2014年氣溫年際變化圖Fig.2 Yearly temperature change from 1954 — 2014 in Xinglongshan Natural Reserve
圖3 興隆山地區(qū)1951 — 2014月降水量變化圖Fig.3 Monthly precipitation from 1951 — 2014 in Xinglongshan Natural Reserve
年均降水量為316.19 mm,主要為7、8月大量降水,降水峰值為8月,其平均降水量達(dá)807.00 mm。冬季(12月、1月、2月)降水量很少,且多以降雪的形式,最低降水量出現(xiàn)在12月,僅15.78 mm。
(2)年際降水量變化
如圖 4所示,興隆山地區(qū)歷年降水量變化可分為三個(gè)階段。1960年以前年降水量呈上升趨勢(shì),1960 — 1980年降水量減少,1980 — 2000年降水量基本持平,2000至今年降水量緩慢減少,除2007年降水量遠(yuǎn)高于平均值外(5555.00 mm > 3794.25 mm),多數(shù)年份降水量低于歷年降水量平均值。
圖4 興隆山地區(qū)1951 — 2014年降水量年際變化Fig.4 Yearly precipitation from 1951 — 2014 in Xinglongshan Natural Reserve
對(duì)60余年來(lái)興隆山地區(qū)年降水量進(jìn)行線性擬合,模型為y= -8.3085x+ 4135.8,R2 = 0.53,即年降水量以83.09 mm · (10a)-1的速率減少,趨勢(shì)較為明顯。年降水量最高值出現(xiàn)在1964年,年降水量達(dá)6073.00 mm,而在2011年,年降水量為2628.00 mm,不到前者的1/2,降水量差異顯著。
2.2 物候期變化
2.2.1 兩個(gè)階段對(duì)比
如圖5所示,對(duì)比2004 — 2007年和2012 — 2015年兩個(gè)階段不同觀測(cè)物種的物候期,2012 — 2015年遼東櫟發(fā)芽期較2004 — 2007年明顯推遲(P= 0.032 < 0.05);白樺、華北珍珠梅、山楊、鮮黃小檗芽膨大期顯著推遲(P= 0.018<0.05;P= 0.01 < 0.05;P= 0.0045 < 0.05;P= 0.005<0.05);華北珍珠梅、落葉松、鮮黃小檗展葉期顯著推遲(P= 0.001 < 0.05;P= 0.044 < 0.05;P= 0.024 < 0.05);華北珍珠梅、鮮黃小檗開(kāi)花期兩階段均有顯著變化,但華北珍珠梅表現(xiàn)為開(kāi)花期提前(P= 0.001 < 0.05),而鮮黃小檗卻表現(xiàn)為開(kāi)花期推遲(P= 0.001 < 0.05);同樣,對(duì)于兩個(gè)時(shí)間段的結(jié)果期而言,有顯著變化的觀測(cè)物種,其變化趨勢(shì)卻不同:華北珍珠梅表現(xiàn)出結(jié)果期提前的趨勢(shì)(P= 0.005 < 0.05),而落葉松、鮮黃小檗結(jié)果期顯著推遲(P= 0.001 < 0.05;P= 0.007 < 0.05);鮮黃小檗果實(shí)膨大期顯著推遲(P= 0.003 < 0.05);華北珍珠梅、山梅花果實(shí)成熟期顯著提前(P= 0.000 < 0.05;P= 0.010 < 0.05);即包括白樺、華北珍珠梅、山楊、鮮黃小檗的大部分春季物候期(發(fā)芽期、芽膨大期、展葉期、開(kāi)花期)明顯提前;華北珍珠梅、落葉松、鮮黃小檗、山梅花的秋季物候期(結(jié)果期、果實(shí)膨大期、果實(shí)成熟期)明顯推遲。即有42.86%的觀測(cè)物種的2012 — 2015年物候期明顯區(qū)別于2004 — 2007年,其中華北珍珠梅、鮮黃小檗這兩種物種的春季物候期和秋季物候期均有明顯變化。由于不同植物對(duì)氣候變化的敏感性不同,對(duì)其作出的響應(yīng)也不盡相同,表現(xiàn)為物候期的推遲或者提前。
2.2.2 變化趨勢(shì)
對(duì)2012 — 2015年物候期顯著區(qū)別于2004 — 2007年的觀測(cè)物種,即華北珍珠梅和鮮黃小檗的趨勢(shì)預(yù)測(cè)如圖 6所示。
對(duì)于鮮黃小檗而言,結(jié)果期約推遲4.53 d·a-1(y= 4.5311x- 8944.7,R2 = 0.95),展葉期約推遲3.18 d·a-1(y= 3.1793x- 6267.7,R2 = 0.87),開(kāi)花期約推遲3.91 d·a-1(y= 3.9149x- 7719,R2 = 0.89);而對(duì)于華北珍珠梅,其物候期變化線性擬合較好的包括:芽膨大期約推遲3.97 d·a-1(y= 3.9676x- 7886.4,R2 = 0.86),果實(shí)成熟期約提前3.83 d·a-1(y= - 3.8339x+ 7948.6,R2 = 0.82)。
總體來(lái)看,鮮黃小檗所有的物候期都呈現(xiàn)推遲的趨勢(shì),其中推遲現(xiàn)象最明顯的就是結(jié)果期;而對(duì)于華北珍珠梅既有物候期推遲的物候型,也有物候期提前的物候型,果實(shí)膨大期、結(jié)果期、果實(shí)成熟期和開(kāi)花期候期提前,其中最顯著的是果實(shí)成熟期,而包括以芽膨大期為代表的抽枝期、發(fā)芽期、展葉期,呈現(xiàn)物候期推遲的趨勢(shì),即華北珍珠梅的春季物候期多數(shù)呈現(xiàn)推遲趨勢(shì),秋季物候期主要呈現(xiàn)提前的趨勢(shì),整個(gè)生長(zhǎng)季(春季物候 — 秋季物候)的時(shí)間會(huì)減短,可多達(dá)15.49 d·a-1,不利于華北珍珠梅的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育。
近60年的氣候數(shù)據(jù)顯示,興隆山地區(qū)整體呈現(xiàn)氣溫逐年上升(0.15℃· (10a)-1),降水量逐年下降(-83.09 mm · (10a)-1)的趨勢(shì),這和先前對(duì)該地區(qū)的氣象研究結(jié)果基本一致,如1951 — 2010年對(duì)甘肅省氣溫變化的研究結(jié)果顯示60年間全省氣溫增長(zhǎng)率為0.175℃· (10a)-1(馬玉霞和張軍,2012),1961 — 2008平均年降水量總線性趨勢(shì)變化率為-80.77 mm · (10a)-1(楊封科等,2015)。
