龔斐,李元
(1.中南大學(xué)基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院生殖與干細(xì)胞研究所,長沙 410078;2.中信湘雅生殖與遺傳??漆t(yī)院,長沙 410008)
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卵巢低反應(yīng)輔助治療策略
龔斐1、2,李元2
(1.中南大學(xué)基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院生殖與干細(xì)胞研究所,長沙410078;2.中信湘雅生殖與遺傳??漆t(yī)院,長沙410008)
盡管經(jīng)過二十余年的努力,對卵巢低反應(yīng)研究頗多。但針對卵巢低反應(yīng)患者,尚無明確有效的治療方案改善卵巢反應(yīng)和臨床助孕結(jié)局;而一些輔助治療策略為臨床醫(yī)生提高卵巢低反應(yīng)者助孕結(jié)局提供了方向。本文就卵巢低反應(yīng)的輔助治療進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)綜述,包括脫氫表雄酮(DHEA),生長激素,黃體期添加雌激素,重組黃體生成素預(yù)處理等。
卵巢低反應(yīng);脫氫表雄酮;生長激素;雌激素;重組黃體生成素
(JReprodMed2016,25(10):901-903)
隨著輔助生殖技術(shù)(Assisted Reproductive Technology,ART)的進(jìn)步,目前國內(nèi)外生殖中心IVF/ICSI助孕成功率穩(wěn)步上升,為很多不孕家庭帶來福音。但對于卵巢低反應(yīng)(poor ovarian response,POR)這類特殊人群,如何改善助孕結(jié)局仍困擾著臨床醫(yī)生。卵巢低反應(yīng)者的IVF/ICSI助孕特點(diǎn)[1-4]是:(1)低獲卵數(shù),有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)獲卵1枚臨床妊娠率約0~2.3%,獲卵2枚臨床妊娠率約4.3%~15.2%,獲卵3~4枚則臨床妊娠率在11.5%~15.9%之間波動;(2)高取消率5%~38%,由于無獲卵、無可移植胚胎、胚胎質(zhì)量差及子宮內(nèi)膜容受性差等因素導(dǎo)致周期取消率居高不下;(3)低臨床妊娠率,有相關(guān)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)卵巢低反應(yīng)者以年齡分界:年齡>36歲者臨床妊娠率1.5%~12.7%,而年齡≤36歲者則臨床妊娠約3%~35%。但是綜合以上可以發(fā)現(xiàn),卵巢低反應(yīng)者的低獲卵數(shù)、下降的卵母細(xì)胞質(zhì)量是明顯降低ART助孕結(jié)局的始動因素。而臨床處理中主要通過調(diào)整助孕方案及積極輔助治療等干預(yù)措施而改善卵巢低反應(yīng)者助孕結(jié)局。以下就2016 年綜述中提及的至少一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)對照研究(Randomized controlled study,RCT)提示對卵巢低反應(yīng)者有改善作用的輔助治療進(jìn)行概述,如脫氫表雄酮(dihydroepiandrosterone,DHEA)、生長激素(Growth hormone,GH)、黃體期添加雌激素(Estrogen,E2)及重組黃體生成素(recombinant luteinizing hormone,rLH)預(yù)處理等[5]。
一、DHEA
雄激素在卵泡微環(huán)境的適量積聚,可促進(jìn)顆粒細(xì)胞的增殖,增加竇前和竇卵泡的數(shù)量,刺激早期卵泡的生長。在POR 患者中增加卵泡微環(huán)境雄激素濃度的治療可能增加IVF患者卵巢刺激的卵泡數(shù)和成熟度,這些治療包括 DHEA、睪酮經(jīng)皮給藥[6]。DHEA是由腎上腺皮質(zhì)的網(wǎng)狀帶(85%)和卵巢卵泡膜細(xì)胞(15%)產(chǎn)生的內(nèi)源性類固醇;在卵巢,促進(jìn)卵泡發(fā)育、顆粒細(xì)胞增殖,且增加卵巢內(nèi)雄激素濃度;DHEA增加卵泡內(nèi)胰島素樣生長因子-1(Insulin-like growth factor-1,IGF-1)水平而增加卵泡對促性腺激素(Gonadotropin,Gn)的反應(yīng)且減少卵泡閉鎖[7]。早期的研究顯示[8],DHEA可改善POR 者 ART 過程中卵巢的反應(yīng)性,改善胚胎質(zhì)量,降低流產(chǎn)率,增加妊娠率。目前全世界超過1/4的IVF 中心對 POR 患者使用 DHEA。2016年一篇meta分析認(rèn)為[8]:DHEA明顯改善POR臨床妊娠率、活產(chǎn)率、及著床率;且明顯增加POR回收卵數(shù)和抗苗勒管激素(AMH)水平等。最近一篇綜述發(fā)現(xiàn)[9]:4個回顧性分析提示DHEA有助于改善累計(jì)妊娠率,降低流產(chǎn)率,減少非整倍體胚胎;7個自身對照研究發(fā)現(xiàn)DHEA有助于改善獲卵數(shù)、優(yōu)胚數(shù)、卵巢儲備評估指標(biāo)等;6個RCT研究提示DHEA有助于增加竇卵泡數(shù)(AFC)、改善胚胎質(zhì)量及提高活產(chǎn)率等。2015年一篇meta分析則推薦促排前6~24周使用DHEA 25 mg 3次/d(或75~90 mg/d)[10]。Yeung等[11]的一篇RCT文章認(rèn)為:DHEA制劑的添加雖能增加血清和卵泡液的DHEA水平,但并不能增加獲卵數(shù)、不能改善卵巢儲備評估指標(biāo) (AFC,AMH,或 FSH),且對IVF助孕結(jié)局無明顯改善作用。盡管對DHEA的研究頗多,但是,DHEA在ART中的助孕療效仍然有爭議;雖然諸多meta分析結(jié)果不一致,但meta分析研究本身存在局限性:(1)卵巢低反應(yīng)或卵巢低儲備定義不統(tǒng)一;(2)入選研究設(shè)計(jì)不統(tǒng)一(RCT/自身對照/回顧性分析);(3)DHEA藥物使用時間及劑量不統(tǒng)一。DHEA服用≥6周才有效果,因有適應(yīng)證及禁忌證,請由臨床醫(yī)生酌情使用。
