宋 慧,耿志明,任 雙,王道營(yíng),杜盼盼,張牧焓,孫 沖,劉 芳,徐為民(.江蘇省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工研究所,江蘇 南京 2004;2.南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué) 肉品加工與質(zhì)量控制教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,江蘇 南京 20095)
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亞油酸氧化產(chǎn)物——白細(xì)胞毒素和白細(xì)胞毒素二醇的研究進(jìn)展
宋 慧1,2,耿志明1,*,任 雙1,2,王道營(yíng)1,杜盼盼1,2,張牧焓1,孫 沖1,劉 芳1,徐為民1
(1.江蘇省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工研究所,江蘇 南京 210014;
2.南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué) 肉品加工與質(zhì)量控制教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,江蘇 南京 210095)
摘 要:白細(xì)胞毒素(leukotoxin,Ltx)和白細(xì)胞毒素二醇(leukotoxin diol,Ltxd)是亞油酸的氧化產(chǎn)物,研究表明,Ltx和Ltxd具有細(xì)胞毒性,與哺乳動(dòng)物多種疾病相關(guān),而外源性L(fǎng)tx和Ltxd的攝入可以引起哺乳動(dòng)物內(nèi)分泌紊亂。本文系統(tǒng)綜述Ltx和Ltxd的發(fā)現(xiàn)、形成機(jī)理、病理和生理學(xué)意義、毒性作用以及檢測(cè)方法,并對(duì)未來(lái)的研究重點(diǎn)進(jìn)行展望。
關(guān)鍵詞:亞油酸;脂質(zhì)氧化;白細(xì)胞毒素;白細(xì)胞毒素二醇
引文格式:
宋慧,耿志明,任雙,等.亞油酸氧化產(chǎn)物——白細(xì)胞毒素和白細(xì)胞毒素二醇的研究進(jìn)展[J].食品科學(xué),2016,37(5):223-229.DOI:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201605040.http://www.spkx.net.cn
SONG Hui,GENG Zhiming,REN Shuang,et al.Progress in studies on oxidation products of linoleic acid leukotoxin and leukotoxin diols[J].Food Science,2016,37(5):223-229.(in Chinese with English abstract)DOI:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201605040.http://www.spkx.net.cn
亞油酸(linoleic acid,LA),即C18∶2 n-6,屬于多不飽和脂肪酸,是膳食構(gòu)成中的常見(jiàn)營(yíng)養(yǎng)組分。LA是人體必需脂肪酸,參與生物體內(nèi)許多重要的生理過(guò)程,包括磷脂和花生四烯酸的合成[1]。LA通過(guò)自動(dòng)氧化或者在細(xì)胞色素P450(cytochrome P450)的作用下轉(zhuǎn)化為9,10-環(huán)氧十八碳一烯酸(9,10-epoxyoctadecenic acid,9,10-EOME)[2]。由于9,10-EOME可以在白細(xì)胞內(nèi)合成,并且對(duì)動(dòng)物具有毒性作用,9,10-EOME又被命名為白細(xì)胞毒素(leukotoxin,Ltx)[2]。LA含有兩個(gè)雙鍵,因此9,10-EOME存在異構(gòu)體——12,13-環(huán)氧十八碳一烯酸(12,13-epoxyoctadecenic acid,12,13-EOME),12,13-EOME也被稱(chēng)為異白細(xì)胞毒素(iso-leukotoxin,iLtx)。在生物體內(nèi),Ltx和iLtx可以被可溶性環(huán)氧化物水解酶(soluble epoxide hydrolase,sEH)分別轉(zhuǎn)化為9,10-二羥基-十八碳一烯酸(9,10-dihydroxyoctadecenic acid,9,10-DHOME),即白細(xì)胞毒素二醇(leukotoxindiol,Ltxd)和12 ,13-二羥基十八碳一烯酸(12,13-dihydroxyoctadecenic acid,12,13-DHOME),即異白細(xì)胞毒素二醇(iso-leukotoxin diol,iLtxd)[2-4]?,F(xiàn)有的研究結(jié)果表明,Ltxs(Ltx和iLtx的總稱(chēng))和Ltxds (Ltxd和iLtxd的總稱(chēng))是生物體內(nèi)脂質(zhì)代謝過(guò)程中LA的氧化產(chǎn)物,具有多重生理學(xué)和病理意義,如參與構(gòu)建植物病蟲(chóng)害防御體系,導(dǎo)致哺乳動(dòng)物心、肺等多種器官衰竭[5-9]。近年來(lái)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Ltxs和Ltxds也廣泛存在于貯運(yùn)加工的富含油脂的食品中,如貯運(yùn)加工中的動(dòng)物肉制品以及高溫處理的動(dòng)植物油脂等[10-11]。毒理學(xué)研究[12-13]證實(shí),外源性L(fǎng)txs和Ltxds具有激素作用,可以引起哺乳動(dòng)物內(nèi)分泌紊亂、刺激乳腺癌細(xì)胞增殖。因此,Ltxs和Ltxds的相關(guān)研究一直是病理和生理學(xué)研究的一個(gè)熱點(diǎn)。近年來(lái),隨著食品中的Ltxs和Ltxds不斷被發(fā)現(xiàn),它們?cè)谑称芳庸み^(guò)程中的形成規(guī)律、影響因素、含量水平以及潛在的健康危害也已引起了廣泛關(guān)注。本文就Ltx和Ltxd的發(fā)現(xiàn)、產(chǎn)生機(jī)理、病理和生理學(xué)意義、檢測(cè)方法等進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)要綜述,并對(duì)它們?cè)谑称钒踩I(lǐng)域的相關(guān)研究作一些展望。
1977年,Wu等[14]從LA單分子層的自動(dòng)氧化產(chǎn)物中分離鑒定了9,10-EOME和12,13-EOME兩種EOMEs。隨后,Sevanian等[15]從呼吸NO2的大鼠肺中分離出了EOMEs,并認(rèn)為它們是大鼠肺組織中LA自動(dòng)氧化的產(chǎn)物。1986年,日本學(xué)者Ozawa[16]和Hayakawa[17]等將LA和肺泡灌洗液中的白細(xì)胞共培育,發(fā)現(xiàn)EOMEs是白細(xì)胞代謝LA的產(chǎn)物,具有潛在的線(xiàn)粒體呼吸解偶聯(lián)作用以及平滑肌收縮的松弛效應(yīng),分別將其命名為L(zhǎng)tx和iLtx。隨后在大面積燒傷病人[18]、急性呼吸窘迫綜合征患者及純氧導(dǎo)致肺損傷的大鼠的肺灌洗液中發(fā)現(xiàn)了高濃度的Ltxs[19]。1989年,Halarnkar等[20]從鼠和人肝臟中分離純化sEH,以L(fǎng)tx和iLtx為底物成功合成了Ltxd和iLtxd。隨后,在大鼠尿液[21]、人血漿[22]、小麥[23]、水稻[24]、麥芽及啤酒[25]等樣本中也相繼檢測(cè)出Ltxs和Ltxds。