圖5 觀測(cè)植物種2004 — 2007年與2012 — 2015年物候期對(duì)比(注:1.白樺;2.刺毛櫻桃;3.刺鼠李;4.甘肅山楂;5.互葉醉魚(yú)草;6.華北珍珠梅;7.黃薔薇;8.遼東櫟;9.落葉松;10.山梅花;11.山楊;12.鮮黃小檗;13.油松;14.紫丁香)Fig.5 Compared the phenophases of observed plants between 2004 — 2007 and 2012 — 2015 (Note: 1.Betula platyphylla; 2.Cerasus setulosa; 3.Rhamnus dumetorum; 4.Crataegus kansuensis; 5.Buddleja alternifolia; 6.Sorbaria kirilowii; 7.Rosa hugonis; 8.Quercus wutaishansea; 9.Larix gmelinii; 10.Philadelphus incanus; 11.Populus davidiana; 12.Berberis diaphana; 13.Pinus tabulaeformis; 14.Syringa oblata)
圖6 華北珍珠梅和鮮黃小檗的各物候期年份變化Fig.6 Phenophases changes ofSorbaria kirilowiiandBerberis diaphanafrom 2004 — 2007 and 2012 — 2015
但由于興隆山地處青藏高原、黃土高原、蒙新高原的交匯地帶,受地形等因素影響,其氣溫變化的速率稍緩于全國(guó)平均水平(0.23℃· (10a)-1)(秦大河等,2014),而本研究范圍蘭州市榆中縣位于蘭州市東南部,甘肅省南部地區(qū),正好處在干旱半干旱整體南移(寧惠芳等,2010)的范圍內(nèi),和年降水量下降的趨勢(shì)相符合。
整體來(lái)看,興隆山地區(qū)溫度逐年升高,降水量逐年減少。降水量能夠直接改變保護(hù)區(qū)內(nèi)可燃物的濕度,因而在降水量較低(1月份、2月份、3月份、12月份)的月份,要尤其注意森林防火。由于保護(hù)區(qū)為內(nèi)陸大陸性氣候,春季干燥多風(fēng),冬季冷旱降水少,風(fēng)對(duì)森林火災(zāi)的形成和發(fā)展影響巨大(張愛(ài)萍,2015a)。此外,已有研究表明保護(hù)區(qū)近年的火警、火災(zāi)的發(fā)生主要出現(xiàn)在清明節(jié)前后(張愛(ài)萍,2015b),起火的導(dǎo)火索主要是人為因素,如燒地埂、野外燒秸稈、上墳燒紙等。所以在降水量少、風(fēng)力增強(qiáng)、人為引發(fā)火災(zāi)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較大的3月份要格外加強(qiáng)森林火災(zāi)的防護(hù)工作。
通過(guò)對(duì)比2004 — 2007年及2012 — 2015年兩個(gè)階段的物候期,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)42.86%的觀測(cè)物種物候出現(xiàn)顯著變化,其中華北珍珠梅、鮮黃小檗最為顯著。華北珍珠梅的春季物候期推遲,秋季物候期提前,整個(gè)生長(zhǎng)季(春季物候 — 秋季物候)的時(shí)間減短,可達(dá)15.49 d· a-1。雖然對(duì)1963 — 2008年的研究中顯示,哈爾濱珍珠梅的芽開(kāi)放期提前7.5 d,展葉期提前9.2 d,開(kāi)花期提前17.8 d,即呈現(xiàn)春季物候期提前的趨勢(shì)(李長(zhǎng)海等,2011);但對(duì)1982 — 1999年中國(guó)北方植被生長(zhǎng)季空間變化研究顯示,甘肅部分地區(qū)植被生長(zhǎng)季結(jié)束較早(王宏等,2007)。此外,興隆山自然保護(hù)區(qū)2004 — 2014年溫度呈現(xiàn)下降趨勢(shì)(y= -0.0186x+ 7.5058,R2 = 0.02),而且物候期受溫度、降水等各方面因素影響,這可能是興隆山保護(hù)區(qū)內(nèi)華北珍珠梅春季物候期呈現(xiàn)推遲趨勢(shì)的原因,需要進(jìn)一步的探究。
鮮黃小檗物候期整體呈現(xiàn)推遲的趨勢(shì),這和植物本身特性相關(guān),鮮黃小檗的耐寒性強(qiáng)于華北珍珠梅,在引種到內(nèi)蒙古地區(qū)時(shí),越冬率達(dá)到100%(任利超,2011)。其耐寒性部分解釋了其在溫度下降的情況下春季、秋季物候期均呈現(xiàn)推遲的趨勢(shì),但其具體原因需要進(jìn)一步探討。此外,雖然鮮黃小檗物候期均呈現(xiàn)推遲的趨勢(shì),但生長(zhǎng)季的變化不清楚,需要下一步分析。
生長(zhǎng)季的縮短不利于植物的生長(zhǎng)繁育,因而對(duì)于這種物候期變化明顯的植物,尤其是具有極大生態(tài)價(jià)值、經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值的植物,需要加強(qiáng)保護(hù)保育工作。由于水熱條件的變化,也可能導(dǎo)致觀測(cè)物種的分布范圍的變化(王鶴齡等,2008),需要長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的持續(xù)觀測(cè)。
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The phenological patterns of dominant plants in Xinglongshan Natural Reserve and the response to the regional climate change
QI Jun1,2, WANG Jing2, PAN Shicheng1, LIU Rui1, MENG Xiuxiang2
(1. Gansu Xinglongshan National Nature Reserve, Lanzhou 730117, China; 2. School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China)