二、生長激素(GH)
早在1972年GH用于人類生殖。GH作為旁分泌激素在卵巢甾體激素合成和卵泡發(fā)育中起重要作用。添加 GH 協(xié)同 Gn 可增加顆粒細(xì)胞上的 LH 受體水平和刺激卵巢芳香化酶的活性,從而改善卵巢對Gn的反應(yīng)性,促進(jìn)患者卵泡的募集,并且增加子宮內(nèi)膜容受性,有利于胚胎著床[6]。研究顯示[12]:Gn可能有助于改善子宮內(nèi)膜,提高臨床妊娠率和活產(chǎn)率。也有研究認(rèn)為[13],GH增加了獲卵數(shù)和雙原核(2PN)數(shù),提高了卵巢反應(yīng)性,但對妊娠結(jié)局無改善。2016年一篇RCT研究在POR者拮抗劑方案中從Gn第6天開始使用GH 2.5 mgSC(7.5 IU/d)(Norditropin,Novo Nordisk)至HCG日,與對照組相比,GH組回收卵數(shù)、MⅡ卵數(shù)、受精卵數(shù)等明顯增加[14]。早期曾有在促排的同時添加GH至扳機(jī)(trigger)日。目前關(guān)注在竇前卵泡階段使用GH,具體用法用量均無統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn),且GH在全世界范圍內(nèi)未廣泛應(yīng)用,因此仍需RCT大樣本研究。
三、黃體期添加雌激素(E2)
卵巢低反應(yīng)者由于卵巢儲備少,顆粒細(xì)胞少,因而雌激素較正常反應(yīng)者不足;低水平E2降低子宮內(nèi)膜容受性及IVF助孕結(jié)局。既往研究提示:黃體支持添加雌激素能糾正57%的子宮內(nèi)膜不同步,有助于改善低反應(yīng)者助孕結(jié)局[15-16]。2014年RCT分析示:黃體期添加2 mg E2明顯增加POR生化妊娠、臨床妊娠率及活產(chǎn)率[17]。理論上,對于卵巢低反應(yīng)患者黃體支持添加雌激素是有助于改善子宮內(nèi)膜與胚胎發(fā)育同步性,但既往研究結(jié)論仍是不明確的:兩篇系統(tǒng)性分析均認(rèn)為黃體期添加雌激素并不能改善IVF助孕結(jié)局[18-19]。因此,該輔助治療仍需更多數(shù)據(jù)研究證實(shí)。
四、rLH預(yù)處理
卵巢低反應(yīng)者往往伴有卵巢高齡化(aging ovaries),而隨著年齡增加,卵巢LH受體逐漸減少。研究認(rèn)為[20-21]:FSH刺激前使小卵泡暴露于LH環(huán)境狀態(tài)下,增加胞質(zhì)成熟度,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)胚胎同步性發(fā)育,因此rLH預(yù)處理方案在臨床上進(jìn)行了研究。2014年一篇RCT研究對POR者在短方案促排前4 d給予rLH (150 IU/d)后開始重組FSH(rFSH)后發(fā)現(xiàn)rLH組獲卵數(shù)、活產(chǎn)率明顯增加,著床率有上升趨勢,后續(xù)增加樣本量進(jìn)行回顧性分析發(fā)現(xiàn)rLH組明顯降低取消率、增加卵裂率、著床率、臨床妊娠率及活產(chǎn)率[21]。
盡管經(jīng)歷近20余年的嘗試,但對于卵巢低反應(yīng)者仍無統(tǒng)一有效的輔助治療方案。目前,沒有哪一種方案絕對優(yōu)于另一種方案,因?yàn)闊o論是meta分析還是系統(tǒng)性評價均顯示支持的證據(jù)尚不充分。對于卵巢低反應(yīng)者,應(yīng)該設(shè)計(jì)更大樣本更嚴(yán)密更規(guī)范(如卵巢低反應(yīng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn))的RCT研究進(jìn)行助孕策略分析,方案定制個體化,期待更有效的臨床管理策略。
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[編輯:谷炤]
Adjuvant treatment strategy for poor ovarian response
GONG Fei1,2,LI Yuan2
1.InstituteofReproductive&StemCellEngineering,CentralSouthUniversity,Changsha410078 2.Reproductive&GeneticHospitalofCITIC-XIANGYA,Changsha410008
Despite the fact that an enormous number of papers on the topic of poor ovarian response (POR) have been published in the last two decades,so far it is still impossible to identify any efficient treatment to improve the ovarian response and the clinical outcome for these patients. Currently,some intervention is accepted as beneficial in overcoming poor ovarian response. Basing on published meta-analyses and papers,various additional alternatives,such as DHEA,growth hormone,luteal support with estrogen,pretreatment of recombinant LH (rLH),are summarized in this review.
Poor ovarian response;DHEA;Growth hormone;Estradiol;Recombinant LH
10.3969/j.issn.1004-3845.2016.10.008
2016-06-26;【收回日期】2016-08-01
龔斐,女,廣西南寧人,副主任醫(yī)師,生殖醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè).