史麗麗,熊娜娜,朱麗明,張曉陽,趙曉暉,洪霞,李濤,蔣靜,孫夏媛,魏鏡
中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院1心理醫(yī)學(xué)科2消化內(nèi)科3中醫(yī)科,北京100730
綜合醫(yī)院門診多軀體癥狀患者的患病觀念和醫(yī)患關(guān)系特點(diǎn)
史麗麗1,熊娜娜1,朱麗明2,張曉陽3,趙曉暉1,洪霞1,李濤1,蔣靜1,孫夏媛1,魏鏡1
中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院1心理醫(yī)學(xué)科2消化內(nèi)科3中醫(yī)科,北京100730
目的了解綜合醫(yī)院門診多軀體癥狀患者的患病觀念和醫(yī)患關(guān)系特點(diǎn)。方法納入2012年3月至10月北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科、中醫(yī)科和心理醫(yī)學(xué)科門診患者共150例,根據(jù)軀體癥狀嚴(yán)重程度量表(somatic symptom scale of the patient health questionnaire,PHQ-15)總分≥10和<10分為多軀體癥狀組(SOM+組)和對(duì)照組(SOM-組),每組各75例。患者就診前完成疾病歸因問卷,就診后醫(yī)生和患者分別完成醫(yī)患關(guān)系問卷、本次就診的滿意度及所用時(shí)間量表。結(jié)果SOM+組患者認(rèn)可由心理因素(16.0±4.3比13.5±4.9,P<0.01)、文化特定因素(6.5±1.8比5.6±1.8,P<0.01)導(dǎo)致患病的得分高于SOM-組。SOM+組患者的醫(yī)患關(guān)系問卷總分(37.7±6.7比39.6±6.4,P=0.011)及“醫(yī)生對(duì)我有所幫助”、“醫(yī)生有足夠的時(shí)間給我”和“對(duì)醫(yī)生給的治療很滿意”條目得分顯著低于SOM-組(P=0.028,0.038,0.022)。而醫(yī)生對(duì)SOM+組患者評(píng)分在“為模糊主訴困擾”和“照顧病人費(fèi)時(shí)”兩條目上顯著高于SOM-組(P=0.047,0.021),“面對(duì)病人心情舒適程度”評(píng)分顯著低于SOM-組(P=0.014)。SOM+組患者和醫(yī)生對(duì)于治療的滿意度均顯著低于SOM-組(P=0.048,0.044)。關(guān)于就診時(shí)間,患者評(píng)價(jià)SOM+組與SOM-組差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P= 0.814),醫(yī)生評(píng)價(jià)SOM+組顯著長于SOM-組(P=0.030)。結(jié)論多軀體癥狀患者對(duì)疾病的歸因既包括心理社會(huì)因素,也包括生理因素;此類患者的醫(yī)患關(guān)系困難,患者常感到得不到幫助和時(shí)間不夠,醫(yī)生常感到困擾和費(fèi)時(shí)。
多軀體癥狀;軀體癥狀障礙;患病觀念;醫(yī)患關(guān)系;醫(yī)患關(guān)系問卷
Med J PUMCH,2016,7(1):23-27
軀體癥狀障礙(somatic symptom disorder,SSD)是指出現(xiàn)痛苦的或?qū)е聡?yán)重功能損害的軀體癥狀,并伴有過度的、與疾病癥狀不相符的擔(dān)憂、感受和行為,癥狀至少持續(xù)6個(gè)月[1]。此類患者常使用大量醫(yī)療資源,給醫(yī)生的診療工作帶來困難[2-5]。
為對(duì)該類患者特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)研究,本研究組選取分別代表生物醫(yī)學(xué)、傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)和心身醫(yī)學(xué)的消化內(nèi)科、中醫(yī)科和心理醫(yī)學(xué)科門診患者。前期研究已發(fā)現(xiàn)多軀體癥狀者看病次數(shù)更多、癥狀持續(xù)時(shí)間更長、對(duì)日常生活影響更大,也具有更高的焦慮抑郁水平和更低的健康相關(guān)生活質(zhì)量[6]。本研究旨在探索多軀體癥狀患者的歸因模式及醫(yī)患關(guān)系特點(diǎn)。
研究對(duì)象
納入2012年3月至10月北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科、中醫(yī)科和心理醫(yī)學(xué)科門診候診患者各50例,方法見文獻(xiàn)[6]。以軀體癥狀嚴(yán)重程度量表(somatic symptom scale of the patient health questionnaire,PHQ-15)10分為臨界點(diǎn)[7],多軀體癥狀組(SOM+組)PHQ-15總分≥10,對(duì)照組(SOM-組)PHQ-15總分<10。每科各組均納入25例患者。
研究流程及工具
