楊琨丁大連付勇李永奇蔣海燕Richard Salvi1武漢大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科 Center for Hearing and Deafness,University of New York at Buffalo浙江大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬兒童醫(yī)院耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科中山大學(xué)附屬第三醫(yī)院耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科
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應(yīng)用FLIVO探測順鉑引起的多器官細(xì)胞凋亡
楊琨1,2丁大連2付勇3李永奇4蔣海燕2Richard Salvi2
1武漢大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科
2 Center for Hearing and Deafness,University of New York at Buffalo
3浙江大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬兒童醫(yī)院耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科4中山大學(xué)附屬第三醫(yī)院耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科
【摘要】順鉑是一種用于治療惡性腫瘤的有效鉑類化療藥物。然而順鉑對機(jī)體許多組織器官,如腎臟、肝臟、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)以及內(nèi)耳等都具有毒性損害作用。FLIVO是一種能夠穿越機(jī)體組織屏障進(jìn)入到機(jī)體每個細(xì)胞并用熒光標(biāo)記處于凋亡活動狀態(tài)半胱天冬酶的親脂性注射用示蹤劑。本研究應(yīng)用袢利尿劑(利尿酸鈉,40mg/kg,I.V.)暫時性破壞南美栗鼠的血-迷路屏障,促使順鉑(0.8 mg/kg,I.P.)經(jīng)蝸管外壁屏障消除處進(jìn)入耳蝸從而引起耳蝸毛細(xì)胞凋亡。受試南美栗鼠在聯(lián)合應(yīng)用利尿酸鈉和順鉑后6小時和18小時終止實驗。為了檢測順鉑引起的發(fā)生在耳蝸和中樞以及肝腎等器官的細(xì)胞凋亡,在終止實驗前經(jīng)頸靜脈注入100μlFLIVO探測液體并使之隨著血液循環(huán)60分鐘以探測出現(xiàn)在全身各個臟器的凋亡細(xì)胞。終止實驗時,對麻醉動物常規(guī)施行心臟灌流磷酸鹽緩沖液5分鐘,再經(jīng)心臟灌流10%福爾馬林磷酸鹽固定液,然后分別取出耳蝸、耳蝸核、聽皮層、海馬以及肝腎組織并浸入上述固定液繼續(xù)固定6小時。在解剖顯微鏡下分離取出全耳蝸基底膜并制備成全耳蝸基底膜鋪片,耳蝸核、聽皮層、海馬、肝臟和腎臟則常規(guī)制備成冰凍切片。在共聚焦顯微鏡下,觀察FLIVO在上述各個器官標(biāo)記出的凋亡細(xì)胞。在正常南美栗鼠各個組織器官中,均未發(fā)現(xiàn)FLI?VO標(biāo)記的凋亡信號;在用藥后6小時,僅在耳蝸外毛細(xì)胞及腎組織中檢測出凋亡細(xì)胞,但在其它器官也未發(fā)現(xiàn)FLIVO標(biāo)記的凋亡細(xì)胞;與用藥后6小時相比,在用藥后18小時,所有的耳蝸外毛細(xì)胞和耳蝸底回大部分內(nèi)毛細(xì)胞都呈現(xiàn)出熒光標(biāo)記的凋亡信號,出乎意料的是,盡管耳蝸腹側(cè)核神經(jīng)元出現(xiàn)了大量凋亡神經(jīng)元,但耳蝸背側(cè)核的神經(jīng)元卻未檢測到明顯的凋亡信號;值得注意的是,凋亡信號還出現(xiàn)在更為核心的中樞海馬神經(jīng)元和聽皮層神經(jīng)元。此外,腎臟組織和肝臟組織在用藥后18小時也出現(xiàn)大量的凋亡細(xì)胞。這些結(jié)果表明,聯(lián)合應(yīng)用利尿酸鈉和順鉑不僅導(dǎo)致大量耳蝸毛細(xì)胞凋亡,而且順鉑的神經(jīng)毒性作用還造成了耳蝸腹側(cè)核大量神經(jīng)元的凋亡和耳蝸背側(cè)核和海馬及聽皮層的部分神經(jīng)元凋亡,順鉑同樣導(dǎo)致大量的腎臟細(xì)胞和肝臟細(xì)胞凋亡,出現(xiàn)在上述各個臟器的細(xì)胞凋亡現(xiàn)象與順鉑的耳毒性作用、神經(jīng)毒性作用、腎毒性作用及肝毒性作用完全一致。
【關(guān)鍵詞】順鉑,耳毒性,神經(jīng)毒性,腎毒性,肝毒性.
Acknowledgements:This research was supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Foundation.No:81100712,NIH grants R01DC006630,R01DC009219,Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation No:LY14H130001,and Zhejiang Medical Research Fund Program 2014KYB077.Declaration of interest:The authors report no conflicts of interest.