除了生物合成外,近年來(lái)非生物途徑的脂質(zhì)自動(dòng)氧化產(chǎn)生的Ltxs也不斷地被發(fā)現(xiàn)。Velasco[11,26]、Berdeaux[27]、Guillén[28]等發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)過(guò)高溫加工的植物油以及油炸食品剩余的油中含有大量的環(huán)氧化脂肪酸,其中包括Ltxs。
2009年,Püssa等[10]在機(jī)械脫骨雞肉、豬肉及火雞肉中發(fā)現(xiàn)了Ltxs及其水解產(chǎn)物L(fēng)txds,并且濃度遠(yuǎn)高于相應(yīng)的手工脫骨肉中的含量。Toomik等[29]發(fā)現(xiàn)在腌制豬肉中也存在Ltxs和Ltxds。食品貯藏、加工過(guò)程中脂質(zhì)氧化同時(shí)涉及脂肪氧合酶、細(xì)胞色素等酶介導(dǎo)的氧化過(guò)程,以及自由基引起的自動(dòng)氧化過(guò)程,溫度、金屬離子、光照、各種酶活性等因素都可以對(duì)脂質(zhì)氧化過(guò)程及產(chǎn)物產(chǎn)生影響。因此,食品貯藏、加工過(guò)程中Ltxs和Ltxds形成規(guī)律、影響因素等將更為復(fù)雜。
2.1Ltx生物合成——亞油酸的自動(dòng)氧化途徑
Ltx最早是研究亞油酸單分子層的自動(dòng)氧化時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)的,隨后在大鼠肺組織及肺灌洗液中發(fā)現(xiàn)有Ltx存在。Wu[14]和Sevanian[15]等認(rèn)為,在脂肪酸自動(dòng)氧化初始階段形成脂肪酸過(guò)氧自由基,生物膜中脂肪酸的排列有利于脂肪酸過(guò)氧自由基與相鄰的脂肪酸C=C通過(guò)共軛形成中間產(chǎn)物,并最終形成脂肪酸環(huán)氧化物。亞油酸的這一自動(dòng)氧化途徑即產(chǎn)生Ltx(圖1)。
圖1 亞油酸單分子層中Ltx的形成途徑[[1155]]Fig.1 Formation pathway of Ltx in linoleic acid monolayers[15]
2.2Ltx生物合成——亞油酸的P450途徑
多不飽和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA)的代謝涉及環(huán)氧合酶、脂肪氧合酶以及P450,其中P450是單氧合酶[2,30]。P450廣泛分布于動(dòng)植物及微生物中,是一類(lèi)血紅素硫鐵蛋白,催化外源性和內(nèi)源性物質(zhì)的氧化,如脂肪酸、脂質(zhì)氫過(guò)氧化物、類(lèi)固醇、膽汁酸、類(lèi)VA、前列腺素、白細(xì)胞三烯和細(xì)胞因子等[31]。P450氧化PUFA有多種不同途徑:1)ω-端羥基化(ω1、ω2、ω3等);2)二烯丙基碳的羥基化;3)C=C鍵的環(huán)氧化;4)烯丙基碳的羥基化;5)C=C鍵發(fā)生遷移的羥基化。P450以單氧合酶方式催化PUFA氧化的作用是通過(guò)大鼠腎臟和肝臟微粒體在還原型煙酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate,NADPH)和O2存在條件下與花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid,AA)共孵育過(guò)程中發(fā)現(xiàn)的[32-33],其對(duì)AA的環(huán)氧化作用同樣適用于LA。目前普遍認(rèn)為,P450是生物合成Ltx的主要途徑(圖2)。
圖2 生物體內(nèi)P450和sEH產(chǎn)生Ltxs和Ltxds的途徑[[22]]Fig.2 Synthetic pathway in vivo for the production of leukotoxins and leukotoxin diols from linoleic acid by P450 and sEH[2]
2.3Ltx非生物合成——亞油酸的自動(dòng)氧化途徑
