徐艷文
(中山大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院生殖醫(yī)學(xué)中心,廣州 510080)
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小心促排過程促性腺激素過量使用
徐艷文
(中山大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院生殖醫(yī)學(xué)中心,廣州510080)
FSH是常用于不孕癥治療的促性腺激素。在控制性促排卵過程中,F(xiàn)SH水平應(yīng)高于引起卵巢反應(yīng)的閾值水平。但是,長時(shí)間高FSH水平會(huì)誘導(dǎo)多卵泡募集和超生理E2水平,使卵巢過度刺激綜合征(OHSS)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)升高,而且高E2水平與低出生體重和小于胎齡兒出生有關(guān)。因此,在控制性促排卵過程中要格外注意調(diào)整FSH劑量。
促卵泡素;控制性促排卵;卵泡募集;卵母細(xì)胞
(JReprodMed2016,25(10):904-906)
促性腺激素(gonadotropin,Gn)主要包括促卵泡素(follicle stimulating hormone,F(xiàn)SH)和黃體生成素(luteinizing hormone,LH)兩種。FSH是由垂體前葉分泌的糖蛋白,在卵泡募集和發(fā)育過程中起重要的作用,是最常使用的Gn。在控制性促排卵過程中需要給予適量的FSH以保證一定的獲卵數(shù),但又必須小心Gn的過量使用。
一、FSH閾值
卵巢內(nèi)直徑2~5 mm的小竇卵泡簇開始對(duì)FSH敏感。1978年Brown[1]提出FSH閾值的假說,即FSH需超過一定的水平才能募集到對(duì)FSH敏感的卵泡。血清FSH值超過基礎(chǔ)FSH值的30%~50%即可達(dá)到促排卵的作用。在單卵泡發(fā)育和多卵泡發(fā)育之間所需的FSH劑量差可能很窄,甚至有可能低到注射劑量的10%。FSH水平超過閾值后持續(xù)的天數(shù)和超出閾值的幅度決定募集卵泡的數(shù)量[2]。
二、過量使用Gn的弊端
隨著FSH劑量的增加,從卵巢中募集的竇卵泡數(shù)增加,E2水平也相應(yīng)增加。一定數(shù)量的卵母細(xì)胞是妊娠成功率的保障。然而,過量使用Gn存在較多弊端。
首先,過多卵泡發(fā)育增加卵巢過度刺激綜合征(ovarian hyperstimulation,OHSS)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。OHSS是卵巢刺激中最常見的醫(yī)源性并發(fā)癥,導(dǎo)致腹水、胸水,甚至血栓形成,危及生命安全。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道中重度OHSS的發(fā)生率約為0.2%~2.6%[3]。在拮抗劑方案中,卵泡數(shù)>18個(gè)和E2水平>5 000 pg/ml(18 300 pmol/L)預(yù)測OHSS風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的敏感性和特異性分別為83%和84%[4]。2013年Li等[5]報(bào)道當(dāng)獲卵數(shù)為11~15個(gè)時(shí)中到重度OHSS率為5.65%,而當(dāng)獲卵數(shù)超過15個(gè)時(shí),OHSS率增加到7.05%。
其次,超生理的E2水平影響子宮內(nèi)膜容受性。2010年Joo等[6]報(bào)道新鮮胚胎移植周期中妊娠結(jié)局發(fā)生E2濃度依賴的變化。隨著HCG日E2水平上升,妊娠率也增加,但在38歲以下最佳E2水平是3 000~4 000 pg/ml(10 980~14 640 pmol/L),而在38歲及以上是2 000~3 000 pg/ml(7 320~10 980 pmol/L),在更高E2水平組妊娠率反而下降。
最后,超生理的E2水平對(duì)子代也有影響。2014年有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[7]HCG日E2≥10 460 pmol/L組的低體重兒和小于胎齡兒率分別為7.6%和9.5%,顯著高于低雌激素水平組的5.4%和6.2%。2015年還有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[8]將HCG日95%分位的E2≥3 069.2 pg/ml(11 233.27 pmol/L)作為分組依據(jù),高雌激素組的足月低體重兒的比例為5.4%,顯著高于對(duì)照組的2.4%,作者建議新鮮移植周期中HCG日雌激素水平控制在3 000 pg/ml(10 980/pmol/L)以內(nèi),以利于胎盤和胎兒的生長發(fā)育。