患者就診前,完成包括PHQ-15和疾病歸因問卷在內(nèi)的自評(píng)問卷。PHQ-15共包含15項(xiàng)常見的癥狀主訴,每個(gè)條目按0分(沒有困擾)、1分(少許困擾)、2分(很多困擾)進(jìn)行評(píng)定。疾病歸因問卷為患病觀念問卷的一部分,包括18個(gè)可能導(dǎo)致患病的原因,分為“非常不同意”、“不同意”、“既不同意也不反對(duì)”、“同意”和“非常同意”5個(gè)等級(jí)。通過探索性因子分析,本研究將問卷?xiàng)l目歸類為“心理因素”維度(C1、C9、C10、C12和C17),“環(huán)境和行為相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素”維度(C3、C4、C7和C8)以及“文化特定因素”維度(C11和C18)。
患者就診結(jié)束后,填寫對(duì)本次就診的醫(yī)患關(guān)系問卷(patient-doctor relationship questionnaire,PDRQ)、對(duì)本次獲得治療的滿意度(1~5分制)和認(rèn)為本次就診所用時(shí)間;接診醫(yī)生同時(shí)完成困難醫(yī)患關(guān)系問卷(difficultdoctorpatientrelationshipquestionnaire,DDPRQ)、對(duì)本次給予患者治療的滿意度(1~5分制)和認(rèn)為本次接診所用時(shí)間。PDRQ包括9個(gè)條目,詢問患者對(duì)醫(yī)患關(guān)系的滿意度,采用從“完全不符合(1分)”到“完全符合(5分)”的5級(jí)評(píng)分,得分越高,表明醫(yī)患關(guān)系越好[8]。DDPRQ是從醫(yī)生的角度評(píng)價(jià)醫(yī)患關(guān)系,共包含10個(gè)條目,采用從“一點(diǎn)也不(1分)”到“非常(6分)”的6級(jí)評(píng)分,量表得分越高,預(yù)示醫(yī)生在醫(yī)患關(guān)系中感受到的困難越大,總分大于30分即可視為不良的醫(yī)患關(guān)系[9]。
統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
本研究使用SPSS 19.0和SAS 9.2進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。描述統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)中服從正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示;計(jì)數(shù)資料用率表示。根據(jù)具體數(shù)據(jù)類型和分布特征采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn)、秩和檢驗(yàn)和Logistic回歸分析。雙側(cè)檢驗(yàn)P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
人口學(xué)特點(diǎn)
SOM+組與SOM-組之間年齡、醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)、居住地、婚姻生活狀況、經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況及職業(yè)構(gòu)成差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;而SOM+組患者女性所占百分比較對(duì)照組高(69.3%比53.3%,P=0.044)。總體來看,本研究樣本以中年[(42.6±15.6)歲]、已婚(74.7%)、女性(61.3%)和與他人一起生活(82.7%)者為主。
疾病歸因特點(diǎn)
疾病歸因問卷中,同意或非常同意由“壓力或煩惱”(56.7%)、“我的免疫力下降”(55.4%)和“我的性格”(46.7%)導(dǎo)致患病者所占比例最高。SOM+組認(rèn)為由“壓力或煩惱”、“食物或進(jìn)食習(xí)慣”、“過去不良的醫(yī)療”、“家庭問題或煩惱”、“操勞過度”、“我的情緒狀態(tài)”和“我的免疫力下降”引起目前所患疾病者所占比例顯著高于SOM-組(P均<0.05)(表1)。
疾病歸因各維度得分比較表明,SOM+組患者在心理因素維度(16.0±4.3比13.5±4.9,P<0.01)和文化特定因素維度(6.5±1.8比5.6±1.8,P<0.01)得分顯著高于SOM-組,即多軀體癥狀患者更認(rèn)可由心理因素、操勞過度及免疫力下降導(dǎo)致自己患病。而對(duì)病毒或細(xì)菌感染、生活習(xí)慣、環(huán)境污染等外部危險(xiǎn)因素歸因的認(rèn)同度兩組之間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(10.5±3.2比10.7±3.1,P=0.480)。
醫(yī)患關(guān)系特點(diǎn)
SOM+組PDRQ總評(píng)分低于SOM-組(37.7± 6.7比39.6±6.4,P=0.011)。SOM+組對(duì)“醫(yī)生對(duì)我有所幫助”、“醫(yī)生有足夠的時(shí)間給我”和“對(duì)醫(yī)生給的治療很滿意”認(rèn)可比例顯著低于SOM-組(P均<0.05)(表2)。
SOM+組與SOM-組DDPRQ總評(píng)分分別為24.5± 7.8和22.1±7.6(P=0.064)。醫(yī)生對(duì)SOM+組患者評(píng)分在“為模糊主訴困擾”和“照顧病人費(fèi)時(shí)”兩條目上顯著高于SOM-組,“面對(duì)病人心情舒適程度”得分顯著低于SOM-組(P均<0.05)(表3)。
表3 醫(yī)生困難醫(yī)患關(guān)系問卷各條目回答為“同意”至“非常同意”者所占比例(%)
醫(yī)生和患者對(duì)于本次就診的滿意度結(jié)果顯示,SOM+組患者滿意度顯著低于SOM-組(77.3%比89.3%,P=0.048);醫(yī)生對(duì)SOM+組患者的治療滿意度也顯著低于SOM-組(69.4%比77.4%,P=0.044)。對(duì)于本次就診時(shí)間,患者評(píng)價(jià)SOM+組與SOM-組差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.814),但SOM+組的醫(yī)生評(píng)價(jià)大于15 min的比例卻顯著高于SOM-組(P=0.030)(表4)。
表4 患者和醫(yī)生分別對(duì)本次就診感到滿意者所占比例和認(rèn)為診療所用時(shí)間(%)
本研究中,多軀體癥狀患者更傾向于將疾病歸因于心理因素、“操勞過度”和“免疫力下降”,以及“過去不良的醫(yī)療”。國外研究發(fā)現(xiàn)患病觀念影響患者面臨疾病時(shí)的應(yīng)對(duì)行為(包括就醫(yī)行為和治療依從性等)、生活質(zhì)量及社會(huì)功能,并對(duì)預(yù)后產(chǎn)生重要影響[10-11]。而醫(yī)生對(duì)多軀體癥狀患者自身疾病歸因模式的關(guān)注往往不夠,F(xiàn)ritzsche等[12]在上海綜合醫(yī)院門診的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)多軀體癥狀患者與其接診醫(yī)生之間對(duì)疾病的歸因存在明顯差別,本研究同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)患者對(duì)與醫(yī)生“對(duì)于病因的看法一致”認(rèn)同度普遍較低,很多患者認(rèn)為醫(yī)生并沒有與自己討論這個(gè)問題。與既往研究結(jié)果[13]不同的是,多軀體癥狀患者與對(duì)照組相比更多地將疾病歸因于心理社會(huì)因素。不可忽視的是,他們也強(qiáng)調(diào)生理因素(如免疫力下降)。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)多軀體癥狀患者對(duì)醫(yī)患關(guān)系整體滿意度更低,更容易感到?jīng)]有獲得預(yù)期幫助和治療以及就診時(shí)間不足。既往研究認(rèn)為具有多軀體癥狀或軀體形式障礙是困難醫(yī)患關(guān)系的危險(xiǎn)因素[14]。Dirkzwager等[15]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)患者對(duì)醫(yī)生的不滿主要體現(xiàn)在:對(duì)癥狀不夠重視;不允許患者參與制定治療計(jì)劃;不能對(duì)疾病給予清晰解釋;不能保證足夠的交談時(shí)間;指責(zé)患者的做法是錯(cuò)誤的。若患者認(rèn)為醫(yī)生對(duì)疾病的解釋過分簡單化(如忽略患者的癥狀或簡單解釋為心理因素),就容易感到不滿意,進(jìn)而對(duì)醫(yī)生的專業(yè)知識(shí)、處理疾病的方式產(chǎn)生質(zhì)疑[16]。
本研究中,醫(yī)生接診多軀體癥狀患者時(shí)更容易感到“為模糊主訴困擾”、“照顧病人費(fèi)時(shí)”和“心情的舒適程度”較差,且對(duì)自己給予患者的治療滿意度也顯著低于對(duì)照組;說明多軀體癥狀患者與醫(yī)生之間困難的醫(yī)患關(guān)系不僅影響著患者的就診滿意度,也更容易令醫(yī)生感到不滿意。對(duì)初級(jí)醫(yī)療門診的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),具有5個(gè)以上癥狀、近期有應(yīng)激事件及具有抑郁或焦慮障礙的患者是導(dǎo)致醫(yī)患關(guān)系困難的危險(xiǎn)因素;而臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)較少和對(duì)心理社會(huì)歸因較少的醫(yī)生也是導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)生困難醫(yī)患關(guān)系的危險(xiǎn)因素[14]。其他研究也有類似發(fā)現(xiàn):當(dāng)患者對(duì)癥狀的描述較為混亂、模糊時(shí),醫(yī)生容易感受到自身的脆弱及自己能力有限[17]。醫(yī)生會(huì)受到患者負(fù)性情緒的影響,產(chǎn)生困惑、挫敗或沮喪的感受,甚至質(zhì)疑自己的專業(yè)性[18]。
同時(shí),本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)盡管多軀體癥狀患者對(duì)就診時(shí)間的客觀體驗(yàn)上并不短于對(duì)照組患者,他們?nèi)哉J(rèn)為時(shí)間不夠,而接診醫(yī)生也認(rèn)為診療更費(fèi)時(shí)。可能與此類患者癥狀多、病程較長、反復(fù)就診、敘述病情較復(fù)雜有關(guān)[17],同時(shí)患者還常常有心理社會(huì)的因素[19],常規(guī)的就診時(shí)間難以滿足其多重需求。這一點(diǎn)同時(shí)也帶給醫(yī)生時(shí)間壓力,難以探究患者就診的原因、想法、預(yù)期以及關(guān)注點(diǎn)[20]。
本研究的局限性如下:首先,研究樣本可能存在選擇偏倚。由于門診患者眾多且環(huán)境嘈雜,只能采用方便取樣的方法。其次,主要以分析定量資料為主,難以探索更多令醫(yī)患雙方感到醫(yī)患關(guān)系困難的原因。
本研究在國內(nèi)首次對(duì)多軀體癥狀患者的醫(yī)患關(guān)系和患病觀念進(jìn)行探討。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)多軀體癥狀患者對(duì)于疾病常常是多重歸因的,既包括心理社會(huì)因素,也包括生理因素。臨床醫(yī)生對(duì)于患者生理因素或心理社會(huì)因素的忽視,都可能使得醫(yī)患關(guān)系和診療環(huán)節(jié)更為困難和無效。
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Characteristics of Illness Attribution and Doctor-patient Relationship of Patients with Multiple Somatic Symptoms in Outpatient Clinics of a General Hospital
SHI Li-li1,XIONG Na-na1,ZHU Li-ming2,ZHANG Xiao-yang3,ZHAO Xiao-hui1,HONG Xia1,LI Tao1,JIANG Jing1,SUN Xia-yuan1,WEI Jing11Department of Psychological Medicine,2Department of Gastroenterology,3Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Peking Union Medical College Hospital,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences&Peking Union Medical College,Beijing 100730,China
WEI JingTel:010-69156061,E-mail:weijing@pumch.cn
ObjectiveTo explore the illness attribution of patients with multiple somatic symptoms and their relationship with doctors.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted from March to October,2012,involving 150 participants who were recruited through convenience sampling from the outpatient clinics of Gastroenterology,Traditional Chinese Medicine,and Psychological Medicine of Peking Union Medical CollegeHospital.Based on somatic symptom scale of the patient health questionnaire(PHQ-15),the patients were divided into multiple somatic symptoms group(SOM+group,PHQ-15 score≥10)and control group(SOM-group,PHQ-15 score<10),with 75 patients in each group.The patients completed the illness attribution questionnaire while waiting to see the doctor.After visiting the doctor,each patient and doctor were invited to finish the patient-doctor relationship questionnaire(PDRQ)or difficult doctor-patient relationship questionnaire (DDPRQ)respectively,as well as to report the degree of satisfaction with the clinic visit and the estimated time of this doctor-visiting.ResultsThe SOM+group were more likely than the SOM-group to attribute their illnesses to psychological factors(16.0±4.3 vs.13.5±4.9,P<0.01)and culture-specific factors(6.5±1.8 vs.5.6±1.8,P<0.01).Moreover,the total score of PDRQ in the SOM+group was significantly lower than that in the SOM-group(37.7±6.7 vs.39.6±6.4,P=0.011),so did the scores for items“my doctor can help me”,“my doctor has enough time for me”,and“I am satisfied with the treatment”(P=0.028,0.038,0.022).On the other hand,the doctor-reported scores were also higher in the SOM+group regarding“frustrated by the patient's vague complaints”and“caring for this patient is time-consuming”(P=0.047,0.021),while lower for the item“I felt at ease when with this patient”(P=0.014).The degrees of satisfaction of both patients and doctors in the SOM+group were significantly lower than those in the SOM-group(P=0.048,0.044).The patients reported no significant difference in visit time between the SOM+group and the SOM-group(P=0.814),but the doctors-reported visit time in the SOM+group was longer than that in the SOM-group(P=0.030).ConclusionsPatients with multiple somatic symptoms attribute their illness to both psychosocial factors and physical factors.Relationship between doctors and these patients is difficult.Patients are likely to feel not being helped or given enough time,while doctors are likely to feel frustrated and time-consuming.
multiple somatic symptoms;somatic symptom disorder;illness attribution;doctor-patient relationship;doctorpatient relationship questionnaire
魏鏡電話:010-69156061,E-mail:weijing@pumch.cn
R442.8
A
1674-9081(2016)01-0023-05
10.3969/j.issn.1674-9081.2016.01.005
2014-09-24)
中德科學(xué)中心項(xiàng)目(GZ690);國家衛(wèi)生和計(jì)劃生育委員會(huì)精神衛(wèi)生服務(wù)能力建設(shè)試點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(IHECC2013MHCB);北京市外國專家局引進(jìn)國外技術(shù)、管理人才項(xiàng)目(GDJ20151100007);北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院青年教師培養(yǎng)項(xiàng)目(2014zlgc0730);北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院重點(diǎn)課程項(xiàng)目(2014-001-001)