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模式識(shí)別受體在HBV感染過程中的作用研究進(jìn)展*

2016-04-03 19:17朱甜甜綜述李軍朱傳龍審校
實(shí)用肝臟病雜志 2016年6期
關(guān)鍵詞:模式識(shí)別配體干擾素

朱甜甜綜述,李軍,朱傳龍審校

·綜述·

模式識(shí)別受體在HBV感染過程中的作用研究進(jìn)展*

朱甜甜綜述,李軍,朱傳龍審校

乙型肝炎病毒感染后??蓪?dǎo)致慢性乙型肝炎。機(jī)體模式識(shí)別受體(PRRs)作為一類重要的識(shí)別分子,在病毒感染早期可識(shí)別病原體并誘導(dǎo)抗病毒免疫應(yīng)答。本文闡述了PRRs的定義、種類和信號(hào)通路,將其分為Toll樣受體家族和Toll非依賴性模式識(shí)別受體家族,介紹了其與乙型肝炎病毒感染之間的關(guān)系。

乙型肝炎病毒;模式識(shí)別受體;Toll樣受體

乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染導(dǎo)致慢性乙型肝炎(CHB),是肝硬化和肝細(xì)胞癌的主要病因[1]。HBV感染的轉(zhuǎn)歸是由病毒-宿主共同作用決定的,并由先天和適應(yīng)性免疫應(yīng)答介導(dǎo)。先天免疫系統(tǒng)是機(jī)體抗病毒感染的第一道防線,并可加強(qiáng)適應(yīng)性免疫應(yīng)答的作用。但由于HBV感染早期并無明顯癥狀,固有免疫應(yīng)答的作用直到近年才逐漸受到重視[2]。

作為宿主抗病毒免疫防御的第一道防線,先天性免疫系統(tǒng)可通過模式識(shí)別受體(Pattern recognition receptors, PRRs),如Toll樣受體(TLRs)、RIG-I樣受體(RLRs)、NOD樣受體(NLRS)識(shí)別病原體相關(guān)分子模式(PAMP),并誘導(dǎo)抗病毒細(xì)胞因子和免疫調(diào)節(jié)因子的產(chǎn)生[3]。

1 Toll樣受體

PRRs是宿主抵抗病原微生物的感應(yīng)器,可識(shí)別一種或多種PAMP,引發(fā)固有免疫應(yīng)答。目前認(rèn)為,PRRs主要包括Toll樣受體(TLR)、C型凝集素受體(CLR)、視黃酸誘導(dǎo)基因-1(RIG-I)-樣受體(RLR)和NOD樣受體(NLR)。其中,TLR可在識(shí)別PAMP后誘導(dǎo)炎性細(xì)胞因子表達(dá),從而抑制HBV復(fù)制和轉(zhuǎn)錄;CLR可參與體內(nèi)負(fù)性免疫調(diào)節(jié),識(shí)別糖基化的自身抗原,誘導(dǎo)免疫耐受;RLR能識(shí)別細(xì)胞質(zhì)中病毒RNA,通過誘導(dǎo)干擾素和促炎癥因子發(fā)揮抗病毒作用;NLR可與配體結(jié)合后導(dǎo)致多級(jí)信號(hào)的觸發(fā),從而上調(diào)炎癥因子水平,參與固有免疫應(yīng)答[3]。

1.1 Toll樣受體家族的結(jié)構(gòu)、種類和信號(hào)通路TLR作為進(jìn)化保守的生殖系編碼的模式識(shí)別受體,在宿主早期免疫防御中起了至關(guān)重要的作用,并可作為固有免疫和適應(yīng)性免疫應(yīng)答之間的重要橋梁。TLR可在肝臟傷口愈合和再生過程中發(fā)揮重要作用,同時(shí)也可參與各種炎癥性肝病(如乙型肝炎)的發(fā)生發(fā)展[4]。