在受試動物暴露于具有毒副作用的化學(xué)試劑或重金屬等實驗條件下,機(jī)體多個器官或組織往往在病變早期同時發(fā)生了細(xì)胞的程序化死亡,毒物引起的細(xì)胞凋亡因此也被看作為是一種急性的病理學(xué)改變。也許是出于不同學(xué)科的重點研究對象不同,許多化學(xué)藥物或重金屬引起的單個器官病變已有很多報道,但觀察和評估同一只實驗動物體內(nèi)多個器官同時發(fā)生病變的報道卻不多見。以抗腫瘤藥物鉑制劑為例,有關(guān)順鉑及其系列化合物的腎毒性、耳毒性、神經(jīng)毒性、肝毒性等毒副作用的單獨實驗報道比比皆是[1-5],但對多個器官同時受損的評估卻鮮有報道。因此,盡管人們對于順鉑及其系列化合物對機(jī)體多個器官的毒副作用表現(xiàn)和損害機(jī)制的認(rèn)識逐漸加深,卻很難評估這些器官之間對于順鉑類化合物的敏感性是否存在差異。
熒光標(biāo)記多聚半胱天冬酶抑制劑(Fluorescent?ly-labeled poly-caspase inhibitor,FLIVOTM)是一種用于觀察發(fā)生在活體動物各個臟器的細(xì)胞凋亡的注射用熒光探針[6-8]。當(dāng)FLIVO探針通過靜脈注射進(jìn)入血液并循環(huán)30-45分鐘之后,全身各個器官內(nèi)處于凋亡過程病變細(xì)胞內(nèi)的Caspase(半胱天冬酶)1、2、3、7、8、9、10、13就都會被標(biāo)記上熒光信號,因此FLIVO顯示的是處于凋亡活動狀態(tài)的所有的半胱天冬酶。也就是說,只要細(xì)胞被標(biāo)記上熒光,就說明該細(xì)胞已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了凋亡程序。由于FLIVO探針可穿越所有的細(xì)胞屏障并可穿越血-腦屏障和血-迷路屏障,因此FLIVO不僅適用于檢測全身各個臟器中發(fā)生的細(xì)胞“自殺式”死亡,而且特別有助于證明發(fā)生在顱內(nèi)的神經(jīng)元凋亡和發(fā)生在內(nèi)耳的毛細(xì)胞凋亡。
抗腫瘤鉑類制劑可以造成多個器官的損害,但難以穿越血-腦屏障和血-迷路屏障,因此在系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用鉑類抗腫瘤藥物引起的耳毒性實驗動物模型,絕大多數(shù)實驗動物在內(nèi)耳藥物濃度尚未積累到損害濃度時,便因急性腎衰或肝中毒或骨髓抑制而死亡。為了促進(jìn)順鉑穿越血-迷路屏障進(jìn)入內(nèi)耳,在使用順鉑的同時應(yīng)用袢利尿劑造成血管紋的缺血缺氧而暫時性破壞蝸管外壁的血-迷路屏障,可使順鉑和其它耳毒性藥物經(jīng)此“短路”進(jìn)入耳蝸并迅速達(dá)到破壞耳蝸毛細(xì)胞之實驗?zāi)康腫5,9-16]。
本研究應(yīng)用FLIVO探針技術(shù)實時觀察了聯(lián)合應(yīng)用利尿酸鈉和順鉑的南美栗鼠動物模型,對每只受試動物聽覺通路的耳蝸、耳蝸核及聽皮層,以及腎臟和肝臟等重要組織器官中發(fā)生的細(xì)胞凋亡進(jìn)行了觀察,并對上述受損器官的病變發(fā)生順序進(jìn)行了初步評估。報告如下。
2.1實驗動物分組及實驗設(shè)計
12只成年雄性南美栗鼠被隨機(jī)分為三組,分別是正常對照組和聯(lián)合應(yīng)用順鉑和利尿酸鈉后6小時組以及聯(lián)合應(yīng)用順鉑和利尿酸鈉后18小時組,每組4只。聯(lián)合應(yīng)用順鉑和利尿酸鈉的南美栗鼠按照每公斤體重0.8毫克的劑量腹腔注射順鉑并按照每公斤體重40毫克的劑量靜脈注射利尿酸鈉[16]。所有受試動物在處死前1小時靜脈注射FLIVO以探測因順鉑毒副作用而出現(xiàn)在不同器官中的凋亡細(xì)胞。
2.2配制FLIVOTM工作液
本實驗采用FLIVOTM in vivo Apoptosis Kit (Im?munoChemistry Technologies,LLC,Catalog # 983)以探測凋亡細(xì)胞。先用45ml雙蒸餾水將試劑盒提供的10X injection buffer稀釋成稀釋注射液;再用50μlDMSO在SR-FLIVOTM小瓶內(nèi)溶解131μlSR-FLIVOTM粉末將其制備成FLIVOTM儲備液;臨用前再用550 μl稀釋注射液將FLIVOTM儲備液稀釋成工作液(working solution)。按照每公斤體重60毫克的劑量肌肉注射Ketamine和每公斤體重0.5毫克的劑量肌肉注射Acepromazine麻醉動物后,手術(shù)切開南美栗鼠頸部皮膚暴露頸內(nèi)靜脈并向頸內(nèi)靜脈注入100μlFLIVOTM工作液,使其在體內(nèi)循環(huán)60分鐘后終止實驗。
2.3組織鋪片或切片及復(fù)染
終止實驗時,用新鮮配制的10%福爾馬林PBS緩沖液施行經(jīng)體循環(huán)的心臟灌流固定。心臟灌流固定方法簡單介紹如下:麻醉動物在動物手術(shù)臺上保持仰臥體位;沿頸部中線剪開皮膚并暴露一側(cè)頸內(nèi)靜脈,用血管鉗夾持頸內(nèi)靜脈;在胸部做一U形切口打開胸腔暴露心臟;將連接生理鹽水注射泵的尖針刺入左心室并以每秒0.4毫升的速度向心臟內(nèi)注入溫度保持在38oC的生理鹽水;同時剪開事先暴露的頸內(nèi)靜脈予以放血引流,使生理鹽水自左心室進(jìn)入主動脈經(jīng)體循環(huán)從開放的頸內(nèi)靜脈流出;體循環(huán)灌流生理鹽水3分鐘左右或待頸內(nèi)靜脈流出的血水呈清淡時停止生理鹽水灌流,再用10%福爾馬林磷酸鹽緩沖液繼續(xù)灌流10分鐘至動物肢體僵硬為止。將解剖取出的顳骨、腦組織、腎臟及肝臟浸入到前述固定液浸泡固定6小時。在解剖顯微鏡下分離取出耳蝸基底膜并用FITC標(biāo)記的phalloidin對毛細(xì)胞的靜纖毛和表皮板進(jìn)行綠色熒光標(biāo)記,常規(guī)鋪片后在共聚焦顯微鏡下應(yīng)用共聚焦圖像處理軟件從鋪片和切片兩種角度觀察綠色熒光標(biāo)記的毛細(xì)胞纖毛和表皮及FLIVO紅色熒光標(biāo)記的凋亡細(xì)胞。剖開腦組織分別取出耳蝸核和聽皮層及海馬,常規(guī)施行冰凍切片后,再用Neurofilament-200抗體施行免疫組織化學(xué)反應(yīng)并用Alexa Fluor 488綠色熒光標(biāo)記的二抗標(biāo)記出神經(jīng)元和神經(jīng)纖維,封片后在共聚焦顯微鏡下觀察綠色的神經(jīng)元及其纖維和FLIVO紅色熒光標(biāo)記的凋亡細(xì)胞。固定后的肝臟組織和腎臟組織則常規(guī)施行冰凍切片,然后在共聚焦顯微鏡下觀察FLIVO紅色熒光標(biāo)記的凋亡細(xì)胞。
3.1順鉑引起的耳蝸毛細(xì)胞凋亡
對正常對照組動物的耳蝸鋪片和切片檢查發(fā)現(xiàn),耳蝸內(nèi)外毛細(xì)胞的表面形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)保持正常,細(xì)胞內(nèi)未發(fā)現(xiàn)FLIVO標(biāo)記的紅色熒光信號(圖1A,1a)。但在聯(lián)合應(yīng)用順鉑和利尿酸鈉后6小時組的耳蝸鋪片和切片,雖然耳蝸內(nèi)外毛細(xì)胞的表面結(jié)構(gòu)仍然保持良好,但在許多外毛細(xì)胞的胞漿內(nèi)都出現(xiàn)了FLIVO的紅色熒光信號(圖1B,1b)。在聯(lián)合應(yīng)用順鉑和利尿酸鈉后18小時組,許多外毛細(xì)胞表面的靜纖毛呈現(xiàn)散亂、倒伏或脫落,甚至可見個別外毛細(xì)胞的表皮已經(jīng)被破壞,幾乎所有存活外毛細(xì)胞的胞漿內(nèi)都呈現(xiàn)出紅色熒光標(biāo)記的FLIVO(圖1C,1c),同時可見部分內(nèi)毛細(xì)胞也開始出現(xiàn)FLIVO的紅色熒光標(biāo)記。上述結(jié)果說明應(yīng)用利尿酸鈉打開血-迷路屏障后,順鉑迅速進(jìn)入耳蝸內(nèi)環(huán)境并首先在外毛細(xì)胞內(nèi)激發(fā)了半胱天冬酶路徑(Caspase pathway)的凋亡程序。
3.2順鉑引起的耳蝸腹側(cè)核神經(jīng)元凋亡
耳蝸核切片檢查發(fā)現(xiàn),正常對照組動物的耳蝸腹側(cè)核和背側(cè)核的神經(jīng)元均無FLIVO標(biāo)記的紅色熒光信號。聯(lián)合應(yīng)用順鉑和利尿酸鈉后6小時,耳蝸腹側(cè)核和背側(cè)核的絕大部分神經(jīng)元都沒有FLIVO陽性標(biāo)記產(chǎn)物(圖2A,2B),僅在極個別耳蝸腹側(cè)核的神經(jīng)元偶見微弱的FLIVO紅色熒光信號(圖2B)。注射順鉑和利尿酸鈉后18小時,在耳蝸背側(cè)核切片組織中可見散在的微小紅色熒光標(biāo)記物,但這些紅色熒光并沒有出現(xiàn)在神經(jīng)元的細(xì)胞體內(nèi)(圖2C)。因此不同的是,在耳蝸腹側(cè)核的許多神經(jīng)元中卻都出現(xiàn)了FLIVO的強(qiáng)烈標(biāo)記(圖2D),提示耳蝸腹側(cè)核的神經(jīng)元對順鉑的損害更加敏感
3.3順鉑引起的聽皮層神經(jīng)元凋亡
