楊書恒,黃平
(重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院肝膽外科,重慶 400016)
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腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)后疼痛的防治方法
楊書恒,黃平
(重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院肝膽外科,重慶400016)
腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)后早期疼痛及遠(yuǎn)期慢性疼痛仍是一個(gè)值得關(guān)注的問(wèn)題,其疼痛的程度及時(shí)間不盡相同,具有不小的個(gè)體差異。其疼痛的發(fā)生由多種因素引起。關(guān)于疼痛的防治方法需要在圍手術(shù)期采取相應(yīng)的措施以減輕患者的早期及遠(yuǎn)期疼痛,促進(jìn)患者的快速康復(fù)。本文就腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)后疼痛的特點(diǎn)、原因和機(jī)制、防治方法等作一綜述。
腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù);疼痛;原因和機(jī)制;防治方法
腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)目前已成為膽囊切除的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[1]。因其創(chuàng)傷小、恢復(fù)快、術(shù)后疼痛微弱及住院時(shí)間短等,較傳統(tǒng)的開(kāi)腹膽囊切除術(shù)具有明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì)[2-3],深受廣大患者的喜愛(ài),并逐漸在國(guó)內(nèi)外普及。盡管LC具有上述優(yōu)勢(shì),但在術(shù)后患者仍會(huì)經(jīng)歷24 h以內(nèi)的急性疼痛,并且術(shù)后早期疼痛被視為是慢性疼痛的高危因素[4-5]。本文就LC術(shù)后疼痛的特點(diǎn)、原因和機(jī)制、防治方法等作一綜述。
1.1疼痛因素
LC術(shù)后疼痛主要由以下幾個(gè)因素引起,即腹部切口痛、內(nèi)臟疼痛、牽涉痛[6-7]。一般情況下,腹部切口痛是患者最難以接受的,其次是內(nèi)臟疼痛,牽涉痛對(duì)患者的康復(fù)相對(duì)最小[8]。急性疼痛多由腹部切口痛及內(nèi)臟疼痛引起,而慢性疼痛多因患者下床活動(dòng)后引起的肩背部牽涉痛。
1.2疼痛程度及時(shí)間
對(duì)于LC術(shù)后患者的疼痛程度,存在明顯的個(gè)體差異,性別和年齡的差異影響患者的術(shù)后疼痛感覺(jué)。女性的痛閾較低,對(duì)疼痛的感受明顯強(qiáng)于男性[9]。老年人由于感覺(jué)器官的逐漸退化,疼痛的敏感性也逐漸降低,術(shù)后的疼痛程度也相對(duì)較低[10]。Klarskov等[11]發(fā)現(xiàn)LC術(shù)后24 h之內(nèi),根據(jù)視覺(jué)模擬評(píng)分(visual analogue scale,VAS),患者的疼痛評(píng)分在4分左右。
LC術(shù)后患者疼痛的發(fā)生時(shí)間也存在不小的差異。多數(shù)患者于術(shù)后4~8 h出現(xiàn)較強(qiáng)的疼痛[8]。40%左右的患者于術(shù)后12 h出現(xiàn)肩背部疼痛[12]。3%~56%的患者在LC術(shù)后1周,甚至1年會(huì)出現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)期的慢性疼痛,其機(jī)制目前尚不明確,目前研究主要考慮的因素是機(jī)械敏或熱敏刺激[13-15]。
2.1手術(shù)因素