PUFA通過(guò)自動(dòng)氧化、非生物合成途徑產(chǎn)生脂肪酸環(huán)氧化物的機(jī)理在20世紀(jì)80年代即已得到研究[34]。近年來(lái),植物油高溫加熱產(chǎn)物的相關(guān)研究逐漸引起了人們的關(guān)注[11,35-40],Velasco等[11,37]將高溫加熱后的植物油脂甲酯化后進(jìn)行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)存在高濃度的單環(huán)氧脂肪酸甲酯,其中包括甲酯化的Ltxs,但未區(qū)分這些單環(huán)氧脂肪酸甲酯是來(lái)源于游離的還是結(jié)合在甘油骨架上。Guillén等[28]運(yùn)用核磁共振氫譜(1H nuclear magnetic resonance,1H NMR)發(fā)現(xiàn)高溫誘導(dǎo)氧化的植物油脂降解產(chǎn)物中包括Ltxs。由于油脂高溫加熱過(guò)程包含復(fù)雜的反應(yīng):水解、自由基反應(yīng)、氧化聚合、熱聚合等,因此高溫加熱的植物油中可能含有包括Ltx及其異構(gòu)體在內(nèi)的游離脂肪酸單環(huán)氧化物。在闡述高溫誘導(dǎo)氧化形成單環(huán)氧脂肪酸的途徑時(shí),Zhang Qing等[36]提出了類(lèi)似于生物體內(nèi)Ltx合成——亞油酸的自動(dòng)氧化途徑的形成機(jī)理:高溫條件下油脂自動(dòng)氧化產(chǎn)生過(guò)氧自由基(ROO?),ROO?直接攻擊亞油酸的C=C鍵,產(chǎn)生Ltxs和烷氧自由基(圖3)。
圖3 亞油酸自動(dòng)氧化形成Ltxs的途徑[[3366]]Fig.3 Formation pathway of Ltxs from LA by autooxidation[36]
2.4Ltxd的產(chǎn)生機(jī)理
1989年,Halarnkar等[20]利用鼠和人肝臟中分離純化的sEH,將Ltx和iLtx分別水解為L(zhǎng)txd和iLtxd。Moghaddam[2]、Grant[41]、Beetham[42]等進(jìn)一步利用哺乳動(dòng)物sEH的DNA克隆與表達(dá)體系驗(yàn)證了Ltxs只有在環(huán)氧化物水解酶存在時(shí)才具有細(xì)胞毒性,并確認(rèn)對(duì)肺泡上皮細(xì)胞具有毒性的是其二醇代謝產(chǎn)物——Ltxds,后續(xù)更多的研究[4,43-47]驗(yàn)證了這一結(jié)果。1997年,Moghaddam等[2]提出在體內(nèi)sEH將Ltxs轉(zhuǎn)化為L(zhǎng)txds的機(jī)理(圖2),認(rèn)為許多歸于Ltx或iLtx的病理現(xiàn)象可能是由sEH催化的水解轉(zhuǎn)化造成的,并建議運(yùn)用Ltxd或iLtxd重新評(píng)價(jià)Ltx或iLtx在肺水腫、血管舒張、毛細(xì)管損傷、凝血、心臟停搏、線(xiàn)粒體功能障礙以及NO濃度升高等方面的病理作用。這一機(jī)理表明,sEH將Ltxs降解為具有促炎癥作用的Ltxds,在機(jī)體炎癥反應(yīng)的調(diào)節(jié)中扮演著重要角色,也為炎癥控制提供了全新的治療目標(biāo)[48]。
不同于Ltx有多種形成機(jī)理,迄今未見(jiàn)有其他Ltxd形成機(jī)理的報(bào)道。但是宰后畜禽肌肉中發(fā)現(xiàn)有一定濃度的Ltxds[10],其來(lái)源及形成機(jī)理尚不明確,在食品加工、貯運(yùn)過(guò)程中是否存在Ltx轉(zhuǎn)化為L(zhǎng)txd的非酶途徑值得進(jìn)一步研究。
植物受到病原體侵襲產(chǎn)生大量脂質(zhì)氧化產(chǎn)物是其防御機(jī)制的特征性反應(yīng),越來(lái)越多的證據(jù)表明脂質(zhì)氧化產(chǎn)物對(duì)于植物抵御病害具有重要意義[23,49]。Kato等[24]發(fā)現(xiàn)在水稻中存在亞油酸的環(huán)氧化物L(fēng)tx,這一化合物具有抗霉菌、抗細(xì)菌活性,作為自我防御物質(zhì)存在于水稻中。因此,Ltx可以被認(rèn)為是植物為抵御各種疾病侵襲而產(chǎn)生的一種物質(zhì)。Levandi等[23]發(fā)現(xiàn)小麥中存在多種PUFA的氧化產(chǎn)物,包括Ltxs及其水解產(chǎn)物L(fēng)txds,認(rèn)為植物產(chǎn)生LA的氧化產(chǎn)物(Ltxs和Ltxds)是應(yīng)對(duì)病蟲(chóng)害的一種防御方式。