Background, aim, and scopeGlobal warming as the main characteristics of the climate change received extensive attention of the society from different fi elds. Phenology is one of the main indicators of climate change. Gansu Xinglongshan National Reserve is located at the intersection among Tibetan Plateau, Loess Plateau and Mengxin Plateau; the phenological period in where can be an important indicator of climate change. However, researches at home and abroad of vegetation phenology observation and prediction are focused on that in high latitudes, the phenological study of “transition zone” region is relative less. Therefore, solving the demanding problem can benefit future longtime phenological observations and predictions, which provide scientific proof for conservation and management.Materials and methodsClimate data are provides by China meteorological data sharing service system, including the highest temperature, lowest temperature, average temperature and daily precipitation from 1951 — 2014 in Yuzhong County, Gansu Province. Phenological data of 14 plants are recorded artifi cially in Xinglongshan Natural Reserve from 2004 — 2007 and 2012 — 2015, including 8 phenophases, namelygermination, bud expansion, leaf unfolding, blooming, fruiting, fruit expansion, branching and fruit ripping, and making the day when 50% twigs of observation have the phenological appearance as the corresponding phenophase. Then use Julian Day series to transfer all phenological data, and analyzing the change pattern by fitting, the relationship between regional climate data and phenological data by correlation and fi tting.ResultsThe temperature in Xinglongshan increased year by year, reaching 0.92℃in 60 years. While monthly precipitation tends to decrease at the rate of 83.09 mm · (10a)-1. Compared the 8 phenological phases of 14 observed species, 42.86% have the signifi cant change, especially forSorbaria kirilowiiandBerberis diaphana. The former species has shorter grow season for later spring phenophase and earlier autumn phenophases, reaching 15.49 d · a-1, and for the later species, the whole phenological period delay.DiscussionThe result of regional climate change in this research is similar with the former research result, namely have the same change tendency of increase in temperature and decrease in precipitation. However, because Xinglongshan National Natural Reserve is located at the Qinghai, Tibet and Mengxin Plateau, the coastal area of these plateaus, affected by the factors such as topography, its temperature change rate is a bit slow than the average rate in China. What is more, the research scope, Yuzhong County is located in the southeast of Lanzhou City, the southern part of Gansu Province, where is in the scale that arid and semi-arid move to south, and the annual precipitation decreased. The change pattern of phenophases is identical with the former research in northern part of China from 1982 — 1999.Sorbaria kirilowiiandBerberis diaphanashow different change tendency and response to regional climate change because its own characteristics, especially