相對(duì)于下腹部腹腔鏡手術(shù),LC術(shù)后患者的疼痛感更強(qiáng)烈,其原因在于LC術(shù)中戳卡的穿刺點(diǎn)多在上腹部,上腹部皮膚痛覺(jué)較下腹部敏感。劍突下切口多為主操作口,較大的結(jié)石取出困難時(shí),需用止血鉗等擴(kuò)開(kāi)切口深部組織,從而增加了患者術(shù)后劍突下疼痛感。LC術(shù)后切口疼痛多由于切口區(qū)域的疼痛敏化引起[16]。肋緣下切口多為安置引流管的位置,引流管的留置常常會(huì)給患者帶來(lái)疼痛。另外,術(shù)中操作不甚引起的膽囊破裂,膽汁漏出波及膽囊三角、大網(wǎng)膜等區(qū)域,膽汁自身的化學(xué)刺激或膽汁中的細(xì)菌刺激腹腔臟器,引起疼痛。遂對(duì)于術(shù)中膽囊破裂、膽汁漏出時(shí),應(yīng)盡量用吸引器吸盡膽汁,并加用生理鹽水反復(fù)沖洗膽汁滲出的區(qū)域。對(duì)于膽囊多發(fā)小結(jié)石,術(shù)中若反復(fù)牽拉擠壓膽囊,有引起膽囊小結(jié)石掉入膽總管的可能,引起患者術(shù)后上腹部疼痛,術(shù)后需行經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡逆行胰膽管造影加十二指腸乳頭括約肌切開(kāi)取石術(shù)取出膽總管結(jié)石。更有經(jīng)劍突下切口取出膽囊結(jié)石時(shí),結(jié)石不慎殘留至皮下,患者術(shù)后反復(fù)主訴劍突下切口疼痛,需及時(shí)取出皮下殘留結(jié)石,方能緩解患者疼痛。
2.2二氧化碳?xì)飧挂蛩?/p>
目前臨床上LC多采用二氧化碳建立氣腹。二氧化碳與腹腔內(nèi)液體結(jié)合形成碳酸。一方面會(huì)對(duì)腹腔內(nèi)神經(jīng)產(chǎn)生損傷,從而引起疼痛;另一方面,碳酸的形成易導(dǎo)致腹腔內(nèi)局部缺血[17]。二氧化碳?xì)飧沟慕⑹垢骨粌?nèi)壓力升高,從而使膈肌抬升,進(jìn)而使膈肌牽拉擴(kuò)張,導(dǎo)致膈神經(jīng)受損,神經(jīng)內(nèi)的血管阻塞缺血,引起炎癥介質(zhì)釋放,從而引起疼痛[11,18]。高壓的氣體同時(shí)也使肝臟上抬,使膈肌與肝臟接觸的壓力增加,從而導(dǎo)致患者的肩背痛[17]。此外,碳酸作為一種弱酸性物質(zhì),具有一定的刺激性,會(huì)刺激膈肌,從而引起肩背部放射痛。
2.3術(shù)后消化道功能紊亂因素
患者術(shù)后出現(xiàn)腹痛、腹脹,偶伴有惡心、嘔吐,可能與手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷應(yīng)激及麻醉藥物帶來(lái)的副反應(yīng)引起,術(shù)后常規(guī)給予抑酸護(hù)胃藥物可預(yù)防,并待患者肛門排氣排便后可緩解。對(duì)此,應(yīng)囑患者術(shù)后盡快下床活動(dòng),加速肛門排氣排便[19]。
2.4炎癥反應(yīng)
氣腹的建立本身就是一個(gè)創(chuàng)傷過(guò)程。在對(duì)LC術(shù)后腹膜組織作活檢時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),腹膜組織上有大量炎性滲出,血管和神經(jīng)纖維的閉塞和斷裂,并行細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)同時(shí)伴有粒細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)[20]。另外,二氧化碳?xì)飧菇⒑笠鸬母骨粌?nèi)高碳酸血癥可能會(huì)使交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)興奮,從而激化局部炎癥反應(yīng)[17]。
3.1術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備
術(shù)前做好疼痛宣教,穩(wěn)定患者情緒,使之保持放松狀態(tài)。有研究表明,高緊張情緒會(huì)使患者術(shù)后疼痛感增加[21]。吸煙患者術(shù)前應(yīng)停止吸煙,對(duì)心肺功能較差的患者,術(shù)前應(yīng)訓(xùn)練心肺功能,增強(qiáng)對(duì)手術(shù)的耐受,減少術(shù)后應(yīng)激反應(yīng)。術(shù)前告知患者應(yīng)少食多餐,暫停高脂油膩食物,以高維生素,高蛋白,既富有營(yíng)養(yǎng)又易消化食物為主。術(shù)前不應(yīng)過(guò)早禁食禁飲,有報(bào)道發(fā)現(xiàn)[22],術(shù)前過(guò)早禁食禁飲,加上手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷,會(huì)增加患者胰島素抵抗,增加患者術(shù)后補(bǔ)液量,加重應(yīng)激反應(yīng),術(shù)前6 h可開(kāi)始禁食,2 h可飲糖鹽水,以減輕術(shù)后口渴及饑餓感。