TLR是由胞外區(qū)、跨膜區(qū)、胞漿區(qū)三部分組成的I型跨膜蛋白受體[5]。胞外區(qū)富含亮氨酸重復(fù)序列,TLRs在識(shí)別PAMP的過程中,可使IL-1受體相關(guān)激酶家族(IRAK-1 IL-1R-associated kinase)的絲氨酸/蘇氨酸激酶磷酸化,從而介導(dǎo)上游信號(hào)向下游傳導(dǎo),活化核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子-kB和絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK),誘導(dǎo)IL-6、IL-12和TNF-α、I型干擾素(IFN)、趨化因子和抗微生物肽的表達(dá)。據(jù)報(bào)道,TNF-α和IL-6都可抑制HBV復(fù)制和轉(zhuǎn)錄[6]??缒^(qū)富含半胱氨酸,決定了TLRs的亞細(xì)胞定位。TLR的亞細(xì)胞定位在某種程度上與其配體相關(guān)聯(lián)。TLR1、TLR2和TLR4定位于細(xì)胞表面,相應(yīng)配體活化后可被募集到吞噬體。與此相反,TLR3、TLR7和TLR9需要識(shí)別核酸樣結(jié)構(gòu),所以通常不在細(xì)胞表面表達(dá)[7]。胞漿區(qū)存在一段與白細(xì)胞介素(IL)-1受體同源的序列保護(hù)區(qū),即TIR(Toll/IL-1R),可與具有相同結(jié)構(gòu)域的分子相互作用,促進(jìn)信號(hào)向下游傳導(dǎo)。

人類可表達(dá)10種TLRs[8]。在TLR2基因敲除小鼠的實(shí)驗(yàn)證明,TLR2可識(shí)別肽聚糖和脂蛋白[9]。HBV在復(fù)制過程中可產(chǎn)生dsRNA,TLR3可識(shí)別病毒雙鏈RNA(dsRNA)并誘導(dǎo)I型干擾素(IFN-α/β)的產(chǎn)生,發(fā)揮抗病毒和免疫刺激作用。TLR4的特異性配體-細(xì)菌脂多糖(LPS)可促進(jìn)細(xì)胞內(nèi)TLR4表達(dá)上調(diào),但LPS與TLR4的結(jié)合也可同時(shí)造成細(xì)胞及組織損傷。TLR7可識(shí)別富含鳥苷或尿苷的病毒單鏈RNA(ssRNA),但正常情況下,機(jī)體產(chǎn)生的ssRNA并不與TLR7結(jié)合。TLR8基因與TLR7基因高度同源,也可識(shí)別病毒ssRNA。TLR9可識(shí)別含CpG序列的DNA。TLR10與TLR1和TLR6具有顯著相似性,所以我們推測TLR10可能參與識(shí)別TLR2配體[8]。

1.2 TLRs通過分泌抗病毒細(xì)胞因子誘導(dǎo)免疫應(yīng)答固有免疫系統(tǒng)可通過TLRs迅速識(shí)別病毒核酸、蛋白和損傷組織,產(chǎn)生I型干擾素,誘導(dǎo)機(jī)體抗病毒免疫應(yīng)答[10]。將HBV相關(guān)基因與可表達(dá)PRRs相關(guān)配體的質(zhì)粒共轉(zhuǎn)染HepG2細(xì)胞或Huh7細(xì)胞,結(jié)果顯示HBV DNA水平明顯下降[11]。

作為生殖系編碼的模式識(shí)別受體,TLR可識(shí)別病原相關(guān)分子模式,并激活核因子(NF)-kB、激活蛋白1(AP-1)和干擾素調(diào)節(jié)因子(IRFs),啟動(dòng)先天性免疫應(yīng)答[12]。HBV感染可刺激NF-κB活化,隨后Kup ffer細(xì)胞釋放的IL-6在結(jié)合到其受體復(fù)合物后,可激活促分裂原活化蛋白激酶、細(xì)胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶1/2,以及c-jun N-末端激酶,抑制HBV基因表達(dá)和復(fù)制所必需的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的表達(dá)[13]。

TLRs識(shí)別病原體相關(guān)分子模式后,可產(chǎn)生干擾素和促炎細(xì)胞因子以發(fā)揮抗病毒作用。TLR3信號(hào)通路可通過產(chǎn)生IFN抑制HBV復(fù)制,TLR4和TLR2可通過激活MAPK和PI-3 K/Akt通路發(fā)揮抗HBV作用[14]。TLR7、TLR8和TLR9還可通過MyD88信號(hào)激活干擾素調(diào)節(jié)因子(IRF)-7,并啟動(dòng)IFN-α基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄[15]。有人使用TLR處理庫普細(xì)胞和LSECs,通過體外共培養(yǎng)研究其對(duì)HBV復(fù)制的調(diào)節(jié)作用,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)TLR3和TLR4都可通過MyD88非依賴性途徑影響HBV復(fù)制[16]。幾乎所有的TLR配體都可誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生TNF-α和IL-6,TLR3和TLR4配體可誘導(dǎo)干擾素-β(IFN-β)表達(dá),TLR1和TLR8配體可顯著上調(diào)主要組織相容性復(fù)合體(MHC)II含量,TLR1、2、4和6配體可通過混合淋巴細(xì)胞反應(yīng)(MLR)誘導(dǎo)T細(xì)胞增殖和IFN-γ高表達(dá)[17]。I型IFN是抗病毒免疫防御的第一道防線之一。漿細(xì)胞樣樹突細(xì)胞(pDC細(xì)胞)可產(chǎn)生IFN-α,在抗病毒免疫應(yīng)答中發(fā)揮重要作用[18]。TLRs刺激不同DC后可產(chǎn)生不同的抗病毒細(xì)胞因子,如骨髓DC(mDC)可產(chǎn)生少量I型IFN和大量TNF、IL-12;pDC細(xì)胞則可產(chǎn)生I型干擾素和少量TNF-α、IL-12。TLR信號(hào)與I型干擾素、誘導(dǎo)干擾素蛋白10(IP10)和IL-12結(jié)合可共同誘導(dǎo)APC的活化和成熟[19]。干擾素還可通過促進(jìn)大多數(shù)細(xì)胞和抗原呈遞細(xì)胞MHC I類分子的表達(dá),進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)抗原呈遞過程[20]。

IFN-α除可誘導(dǎo)HBV cccDNA表觀遺傳學(xué)修飾,抑制其轉(zhuǎn)錄外,還可抑制HBV增強(qiáng)子元件的活性。在HBV復(fù)制轉(zhuǎn)錄后的抑制階段,IFN也發(fā)揮了重要作用,并抑制HBV核衣殼形成[3]。我們之前的研究表明,IFN-β可破壞含前基因組的病毒核衣殼或抑制病毒裝配,從而抑制HBV非溶細(xì)胞性復(fù)制。在鼠永生化肝細(xì)胞系的研究表明,在DOX誘導(dǎo)HBV復(fù)制前使用IFN-β預(yù)處理細(xì)胞,可抑制含前基因組RNA的病毒核衣殼產(chǎn)生,抑制HBV復(fù)制[21]。固有免疫應(yīng)答可以啟動(dòng)并調(diào)節(jié)適應(yīng)性免疫應(yīng)答,有利于清除體內(nèi)病原微生物[22,23]。TLR2作為抗原特異性T細(xì)胞共刺激受體,在維持記憶T細(xì)胞功能方面起了重要作用[24,25]。

1.3 TLR激動(dòng)劑對(duì)免疫應(yīng)答的影響Toll樣受體激動(dòng)劑可用于治療病毒感染性疾病。TLR7配體GS-9620(特異性PRRs激動(dòng)劑)可減少HBV對(duì)于免疫系統(tǒng)的抑制作用,激活宿主先天性免疫系統(tǒng),有利于清除HBV。有人[26]在HBV慢性感染的黑猩猩體內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)給予動(dòng)物短期口服GS-9620可長期降低血清和肝臟HBV DNA水平。將GS-9620注入CD-1小鼠和短尾猴體內(nèi),結(jié)果顯示GS-9620可選擇性誘導(dǎo)趨化因子和細(xì)胞因子表達(dá)[27]。ssRNA 40誘導(dǎo)單核細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生IL-12和IL-18,激活肝內(nèi)CD161陽性粘膜相關(guān)恒定T淋巴細(xì)胞(MAIT)和CD56陽性NK細(xì)胞[28]。

1.4 HBV對(duì)宿主免疫應(yīng)答的影響TLRs在識(shí)別病原體后可誘導(dǎo)一系列抗病毒免疫應(yīng)答,病毒本身也可直接或間接破壞TLRs信號(hào)通路,從而逃避抗病毒免疫應(yīng)答[29]。在使用TLR7配體(洛索立賓)和TLR9配體(CpG寡核苷酸)刺激HBV感染患者體內(nèi)的PBMC和pDC細(xì)胞后,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)IFN-α表達(dá)顯著下降[30]。HBV感染使單核細(xì)胞衍生樹突細(xì)胞(MoDCs)TLR3和IFN-β表達(dá)量明顯降低[31]。HBV可通過阻斷MyD88-TRAK4軸和仙臺(tái)病毒靶向IRF7來干擾TLR9的活性,阻斷IFN-α的產(chǎn)生。HBV存在數(shù)種逃避機(jī)制,以避免PDCs和B淋巴細(xì)胞TLR9的激活,導(dǎo)致感染慢性化[32]。血清HbsAg與HBV DNA水平呈正相關(guān)[33]。HBsAg可抑制干擾素、干擾素刺激基因(ISG)和促炎性細(xì)胞因子表達(dá),阻斷肝細(xì)胞內(nèi)NF-κB、IRF-3和MAPKs的活化。HBsAg還可通過抑制TLR-3對(duì)Kupffer細(xì)胞和LSECs的刺激作用,削弱T細(xì)胞活化[34]。HBsAg可通過阻斷JNK-MAPK途徑選擇性抑制Pam3csk4誘導(dǎo)的IL-12表達(dá),使HBV逃避免疫清除[35]。