聽皮層切片檢查發(fā)現(xiàn),正常對照組動物的聽皮層神經(jīng)元均無FLIVO標(biāo)記的紅色熒光信號。聯(lián)合應(yīng)用順鉑和利尿酸鈉后6小時,聽皮層神經(jīng)元保持著良好的形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu),在神經(jīng)元及其周圍組織中未見FLIVO的陽性標(biāo)記產(chǎn)物(圖3A)。但在注射順鉑和利尿酸鈉后18小時,聽皮層神經(jīng)元的神經(jīng)絲結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)明顯的病理學(xué)改變,同時可見許多神經(jīng)元中出現(xiàn)FLIVO陽性標(biāo)記產(chǎn)物(圖3B),說明聽皮層的神經(jīng)元對順鉑的毒害反應(yīng)相當(dāng)敏感。
3.4順鉑引起的海馬神經(jīng)元凋亡
海馬腦組織切片檢查發(fā)現(xiàn),正常對照組動物的海馬神經(jīng)元無FLIVO標(biāo)記的紅色熒光信號。聯(lián)合應(yīng)用順鉑和利尿酸鈉后6小時,海馬神經(jīng)元區(qū)域同樣未見FLIVO的陽性標(biāo)記產(chǎn)物(圖4A)。但在注射順鉑和利尿酸鈉后18小時,在海馬區(qū)域可見少量神經(jīng)元顯現(xiàn)FLIVO陽性標(biāo)記產(chǎn)物(圖4B),說明順鉑對海馬神經(jīng)元也有一定的破壞作用。
3.5順鉑引起的肝臟細(xì)胞凋亡
肝臟組織切片檢查發(fā)現(xiàn),正常對照組動物的肝細(xì)胞沒有FLIVO標(biāo)記的紅色熒光信號。注射順鉑和利尿酸鈉后6小時,肝細(xì)胞內(nèi)同樣未見FLIVO的陽性標(biāo)記產(chǎn)物(圖5A)。但在注射順鉑和利尿酸鈉后18小時,肝細(xì)胞中出現(xiàn)大量FLIVO陽性標(biāo)記產(chǎn)物(圖5B),說明順鉑的肝毒性與其激發(fā)的肝細(xì)胞凋亡密切相關(guān)。
3.6順鉑引起的腎臟細(xì)胞凋亡
腎臟組織切片檢查發(fā)現(xiàn),正常對照組動物的腎皮質(zhì)細(xì)胞內(nèi)沒有FLIVO標(biāo)記的紅色熒光信號(圖6A)。注射順鉑和利尿酸鈉后6小時,腎皮質(zhì)細(xì)胞內(nèi)開始出現(xiàn)FLIVO的陽性標(biāo)記產(chǎn)物(圖6B)。在注射順鉑和利尿酸鈉后18小時,腎皮質(zhì)細(xì)胞中出現(xiàn)大量FLIVO陽性標(biāo)記產(chǎn)物(圖6C),這一現(xiàn)象足以說明順鉑引起的急性腎功能衰竭與順鉑迅速激發(fā)腎皮質(zhì)細(xì)胞的程序化死亡有著密不可分的關(guān)系。
4.1細(xì)胞凋亡的組織病理學(xué)檢測方法
檢查細(xì)胞凋亡的組織病理學(xué)方法有多種,包括在光鏡和電鏡下觀察細(xì)胞形態(tài)以判斷細(xì)胞是否出現(xiàn)核染色質(zhì)聚集(nuclear chromatin aggregation)、核濃縮(nuclear condensation)、核變形、核破裂(nuclear fragmentation)、細(xì)胞發(fā)泡(blebbing)等細(xì)胞凋亡特征的病理形態(tài)學(xué)方法[2,5,9,16,17]、應(yīng)用Annexin-V熒光染料標(biāo)記外翻磷脂酰絲氨酸的方法[18,19]、應(yīng)用親脂性陽離子熒光染料標(biāo)記線粒體跨膜電勢的檢測方法[9,17]、應(yīng)用脫氧核苷酸和熒光素標(biāo)記顯示斷裂DNA的3’-末端的脫氧核糖核苷酸末端轉(zhuǎn)移酶介導(dǎo)的缺口末端標(biāo)記(terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling,TUNEL)的TUNEL標(biāo)記方法[20,22]以及應(yīng)用熒光標(biāo)記胱天蛋白酶抑制劑顯示各種活化cas?pase的標(biāo)記方法[2,15,16,23,24],等等。上述各種方法都僅僅適用于觀察特定的組織和細(xì)胞,卻無法同時檢測發(fā)生在同一只動物機(jī)體內(nèi)各個器官的細(xì)胞凋亡情況。我們在本實驗中采用的FLIV0活體標(biāo)記示蹤方法,使隨著血液循環(huán)流遍全身的FLIVO探測劑成功探測機(jī)體的每一個細(xì)胞并將發(fā)生在各個臟器中的凋亡細(xì)胞都標(biāo)記出熒光信號,其原理是基于可穿越各種組織細(xì)胞屏障的無毒FLIVO示蹤劑內(nèi)所含的一個半胱天冬酶抑制肽序列與機(jī)體細(xì)胞內(nèi)的活化半胱天冬酶的二聚體亞單位活化巰基結(jié)合成共價鍵并在該凋亡細(xì)胞內(nèi)釋放出熒光信號,從而達(dá)到標(biāo)記凋亡細(xì)胞之目的。此方法最初被較多應(yīng)用于抗腫瘤實驗研究以評估抗腫瘤治療是否能有效增加藥物造成的腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡[25]。但是如果對接種腫瘤的實驗動物同時開展新的抗腫瘤藥物的療效評估和新藥物對各個器官毒副作用的全身“體檢”,相信FLIVO將提供有效的幫助。