另外,還需考慮過多卵泡發(fā)育時(shí)以中小卵泡為主。與大卵泡相比,小卵泡的基因表達(dá)更不均一[9],從小卵泡中獲得的卵母細(xì)胞核質(zhì)發(fā)育更不同步,卵母細(xì)胞利用率低[10],同時(shí)也加重培養(yǎng)室的負(fù)荷。
三、最佳目標(biāo)獲卵數(shù)
2011年英國400 135個(gè)治療周期的大樣本統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)顯示,獲卵數(shù)在0~15個(gè)之間時(shí),獲卵率和活產(chǎn)率呈正相關(guān);15~20個(gè)之間時(shí),活產(chǎn)率處于穩(wěn)定狀態(tài);當(dāng)獲卵數(shù)超過20個(gè)后,活產(chǎn)率呈現(xiàn)下降趨勢[11]??紤]到OHSS風(fēng)險(xiǎn),建議每個(gè)新鮮周期的目標(biāo)獲卵數(shù)不超過15個(gè)。2013年Li等[5]分析了2 455個(gè)周期的獲卵數(shù)和累積妊娠率,當(dāng)獲卵數(shù)超過15個(gè)時(shí)累積妊娠率為67.1%,但同時(shí)OHSS率也顯著增加。因此,目前最佳目標(biāo)獲卵數(shù)應(yīng)定在10~15個(gè)左右。
四、控制性促排卵過程中Gn劑量的調(diào)整
控制性促排卵過程中Gn起始劑量需考慮多個(gè)參數(shù),如基礎(chǔ)FSH水平、竇卵泡數(shù)、AMH水平、體重指數(shù)(BMI)和卵巢體積等[12]。2011年有薈萃分析推薦39歲以下正常卵巢反應(yīng)人群中啟動(dòng)劑量150單位[13]。
啟動(dòng)后Gn劑量的調(diào)整在控制獲卵數(shù)和E2水平中起著至關(guān)重要的作用。Gn劑量調(diào)整的依據(jù)包括卵泡的個(gè)數(shù)和發(fā)育速度、血清FSH水平和E2水平等。在給予外源性FSH 4 d后血清中的FSH水平達(dá)到穩(wěn)態(tài)[2],因此促排4 d后可根據(jù)卵泡的個(gè)數(shù)、血清FSH水平和雌激素水平等判斷募集卵泡數(shù)是否已足夠,是否需要減低FSH的劑量以減少卵泡的進(jìn)一步募集。2010有文獻(xiàn)[14]提出在刺激第5天,雌激素水平>500 pg/ml(1 830 pmol/L)時(shí),要考慮減低Gn的劑量,而雌激素水平<100 pg/ml(366 pmol/L),或小于5個(gè)發(fā)育卵泡時(shí),要考慮增加Gn的劑量。
然而,F(xiàn)SH的吸收利用度個(gè)體差異大,受內(nèi)源性FSH水平、藥物的吸收、體表面積,以及FSH受體多態(tài)性等多因素影響[2]。另外,降調(diào)節(jié)方案的不同也影響每個(gè)卵泡平均E2水平[15]。因此,在劑量調(diào)整過程中需綜合考慮來謹(jǐn)慎決定。
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[編輯:谷炤]
Pay attention to overdose of gonadotropin in controlled ovarian stimulation
XU Yan-wen
ReproductiveMedicalCenter,TheFirstAffiliatedHospitalofSunYat-senUniversity,Guangzhou510080
FSH is frequently used in controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) for the management of infertility. The threshold FSH level should be surpassed to achieve an ovarian response in COS. However,high FSH level in long duration induces multiple follicular recruitment and supra-physiologic E2level,resulting in increase of risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS),while high E2level is correlated with increased risks of low birth weight and small for gestational age infant. Therefore,more attention should be paid to adjustment of FSH dosage during controlled ovarian stimulation.
FSH;Controlled ovarian stimulation;Follicle recruitment;Oocyte
10.3969/j.issn.1004-3845.2016.10.009
2016-06-26;
2016-08-01
徐艷文,女,江西南昌人,博士,教授,內(nèi)分泌專業(yè).