3.2術(shù)中措施
術(shù)中局麻藥的應(yīng)用:主要包括腹腔內(nèi)局麻藥應(yīng)用及腹壁切口浸潤(rùn)。腹腔內(nèi)麻藥使用的部位多數(shù)為膽囊床、膽囊三角或肝十二指腸韌帶或肝膈間隙等,應(yīng)用方法包括噴灑、滴注或沖洗等,但應(yīng)用前需將術(shù)中外漏的膽汁、出血及炎性液體滲出盡量吸盡后方可施行,以免影響鎮(zhèn)痛效果。Barczynski等[23]認(rèn)為,建立氣腹前較建立氣腹后注入局麻藥效果更佳。Karaaslan等[24]則認(rèn)為,術(shù)前注入局麻藥較術(shù)后注入局麻藥鎮(zhèn)痛效果更有效。切口浸潤(rùn)的局麻藥多為羅哌卡因或布比卡因,其濃度及劑量的選擇尚未統(tǒng)一。浸潤(rùn)的時(shí)間選擇也存在爭(zhēng)論,Lee等[25]認(rèn)為,術(shù)前或術(shù)后行切口浸潤(rùn)的效果無(wú)顯著差異;有學(xué)者卻認(rèn)為術(shù)后給藥鎮(zhèn)痛效果更好。患者術(shù)后急性期疼痛往往表現(xiàn)為切口疼痛,疼痛較為局限,故常常不需要全身應(yīng)用鎮(zhèn)痛藥物,大多數(shù)的學(xué)者認(rèn)為,無(wú)論術(shù)前、術(shù)中及術(shù)后局部切口浸潤(rùn)應(yīng)用局麻藥,都能有效緩解患者術(shù)后切口疼痛,減少補(bǔ)救鎮(zhèn)痛藥物的使用,且局部用藥引起的不良反應(yīng)小,價(jià)格相對(duì)便宜,患者受益較高。
術(shù)中操作應(yīng)盡量仔細(xì)輕柔,特別是在遇到腫大的膽囊取出困難時(shí),切忌暴力作用,可適當(dāng)延長(zhǎng)切口取出,切口縫合盡量美觀。不少術(shù)者在LC術(shù)后擔(dān)心膽漏及出血情況發(fā)生,常規(guī)留置腹腔引流管,但有研究表明[26],LC術(shù)后不需要常規(guī)安置引流管,安置引流管并不減少并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,而且延長(zhǎng)了患者的住院天數(shù),延長(zhǎng)了患者恢復(fù)正常工作及活動(dòng)的時(shí)間。
3.3術(shù)后防備
術(shù)后常規(guī)持續(xù)低流量吸氧,提高患者氧分壓及氧飽和度,有利于二氧化碳及時(shí)吸收入血,減輕碳酸對(duì)腹腔內(nèi)組織的傷害性刺激,并促進(jìn)二氧化碳從血液中排出。術(shù)后鼓勵(lì)患者早期進(jìn)飲進(jìn)食及下床活動(dòng),術(shù)后早期進(jìn)飲進(jìn)食能有效刺激胃腸道,促進(jìn)胃腸道功能恢復(fù),有利于切口愈合,減輕身心疲憊,這也是符合快速康復(fù)外科的要求。另外,快速康復(fù)外科的理念提倡,術(shù)中和術(shù)后減少補(bǔ)液量,有助于降低心肺疾病的發(fā)生,加速腸道功能恢復(fù),提高患者術(shù)后生活質(zhì)量[27-29]。術(shù)后長(zhǎng)期臥床會(huì)使靜脈血液淤滯,從而使深靜脈血栓形成風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加[30]。長(zhǎng)期臥床也可造成呼吸道痰液不能順利排出,嚴(yán)重者可導(dǎo)致肺部感染[31]。因此,應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)患者術(shù)后早期進(jìn)飲進(jìn)食及下床活動(dòng)。
非麻醉性鎮(zhèn)痛藥的應(yīng)用:曲馬多作為一種人工合成的、非麻醉性鎮(zhèn)痛藥,雖也可與阿片受體結(jié)合,但其親和力很弱,對(duì)μ受體的親和力相當(dāng)于嗎啡的1/6 000,鎮(zhèn)痛強(qiáng)度約為嗎啡的1/8~1/10。該藥不僅作用于μ受體,還能抑制中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)對(duì)5-HT和去甲腎上腺素的再攝取,提高5-HT和去甲腎上腺素濃度,從而使中樞興奮性降低,抑制痛覺(jué)傳導(dǎo),達(dá)到鎮(zhèn)痛效果[32-33],因此可作為L(zhǎng)C術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛的藥物之選。有研究顯示[34],在LC近結(jié)束時(shí),觀察組靜注曲馬多,對(duì)照組分別靜注氯胺酮和生理鹽水,觀察患者術(shù)后疼痛比較及采用VAS評(píng)分,結(jié)果顯示,曲馬多組的術(shù)后疼痛評(píng)分均低于氯胺酮組和生理鹽水組,表明曲馬多能有效預(yù)防患者的術(shù)后疼痛,且3組不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率無(wú)明顯差異。
非甾體抗炎藥的應(yīng)用:有研究表明[35],LC術(shù)后使用阿片類鎮(zhèn)痛藥會(huì)帶來(lái)不少副反應(yīng)。非甾體抗炎藥的應(yīng)用能夠減少阿片類藥物的使用,具有很高的價(jià)值,并有逐漸取代阿片類鎮(zhèn)痛藥的趨勢(shì)[36-37]。Papadima等[38]的有關(guān)非甾體抗炎藥在LC術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛方面的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),將76例擇期行LC的患者分為3組。A組術(shù)前靜脈推注40 mg帕瑞昔布;B組術(shù)前靜脈推注8 mg氯洛昔康;C組(對(duì)照組)靜脈推注生理鹽水。40 mg帕瑞昔布與8 mg氯洛昔康的劑量效果是等效的。分別在術(shù)后進(jìn)入麻醉恢復(fù)室時(shí)、術(shù)后6 h、術(shù)后12 h采用VAS評(píng)分法對(duì)患者的疼痛進(jìn)行量化評(píng)分。如果VAS評(píng)分大于5分,再給予患者注射哌替啶50 mg,并詢問(wèn)患者術(shù)后有無(wú)惡心、嘔吐等不良反應(yīng)。結(jié)果表明,帕瑞昔布組與氯洛昔康組術(shù)后VAS評(píng)分無(wú)差異,且低于對(duì)照組(P=0.047),帕瑞昔布組與氯洛昔康組哌替啶的需要量也顯著低于對(duì)照組(P=0.018)。得出的結(jié)論是40 mg帕瑞昔布與8 mg氯洛昔康在LC術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果相當(dāng),并優(yōu)于安慰劑組。同時(shí),氯洛昔康組部分患者出現(xiàn)嘔吐現(xiàn)象,帕瑞昔布組無(wú)不良反應(yīng)。這也表明相對(duì)于非選擇性環(huán)氧酶抑制藥,帕瑞昔布為一種選擇性環(huán)氧酶-2抑制藥,具有更好的胃腸道安全性。有研究[39]也發(fā)現(xiàn)了此優(yōu)點(diǎn)。并且不影響血小板聚集,不影響出血時(shí)間[40]。還有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),選擇性環(huán)氧酶-2抑制藥用于LC術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛能減少患者因疼痛引起的驚醒,有助于恢復(fù)患者的正?;顒?dòng)水平[41]。
多模式鎮(zhèn)痛:LC術(shù)后患者的疼痛時(shí)間、性質(zhì)及程度多種多樣,所以選擇最適合其疼痛的鎮(zhèn)痛方案尤為重要。單一的鎮(zhèn)痛方式往往不能完全解決患者的疼痛。近年來(lái),多模式鎮(zhèn)痛方式被廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床,所謂多模式鎮(zhèn)痛就是指應(yīng)用多種鎮(zhèn)痛藥物或應(yīng)用多種鎮(zhèn)痛方法,通過(guò)不同的作用效果達(dá)到鎮(zhèn)痛目的,使患者盡可能的達(dá)到無(wú)痛感受。目前常用的多模式鎮(zhèn)痛方法包括鎮(zhèn)痛泵與非甾體抗炎藥聯(lián)合應(yīng)用、切口浸潤(rùn)與鎮(zhèn)痛泵聯(lián)合應(yīng)用、非甾體抗炎藥與局麻藥聯(lián)合應(yīng)用。這些多模式鎮(zhèn)痛方法已廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床,明顯提高術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果,得到患者及臨床醫(yī)生的一致好評(píng)。
總之,LC術(shù)后患者存在不同程度的疼痛,這種疼痛目前還不能得到有效的治療[42],具有很強(qiáng)的個(gè)體化差異。疼痛的原因及機(jī)制也錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜。單一的鎮(zhèn)痛方式往往不能控制患者術(shù)后的疼痛,需要綜合分析,從LC術(shù)后疼痛的發(fā)病機(jī)制出發(fā),針對(duì)不同患者,制定個(gè)體化的鎮(zhèn)痛方案,采用多種鎮(zhèn)痛藥物及多種鎮(zhèn)痛方式,以達(dá)到鎮(zhèn)痛藥物的互補(bǔ),從而減輕患者術(shù)后疼痛,提高患者的疼痛滿意度及舒適度,加速術(shù)后患者的康復(fù)。將微創(chuàng)與快速康復(fù)理念的聯(lián)合運(yùn)用,以實(shí)現(xiàn)術(shù)后無(wú)痛的目標(biāo)。而且可以提高患者生活質(zhì)量,縮短平均住院日,也是日間手術(shù)順利開(kāi)展的重要部分。
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(學(xué)術(shù)編輯:李敬東)
本刊網(wǎng)址:http://www.nsmc.edu.cn作者投稿系統(tǒng):http://noth.cbpt.cnki.net郵箱:xuebao@nsmc.edu.cn
The prevention and treatment of postoperative pain of laparoscopic cholecystectomy
YANG Shu-heng,HUANG Ping
(DepartmentofHepatobiliarySurgery,TheFirstAffiliatedHospitalofChongqingMedicalUniversity,Chongqing400016,China)
Early pain and long-term chronic pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy is still a concern.The degree and the time of pain not the same and have a lot of individual differences.The pain is caused by many factors.Pain prevention and treatment of perioperative should be taken corresponding measures to reduce the patient’s early and long-term pain,promote the rapid recovery of the patients.The article is a review on characteristics of occurrence,causes and mechanism of postoperative pain,prevention and cure in the laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy;Pain;Causes and mechanism;Prevention and cure
10.3969/j.issn.1005-3697.2016.05.045
重慶市科委面上項(xiàng)目(cstc2015jcsf10001-03)
2016-01-25
楊書恒(1990-),男,碩士研究生。E-mail:455817531@qq.com
黃平,E-mail:huangpchina@sina.com
時(shí)間:2016-10-2511∶31
http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/51.1254.R.20161014.1716.090.html
1005-3697(2016)05-0777-04
R657.4
A