4.2順鉑造成多器官內(nèi)發(fā)生的細(xì)胞凋亡
順鉑的毒副作用主要包括腎毒性、神經(jīng)毒性、耳毒性、骨髓抑制反應(yīng)、消化道反應(yīng)、以及肝毒性等。人們已經(jīng)意識到腎毒性和骨髓抑制反應(yīng)有可能危及生命,但對順鉑的肝毒性卻知之甚少,而對順鉑的神經(jīng)毒性、消化系統(tǒng)毒性、和聽覺系統(tǒng)毒性反應(yīng)則主要考慮是影響了患者的生活質(zhì)量。本研究選擇注射順鉑和利尿酸鈉后6小時和18小時做為兩個不同的觀察時間點,在用藥后6小時,在聽覺系統(tǒng)中僅發(fā)現(xiàn)耳蝸外毛細(xì)胞釋放出明顯的凋亡信號,但絕大部分內(nèi)毛細(xì)胞和聽覺通路的耳蝸核神經(jīng)元及聽皮層神經(jīng)元均未發(fā)生細(xì)胞凋亡;在用藥后18小時,所有的耳蝸外毛細(xì)胞和部分內(nèi)毛細(xì)胞都呈現(xiàn)出凋亡信號,說明順鉑引起的耳蝸毛細(xì)胞凋亡首先發(fā)生在外毛細(xì)胞,然后再逐漸啟動內(nèi)毛細(xì)胞的凋亡。值得注意的是,在用藥后18小時,耳蝸腹側(cè)核神經(jīng)元出現(xiàn)了大量明顯的凋亡信號,但耳蝸背側(cè)核的神經(jīng)元卻未發(fā)生明顯的神經(jīng)元凋亡,耳蝸腹側(cè)核和背側(cè)核神經(jīng)元對順鉑神經(jīng)毒性的不同敏感性是否與耳蝸背側(cè)核神經(jīng)元內(nèi)富含鋅有關(guān)?[26]還有待進(jìn)一步研究。除了聽覺通路的神經(jīng)元之外,我們還發(fā)現(xiàn)海馬區(qū)神經(jīng)元在用藥后18小時也發(fā)生了細(xì)胞凋亡,但數(shù)量有限。對肝組織和腎組織的切片檢查發(fā)現(xiàn),在用藥后6小時,腎臟組織中已經(jīng)開始出現(xiàn)凋亡細(xì)胞,但是肝臟組織中尚未見凋亡信號,提示順鉑對腎臟的損害可能略早于對肝臟的損害;但在用藥后18小時,腎臟組織和肝臟組織中都出現(xiàn)大量的凋亡細(xì)胞。從查閱的大量參考文獻(xiàn)可以看出,雖然肝毒性被列為順鉑的毒副作用之一,但人們對順鉑的肝毒性仍不夠重視。本實驗發(fā)現(xiàn)順鉑確能引起大量肝細(xì)胞凋亡,提示我們在臨床工作中應(yīng)用鉑類制劑時,應(yīng)嚴(yán)密監(jiān)測患者(尤其是已有肝功能不良的患者)的肝功能變化,并相應(yīng)調(diào)整用藥方案。
4.3順鉑是本實驗啟動細(xì)胞凋亡程序的直接原因
袢利尿劑引起暫時性聽覺障礙的內(nèi)耳病理學(xué)檢查證實,其病變部位只是局限在血管紋上皮細(xì)胞長久以來一直誤以為造成這種病理學(xué)改變的原因是因為袢利尿劑影響了血管紋細(xì)胞中鈉鉀ATP酶和腺苷酸環(huán)化酶的活性。直到我們首先發(fā)現(xiàn)并報道了造成血管紋上皮細(xì)胞酶活性改變的真正原因是因為袢利尿劑暫時性阻斷了蝸管外壁的血供,才使人們意識到袢利尿劑引起的血管紋上皮病變和酶活性降低實際上都是因為血管紋缺血缺氧而發(fā)生的一系列繼發(fā)性病變[2,10,13,14,15,27-29]。袢利尿劑暫時性消除血-迷路屏障的作用為促進(jìn)耳毒性藥物進(jìn)入內(nèi)耳提供了一把打開血-迷路屏障的鑰匙[2,11-13,15,16,27,30],本實驗應(yīng)用FLIVO再次證實聯(lián)合應(yīng)用袢利尿劑和順鉑在用藥后數(shù)小時就啟動了耳蝸毛細(xì)胞的自毀裝置,這一結(jié)果與我們早先發(fā)現(xiàn)的順鉑首先啟動initiator caspase-8進(jìn)而激發(fā)cas?pase-3和caspase-6等executioner caspases的實驗結(jié)果完全一致[5,16]。
本實驗聯(lián)合應(yīng)用利尿酸鈉和順鉑的主要目的是打開血-迷路屏障以加速實施順鉑對耳蝸毛細(xì)胞的致命攻擊。雖然袢利尿劑本身也是一種耳毒性藥物,但袢利尿劑對內(nèi)耳的主要影響只是暫時阻斷通向蝸管外壁的血流而并不影響耳蝸基底膜和螺旋神經(jīng)節(jié)及前庭各終器的血液供應(yīng),血管紋上皮細(xì)胞的通透性因缺血缺氧而發(fā)生改變并因此而暫時消除了血-迷路屏障[10,11,13,14,15,28]。但是,隨著袢利尿劑的藥性衰減和蝸管外壁的供血恢復(fù),血管紋上皮病變得以修復(fù)從而使內(nèi)淋巴電位重新恢復(fù)。由于內(nèi)淋巴電位的恢復(fù)使耳蝸感覺毛細(xì)胞表皮兩側(cè)的電位差重新出現(xiàn),耳蝸各種聽覺生物電反應(yīng)包括耳蝸微音器電位和耳蝸總和電位以及耳蝸聽神經(jīng)動作電位就都重新恢復(fù)到正常水平[10,11,13,14,15,28]。由此可見,袢利尿劑對聽覺的影響只是暫時性造成血管紋缺氧但并不造成耳蝸毛細(xì)胞和螺旋神經(jīng)節(jié)的永久性破壞。因此,本實驗發(fā)現(xiàn)毛細(xì)胞內(nèi)出現(xiàn)的半胱天冬酶凋亡活動不能歸因于袢利尿劑的作用而只能歸因于順鉑的耳毒性反應(yīng)。袢利尿劑的毒副作用主要是因為隨著水和電解質(zhì)的排出而造成機(jī)體電解質(zhì)紊亂,但這種電解質(zhì)紊亂并不直接造成機(jī)體細(xì)胞的死亡。因此,本實驗發(fā)現(xiàn)的中樞神經(jīng)元凋亡和肝臟細(xì)胞凋亡及腎臟細(xì)胞凋亡等,雖然不能完全排除電解質(zhì)紊亂與順鉑毒性之間可能存在某些協(xié)同作用的關(guān)系,但這些細(xì)胞的致命性破壞原因還是應(yīng)該歸因于由順鉑毒性所啟動的細(xì)胞凋亡程序。
圖1 順鉑激發(fā)的耳蝸毛細(xì)胞內(nèi)半胱天冬酶活動(黃色箭頭)。正常對照動物的Corti器鋪片(圖1A)和沿著黃線截取的Corti器切片(圖1a)顯示耳蝸毛細(xì)胞的表面結(jié)構(gòu)正常,細(xì)胞內(nèi)未發(fā)現(xiàn)FLIVO標(biāo)記的半胱天冬酶陽性標(biāo)記物(圖1A,圖1a)。注射順鉑和利尿酸鈉后6小時,鋪片(圖1B)和切片(圖1b)均顯示毛細(xì)胞表面結(jié)構(gòu)正常,但外毛細(xì)胞的胞漿內(nèi)出現(xiàn)FLIVO標(biāo)記的半胱天冬酶紅色熒光產(chǎn)物(圖1B,圖1b)。注射順鉑和利尿酸鈉后18小時,鋪片(圖1C)顯示耳蝸頂回毛細(xì)胞的表面呈現(xiàn)明顯的靜纖毛散亂或脫落(圖1C),鋪片(圖1C)和切片(圖1c)均顯示外毛細(xì)胞的胞漿內(nèi)顯現(xiàn)大量FLIVO標(biāo)記的半胱天冬酶紅色熒光標(biāo)記物(圖1C,圖1c)。注射順鉑和利尿酸鈉后18小時,耳蝸底回不僅可見嚴(yán)重的毛細(xì)胞表面結(jié)構(gòu)破壞(圖1D),而且內(nèi)外毛細(xì)胞的胞漿內(nèi)均顯現(xiàn)FLIVO標(biāo)記的陽性產(chǎn)物(圖1D,圖1d)。注:紅色熒光標(biāo)記為活動性半胱天冬酶,綠色標(biāo)記為毛細(xì)胞纖毛及其表皮版上的F-actin蛋白Figure 1.Cisplatin-induced activities of caspase enzymes in the cochlear hair cells (yellow arrow).FLIVO positive labeling was not detected either in the surface preparations (1A) or in the vertical section of organ of Corti (1a).6 hours post-cisplatin,the organ of Corti presented normal surface structures,but red fluorescent signals in active caspase enzymes only appear within the cytoplasm of the outer hair cells (1B,1b).18 hours after co-administration of cisplatin and ethacrynic acid,most hair cells at apical turn showed splayed and disarrayed stereocilia.Fluorescence labeled active caspases was detected only in outer hair cells (1C,1c).18 hours post-cisplatin/ethacrynic acid,the surface structure of cochlear hair cells in basal turn were destroyed.FLIVO marked positive caspases expressed in both inner hair cells and outer hair cells (1D,1d).Note:The red fluorescent display is the intracellular active caspase enzymes,while the green fluorescent display is the F-actin protein on the stereocilia and cuticular plate of hair cells.