在21例未經(jīng)治療的CHB患者,當(dāng)HBeAg存在時(shí),TNF-α下調(diào)和磷酸化-絲裂原活化蛋白p38激酶的表達(dá)均可抑制TLR2表達(dá),而在HBeAg陰性CHB患者體內(nèi),TLR2通路的激活可上調(diào)TNF-α水平,并最終影響HBV復(fù)制[36]。HBeAg可抑制TLR介導(dǎo)的炎癥轉(zhuǎn)錄因子、NF-κB和干擾素啟動(dòng)子的活化[37]。HBsAg和HBeAg或HBV顆粒均可抑制IFN-β的產(chǎn)生,抑制TLR介導(dǎo)的抗病毒免疫應(yīng)答[16]。HBV聚合酶可通過阻斷Stat1的核易位,抑制MyD88啟動(dòng)子活性,抑制IFN介導(dǎo)的MyD88的表達(dá)[38]。HBV聚合酶可通過削弱TBK1/IKK03與DDX3之間相互作用而抑制細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生干擾素[39]。聚合酶還可通過與STAT1相關(guān)聯(lián)并通過與蛋白激酶C-δ(PKC-δ)的催化結(jié)構(gòu)域相互作用,擾亂PKC-δ磷酸化,抑制IFN-α誘導(dǎo)的STAT1絲氨酸727磷酸化,干擾STAT1/2核轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),抑制IFN-α信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)[40]。HBV突變體在復(fù)制、組裝、分泌或感染機(jī)體的過程中具有一定的缺陷,但也可表現(xiàn)出一定的抗病毒免疫逃逸作用[41]。HBV的免疫逃逸、CLTs耗竭以及肝臟微環(huán)境改變均可削弱病毒特異性T細(xì)胞的功能,促進(jìn)HBV感染慢性化[42]。

1.5 TLRs遺傳多態(tài)性對(duì)抗HBV感染的影響遺傳多態(tài)性,如TLR3的單核苷酸多態(tài)性(SNP),被考慮為HBV感染的易患因素之一。TLR3基因的變異可能與HBV感染有關(guān),而TLR3基因的遺傳變異可能影響HBV感染的結(jié)局[43]。TLR9可識(shí)別細(xì)胞內(nèi)病毒雙鏈DNA,從而激活抗病毒免疫應(yīng)答[44]。修復(fù)TLR9缺陷或激活TLR9介導(dǎo)的下游信號(hào)通路,可作為治療CHB的一種新方法。

2 Toll非依賴性模式識(shí)別受體

維甲酸誘導(dǎo)基因I(RIG-1)是近年來比較熱門的Toll非依賴性模式識(shí)別受體,包含了25個(gè)Aa,屬于DExD/H家族,其N端有一前一后兩個(gè)半胱天冬酶招募結(jié)構(gòu)域,C端有一個(gè)可識(shí)別RNA病毒的RNA解旋酶(Helicase)結(jié)構(gòu)域和一個(gè)可負(fù)性調(diào)控RIG-IN介導(dǎo)信號(hào)途徑的抑制性結(jié)構(gòu)域[45]。RLR成員包括維甲酸誘導(dǎo)基因I(RIG-I)、黑色素瘤分化相關(guān)因子5(MDA5)、遺傳學(xué)和生理學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室蛋白2(LGP2)。RLRs下游轉(zhuǎn)錄因子激活后可誘導(dǎo)1型IFN的產(chǎn)生和抗病毒基因的表達(dá)[20]。

作為一種關(guān)鍵的PRR,RIG-I在識(shí)別病毒RNA后,可激活抗病毒先天免疫應(yīng)答,從而限制病毒復(fù)制并激活適應(yīng)性免疫應(yīng)答。如RIG-I在與其配體RNA結(jié)合后,可通過線粒體抗病毒信號(hào)蛋白依賴方式激活下游信號(hào)通路,介導(dǎo)干擾素調(diào)節(jié)因子-3(IRF-3)和NF-κB的表達(dá),從而使IFN-1、3和炎性細(xì)胞因子的表達(dá)上調(diào)。HBV前基因組RNA的50-ε區(qū)域在誘導(dǎo)IFN-λ1表達(dá)的過程中發(fā)揮了關(guān)鍵作用。我們發(fā)現(xiàn),在與RIG-I相互作用過程中,HBV前基因組RNA的50-ε區(qū)可誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生大量的IFN-λ1。在人原代感染肝細(xì)胞模型中,視黃酸誘導(dǎo)基因I(RIG-I)受HBV前基因組RNA的50-ε區(qū)域刺激后可產(chǎn)生大量的IFN-Ⅲ,從而介導(dǎo)抗病毒免疫應(yīng)答[46]。

HBV X或P蛋白可與DDX3競爭TBK1結(jié)合位點(diǎn),抑制RIG-I介導(dǎo)的I型IFN通路,從而使HBV逃避先天性免疫應(yīng)答。由此推測,某種HBV突變體可產(chǎn)生包括前基因組RNA的病毒RNA,但缺乏表達(dá)整個(gè)病毒蛋白的能力,HBV X蛋白和P蛋白的缺失使IFN-λ1大量表達(dá)。而RIG-I可抵消HBV P蛋白對(duì)前基因組RNA的50-ε莖-環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu)的刺激作用,從而抑制病毒復(fù)制[46]。

黑素瘤分化相關(guān)蛋白5(MDA5)和RIG-1都屬于PRRs中RIG-1樣受體家族。二者都在識(shí)別病毒mRNA的過程中發(fā)揮重要作用。CHB患者無法對(duì)HBV感染作出正常應(yīng)答。CHB患者體內(nèi)MDA5和RIG-1 mRNA水平相對(duì)較低。據(jù)此推測,MDA5的下調(diào)可能導(dǎo)致HBV感染慢性化[47]。MDA5含量在HBV質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染的Huh7細(xì)胞和注射了HBV質(zhì)粒的小鼠肝臟中都有所增加[48]。為進(jìn)一步確定RIG-1樣受體對(duì)HBV復(fù)制的影響,我們將帶有RIG-1或MDA5基因的HBV質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染Huh7細(xì)胞,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)MDA5對(duì)于HBV復(fù)制具有顯著的抑制作用。敲除轉(zhuǎn)染后Huh7細(xì)胞的內(nèi)源性MDA5,則HBV復(fù)制能力顯著恢復(fù),證明MDA5在抗HBV先天性免疫應(yīng)答中的關(guān)鍵作用。

機(jī)體宿主基因EFTUD2可表達(dá)剪接因子,通過mRNA剪接來調(diào)控RIG-I和MDA5表達(dá)水平[49]。故EFTUD2及其下游分子RIG-I和MDA5都可識(shí)別RNA病毒和部分雙鏈DNA病毒,如HBV。此外,RIG-I、MDA5和EFTUD2可調(diào)節(jié)IRF3和TANK-結(jié)合激酶1(TBK1),以誘導(dǎo)干擾素刺激基因(ISG)的表達(dá),發(fā)揮抗病毒活性。

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(收稿:2016-05-30)

(本文編輯:陳從新)

Pattern recognition receptors in HBV infec tion


Zhu Tiantian,Li Jun,Zhu Chuanlong.
Department of Infectious Diseases,Anhui Provincial Hospital,Anhui Medical University,Hefei 230001,Anhui Province,China

Hepatitis B virus(HBV)often leads to chronic hepatitis B.Pattern recognition receptors(PRRs),an important recognition molecules,play a pivotal role in recognizing pathogen and inducing antiviral immune response since the early stage of virus infection.In this review,we expounded the definition,types,and signal paths of PRRs,which were divided into Toll-like receptors and Toll-independent pattern recognition receptors,and we finally summarized the roles of PRRs in the process of HBV infection.

Hepatitis B virus;Pattern recognition receptors;Toll-like receptors

10.3969/j.issn.1672-5069.2016.06.035

國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):81271713);Gilead Sciences Research Scholars Program in Liver Disease亞洲項(xiàng)目

230001合肥市安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬省立醫(yī)院感染病科(朱甜甜);南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院感染病科(李軍,朱傳龍)

朱甜甜,女,26歲,碩士研究生。主要從事病毒性肝炎發(fā)病機(jī)制研究

朱傳龍,E-mail:chuanlongzhu@126.com

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