the cold tolerance of the later one.ConclusionsThe regional climate change in Xinglongshan National Natural Reserve have the tendency of increasing in temperature and decrease in precipitation, which is similar with most former study on relative area, and the change of phenophases of 14 observed plants, also the dominant plants in this study area, showing the tendency of delaying or in advance because of own characters. There are two plants, namelySorbaria kirilowiiandBerberis diaphana, showing significant change among 14 observations. The former one has a shorter growing season caused by higher temperature and less precipitation, while the later one has the tendency of delaying on all kinds of phenophases because of its better resistant ability against cold.Recommendations and perspectivesPrecipitation can directly change the humidity of fuel, and therefore in the month with low precipitation (January, February, March and December), should pay special attention to forest fi re prevention. Due to the inland continental climate in Xinglongshan National Natural Reserve, where has a dry and windy spring, and less rainfall in cold dry winter, and the wind effect on the formation and development of forest fire. In addition, the existing research shows that reserves in recent years, the occurrence of fi re mainly appears in the period before and after Qingming Festival, the fuse of the fi re is mainly man-made factors, such as burning DeGeng, fi eld burning straw, grave burn, etc. So when there are less rainfall, stronger wind and higher man-made fi re risk, namely around March, extra work to strengthen the protection of forest fi re is strongly needed. Because of the regional climate change, including temperature and precipitation, the phenological change in observed plants provide us management suggestions. For theSorbaria kirilowii, the shorter growing season will be unfavorable to its growth, and it continue the decreasing trend, it is necessary to strengthen artifi cial conservation work for it. However the mechanism of how plants response to climate change and why plants have different response to same climate change need to future study, and the longtime constant phenological observation can be helpful to solve this problem and showing a more specifi c and real change pattern on phenology, which benefi ts on better prediction and useful management measures.
Xinglongshan Natural Reserve; climate change; phenophases; dominant plants
MENG Xiuxiang, E-mail: meng2014@ruc.edu.cn
10.7515/JEE201603005
2016-02-29;錄用日期:2016-04-19
Received Date:2016-02-29;Accepted Date:2016-04-19
2015年度甘肅省省級(jí)林業(yè)科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2015kj056);香港海洋公園保育基金(OPCFHK)項(xiàng)目(TM01_1516)
Foundation Item:Gansu Provincial Forestry Science and Technology Plan for 2015(2015kj056) ; Ocean Park Conservation Fundation Hong Kong (TM01_1516)
孟秀祥,E-mail: meng2014@ruc.edu.cn