病理和生理學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),大面積燒傷病人血漿中的Ltx濃度高達(dá)100 μmol/L[18],在急性呼吸窘迫綜合征患者及呼吸純氧導(dǎo)致肺損傷大鼠的肺灌洗液中Ltx濃度急劇上升[19]。Ltx和iLtx可以導(dǎo)致血管舒張[50],高濃度Ltx可造成與嚴(yán)重?zé)齻⒓毙詣?chuàng)傷、急性呼吸窘迫綜合征相關(guān)的多重器官衰竭[18,51-52]。注射Ltx可導(dǎo)致犬心力衰竭[53]、天竺鼠體內(nèi)血壓升高最終誘發(fā)心臟停搏[54]。Ltx對(duì)鼠肝臟線(xiàn)粒體呼吸具有高解偶聯(lián)活性,并且對(duì)鼠胃平滑肌有松弛作用[16]。靜脈注射Ltx會(huì)使鼠肺灌洗液中白蛋白水平以及血管張力素轉(zhuǎn)化酶活性升高,并導(dǎo)致肺水腫、肺泡上皮細(xì)胞損傷及內(nèi)皮損傷[55]。對(duì)離體再灌注的鼠肺研究表明,Ltx抑制肺的線(xiàn)粒體呼吸,通過(guò)激活一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)造成肺水腫,通過(guò)激活血管內(nèi)皮NOS(endothelial NOS,eNOS)和誘導(dǎo)型NOS (inducible NOS,iNOS)造成肺部血管舒張[56]。隨著sEH調(diào)節(jié)PUFA環(huán)氧化產(chǎn)物代謝研究的深入,愈來(lái)愈多的證據(jù)表明,Ltx在病理和生理學(xué)上的作用可能更多歸于其sEH降解產(chǎn)物L(fēng)txd[2,4,43-47]。
也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),P450介導(dǎo)的LA環(huán)氧化,再通過(guò)sEH水解產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)的鄰位二醇,可能是LA的脫毒過(guò)程,對(duì)于腎小管細(xì)胞而言,LA及其代謝產(chǎn)物的毒性順序?yàn)長(zhǎng)A≥Ltx≥Ltxd[57]。在低濃度時(shí),Ltx及Ltxd并不呈現(xiàn)毒性,甚至具有某些有益的作用。例如,無(wú)論是離體大鼠心臟灌注30 μmol/L的LA、Ltx或Ltxd,還是以35 mg/(kg?h)的Ltxs飼喂大鼠,都未發(fā)現(xiàn)其對(duì)心臟有毒害作用[58]。在進(jìn)行缺氧/再吸氧后,1~10 μmol/L的iLtx可以維持線(xiàn)粒體功能、并且激活近端腎小管細(xì)胞鈉轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),具有類(lèi)似于環(huán)氧二十碳三烯酸(花生四烯酸的P450代謝產(chǎn)物)的細(xì)胞保護(hù)功能[59]。
Ltxs和Ltxds可以在健康人、實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物的血漿和尿液中被檢出,鼠血漿中LA代謝物(Ltxs+Ltxds)的濃度達(dá)到20~50 nmol/L[60-61]。實(shí)驗(yàn)鼠通過(guò)尿液排泄LA代謝物(Ltxs+Ltxds)的速率為5 000 pmol/d[62],在人體尿液中排泄的LA代謝物以L(fǎng)txd為主,含量大約為iLtxd 的10 倍[63]。當(dāng)健康人群攝入過(guò)多食鹽時(shí),尿液中Ltxds的量會(huì)增加3~4 倍[64]。值得關(guān)注的是,已成功用于緩解高血壓、腎損傷、肺炎以及動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的sEH抑制劑可減少Ltxs的降解,降低Ltxds在LA代謝產(chǎn)物(Ltxs+Ltxds)中的比例[60,62,65]。
一般而言,sEH將具有細(xì)胞毒性和致突變作用的環(huán)氧化物轉(zhuǎn)化為相應(yīng)的二醇,是白細(xì)胞脫毒體系的一個(gè)組成部分[66]。但是,LA的環(huán)氧化物L(fēng)txs經(jīng)sEH水解產(chǎn)生的Ltxds卻具有更強(qiáng)的細(xì)胞毒性[2,4,43-47]。動(dòng)物藥理學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)sEH的抑制劑可以降低Ltx的致死率,但對(duì)Ltxd沒(méi)有作用[43]。對(duì)于人和昆蟲(chóng)細(xì)胞,Ltxd具有急性細(xì)胞毒性,特異性地激活線(xiàn)粒體通透性轉(zhuǎn)換,導(dǎo)致線(xiàn)粒體釋放細(xì)胞色素c,進(jìn)而致使細(xì)胞死亡[67]。
Zheng Jiang等[43]給小鼠分別注射相同劑量的Ltx和Ltxd,發(fā)現(xiàn)注射Ltxd的小鼠都死于類(lèi)似急性呼吸窘迫綜合征的呼吸困難,但是Ltx組的小鼠都存活了下來(lái)。
Moran等[4]用相同濃度的Ltxs和Ltxds與兔腎近端小管細(xì)胞共培養(yǎng),在高達(dá)1 mmol/L時(shí),未發(fā)現(xiàn)Ltxs組有細(xì)胞死亡,但在6 h時(shí)其相應(yīng)的水解產(chǎn)物L(fēng)txds組有42%的細(xì)胞死亡。
值得注意的是,近期的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),外源性L(fǎng)txds具有干擾內(nèi)分泌和刺激癌細(xì)胞增殖的作用[12-13]。Markaverich 等[12]通過(guò)在飲水中添加Ltxd的方式,研究外源性L(fǎng)txd對(duì)雌鼠發(fā)情周期、雄鼠性行為的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)外源性攝入Ltxd可以改變雌鼠的動(dòng)情周期和雄鼠性行為,最低可觀(guān)察有害效應(yīng)濃度(lowest observed adverse effect level,LOAEL)為0.2~0.5 mg/kg,僅為典型植物雌激素類(lèi)內(nèi)分泌干擾劑的1/200[12]。該研究團(tuán)隊(duì)還發(fā)現(xiàn),Ltxd及其異構(gòu)體iLtxd均可促進(jìn)細(xì)胞的有絲分裂能力,刺激人乳腺癌細(xì)胞MCF-7增殖擴(kuò)散[13]。
Ltx和Ltxd的分析對(duì)象主要包括哺乳動(dòng)物(包括人及實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物)的尿液、血液等以及植物油、動(dòng)物肉制品等,采用的方法包括氣相色譜-質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)、液相色譜-質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS)、酶聯(lián)免疫吸附實(shí)驗(yàn)(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)以及NMR等。