圖3 順鉑激發(fā)聽皮層神經(jīng)元內(nèi)的半胱天冬酶活動(黃色箭頭)。注射順鉑和利尿酸鈉后6小時,聽皮層神經(jīng)元仍然保持良好結(jié)構(gòu),未見半胱天冬酶的FLIVO標(biāo)記產(chǎn)物(圖3A)。注射順鉑和利尿酸鈉后18小時,聽皮層神經(jīng)元的神經(jīng)絲標(biāo)記明顯減弱,同時可見許多神經(jīng)元中顯現(xiàn)FLIVO紅色熒光標(biāo)記(圖3B)。注:紅色熒光標(biāo)記為活動性半胱天冬酶,綠色標(biāo)記為Neurofil?ament-200標(biāo)記的神經(jīng)絲和神經(jīng)元胞體。Figure 3.Cisplatin-induced activities of caspase enzymes in neurons in auditory cortex (yellow arrow).6 hours post-cisplatin,the neurons in auditory cortex present normal with no activation of caspases (3A).18 hours after co-administration of cisplatin and ethacrynic acid,the neurofilament staining in neurons were greatly reduced with increased positive caspases labeling (3B).Note:The red fluorescent display is the intracellular active caspase enzymes,while the green fluorescent display is the neurofilament and neuronal cell bodies.
圖4 順鉑激發(fā)海馬神經(jīng)元內(nèi)的半胱天冬酶活動(黃色箭頭)。注射順鉑和利尿酸鈉后6小時,在海馬神經(jīng)元區(qū)域未見半胱天冬酶的FLIVO標(biāo)記產(chǎn)物(圖4A)。注射順鉑和利尿酸鈉后18小時,個別海馬神經(jīng)元中顯現(xiàn)FLIVO紅色熒光標(biāo)記(圖4B)。注:紅色熒光標(biāo)記為活動性半胱天冬酶。Figure 4.Cisplatin-induced activities of caspase enzymes in neurons in hippocampus (yellow arrow).6 hours post-cisplatin,the neurons in hippocampus present normal with no activation of caspases (4A).18 hours after cisplatin and ethacrynic acid injection,positive caspases labeling was detected in some hippocampal neurons (4B).Note:The red fluorescent display is the intracellular active caspase enzymes.
Figure 5.Cisplatin-induced activities of caspase enzymes in liver cells (yellow arrow).6 hours post-cisplatin,no positive labeling of caspases was detected in liver cells (5A).18 hours after cisplatin and ethacrynic acid injection,a large number of positive caspases occur within the liver cells (5B).Note:The red fluorescent display is the intracellular active caspase enzymes.圖5順鉑激發(fā)肝細(xì)胞內(nèi)的半胱天冬酶活動(黃色箭頭)。注射順鉑和利尿酸鈉后6小時,肝細(xì)胞內(nèi)未見半胱天冬酶的FLIVO標(biāo)記產(chǎn)物(圖5A)。注射順鉑和利尿酸鈉后18小時,肝細(xì)胞內(nèi)出現(xiàn)大量FLIVO紅色熒光標(biāo)記(圖5B)。注:紅色熒光標(biāo)記為活動性半胱天冬酶。
圖6 順鉑激發(fā)腎皮質(zhì)細(xì)胞內(nèi)的半胱天冬酶活動。正常對照動物的腎臟切片未見FLIVO熒光標(biāo)記(圖6A)。注射順鉑和利尿酸鈉后6小時,腎皮質(zhì)細(xì)胞內(nèi)已經(jīng)開始出現(xiàn)FLIVO標(biāo)記的半胱天冬酶(圖6B)。注射順鉑和利尿酸鈉后18小時,帶有FLIVO標(biāo)記的腎皮質(zhì)細(xì)胞數(shù)量呈明顯增多(圖6C)。注:紅色熒光標(biāo)記為活動性半胱天冬酶。Figure 6.Cisplatin-induced activities of caspase enzymes in renal cortical cells (yellow arrow).FLIVO positive labeling was not detected in kidney from normal control animal (6A).6 hours post-cisplatin,positive caspases has begun to emerge within the renal cortical cells (6B).18 hours after cisplatin and ethacrynic acid injection,the number of renal cortical cells labeled with FLIVO was significantly increased (6C).Note:The red fluorescent display is the intracellular active caspase enzymes
參考文獻(xiàn)
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·基礎(chǔ)研究·
Systemic detection of cisplatin-induced apoptosis by fluorescently-labeled poly-caspase inhibitor (FLIVO)
YANG Kun1,2,DING Dalian2,FU Yong3,LI Yongqi4,JIANG Haiyan2,Richard Salvi2
1 Department of Otolaryngology,Head and Neck Surgery,Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University,China.2 Center for Hearing and Deafness,State University of New York at Buffalo,USA 3 Department of Otolaryngology,Head and Neck Surgery,Children's Hospital,Zhejiang University,China.4 Department of Otolaryngology,Head and Neck Surgery,the Third Affiliated Hospital,Sun Yat-Sen University,China.
Corresponding author:DING DalianEmail:dding@buffalo.edu
【Abstract】Cisplatin is a platinum-based chemotherapy drug widely used to treat a variety of malignant tumors.In addition to its potent antitumor actions,cisplatin is highly toxic to multiple organs,such as the kidney,nervous system,liver,book=105,ebook=114and inner ear.FLIVO is a lipophilic injectable fluorescent tracer that crosses the blood-brain barrier,enters the cytoplasm and fluoresces in cells with activated caspases undergoing apoptosis in various organs in the body.In the current study,ethacrynic acid (EA,40 mg/kg,I.V.) was injected into chinchillas to eliminate the blood-labyrinth barrier by disrupting the epithelium on the cochlear lateral wall and enhance the influx of following intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin (Cis,0.8 mg/kg,I.P.) into the cochlea.Experimental animals were terminated 6 hours and 18 hours after Cis/EA treatment respectively.To monitor apoptosis throughout the cochlea,brain and body,100μl FLIVO detective solutions were injected through the jugular vein for 60 minutes circulation prior to termination.At the end of the experiment,animals were perfused intracardially with phosphate buffer for 5 minutes,followed by transcardially perfusion with 10% formalin in PBS.The cochlea,cochlear nucleus,auditory cortex,hippocampus,kidney,and liver were harvested and then immersed in the above mentioned fixative for 6 hours.After fixation,the cochlear basilar membrane was micro-dissected out and mounted as surface preparations.Frozen sections were made of tissues from the cochlear nucleus,auditory cortex,hippocampus,kidney and liver.Under a confocal microscope,specimens from the above mentioned organs were examined for FLIVO labeled fluorescent apoptotic cells.FLIVO labeling was absent in these organs in normal control chinchillas.At 6 hours after Cis/EA injection,evident FLIVO labeling was only detected in cochlear outer hair cells and some kidney cells,but not in other organs.In contrast,massive apoptotic cells labeled with FLIVO fluorescence appeared among cochlear hair cells at 18 hours post-Cis/EA.Surprisingly,extensive apoptotic labeling was also seen in the ventral cochlear nucleus,but not in the dorsal cochlear nucleus 18 h after Cis/EA treatment.Remarkably,moderate apoptotic labeling appeared at more central loci such as the hippocampus and auditory cortex.In addition,massive apoptotic labeling also appeared in kidney and liver cells 18 hours post-Cis/EA injection.These results indicate that Cis/EA treatment not only results in massive apoptosis in the cochlea,but widespread neurotoxicity with heavy cell death in the ventral cochlear nucleus and moderate apoptosis in the hippocampus and auditory cortex,as well as in the kidney and liver,which are consistent to the ototoxicity,neurotoxicity,nephrotoxicity,and hepatotoxicity properties of cisplatin.
【Keywords】cisplatin,ototoxicity,neurotoxicity,nephrotoxicity,hepatotoxicity.
收稿日期:(2015-10-29審核人:郭維維)
通訊作者:丁大連,Email:dding@buffalo.edu
作者簡介:楊琨,博士,主治醫(yī)師,研究方向:耳科學(xué)及聽力學(xué)
基金項目:國家自然科學(xué)基金青年基金.No 81100712;NIH grants R01DC006630,R01DC009219;浙江省自然科學(xué)基金.No:LY14H130001;浙江省醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生科學(xué)研究基金計劃.2014KYB077.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1672-2922.2016.01.023
【中圖分類號】R916.696
【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼】A
【文章編號】1672-2922(2016)01-104-7