早期的Ltx分析測(cè)試[14-17]主要采用GC-MS進(jìn)行分析鑒定。Wu[14]、Sevanian[15]等分別采用GC-MS對(duì)吸附在硅膠上脂肪酸單分子層和呼吸NO2的鼠肺灌洗液中的脂肪酸氧化產(chǎn)物,包括Ltx進(jìn)行了分析。Ozawa[16]、Hayakawa[17]等進(jìn)行了高效液相色譜(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)分離,以紫外檢測(cè)器在192 nm波長(zhǎng)處檢測(cè),再采用GC-MS對(duì)Ltxs進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)鑒定的方法,分別對(duì)呼吸高壓氧的鼠肺灌洗液和白細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液中的Ltxs進(jìn)行了分析。Ltx不能直接進(jìn)行GC-MS分析,必須經(jīng)過(guò)復(fù)雜、繁瑣的衍生反應(yīng)。目前,這一方法大多為L(zhǎng)C-MS/MS所取代。
LC-MS/MS是PUFA氧化產(chǎn)物、包括Ltx和Ltxd的主要分析方法,適用于動(dòng)物體液(血液、尿液等)、植物(水稻、小麥等)、食品(畜禽肉品、麥芽及麥芽汁等)樣本的分析。Newman等[63]建立了同時(shí)分析鼠尿和人尿中包括Ltx和Ltxd在內(nèi)的亞油酸及花生四烯酸P450代謝產(chǎn)物的方法,目標(biāo)分析物經(jīng)高效液相色譜分離后,采用串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜進(jìn)行分析。結(jié)果表明,Ltx和Ltxd的檢出限可達(dá)0.3、0.1 ng/mL,具有優(yōu)異的靈敏度和選擇性。Zhu等[22]以14,15-環(huán)氧二十碳三烯酸、14,15-二羥基二十碳三烯酸、Ltx以及Ltxd為體內(nèi)可溶性環(huán)氧化物水解酶sEH活性的生物標(biāo)記,建立了同時(shí)分析人體血漿中4 種分析物的高通量LC-MS/MS方法,具有良好的精密度和準(zhǔn)確性,可用于臨床樣本的分析。Püssa等[10]采用LC-MS/MS方法分析了脫骨畜禽肉中PUFA的氧化產(chǎn)物,包括Ltxs和Ltxds。在脫骨火雞肉中,Ltxd的含量高達(dá)250 mg/kg,遠(yuǎn)高于其LOAEL。LC-MS/MS是復(fù)雜樣本中微量/痕量多組分同時(shí)分析的最常用的分析手段,具有優(yōu)異的靈敏度和選擇性。但其運(yùn)行費(fèi)用昂貴,對(duì)相關(guān)人員的專(zhuān)業(yè)技術(shù)和知識(shí)有較高的要求。
ELISA也是復(fù)雜樣本中微量、痕量分析的常用方法,Ltx及Ltxd的ELISA方法研究報(bào)道很少,目前僅見(jiàn)于Zurek等[21]的研究,尚未有商品化的ELISA試劑盒用于Ltx 和Ltxd檢測(cè)。Zurek等將Ltxds混合物與鑰孔血藍(lán)蛋白或牛血清白蛋白偶聯(lián),免疫兔子獲得多克隆抗體,以蓖麻油酸和卵清蛋白的偶聯(lián)物為包被抗原,建立了尿液中Ltxds 的ELISA檢測(cè)方法,IC50值為8 μg/L。ELISA具有操作簡(jiǎn)便、通量高等優(yōu)點(diǎn),但存在交叉反應(yīng)導(dǎo)致假陽(yáng)性的可能,因此常用于大樣本的篩查。
近年來(lái)運(yùn)用NMR開(kāi)展定量分析也引起了廣泛的關(guān)注,Ibargoitia[68]、Guillén等[28,69]運(yùn)用1H NMR分析了高溫誘導(dǎo)氧化的植物油脂中降解產(chǎn)物,包括Ltx等的含量。與其他儀器分析方法相比,NMR具有所需樣品量少、不破壞被測(cè)樣品、無(wú)需對(duì)照標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。但也存在明顯的缺點(diǎn),如靈敏度低、基質(zhì)干擾大等。
Ltx和Ltxd是脂質(zhì)氧化過(guò)程中亞油酸的氧化產(chǎn)物。自從20世紀(jì)80年代以來(lái),內(nèi)源性L(fǎng)tx和Ltxd由于在病理和生理學(xué)上的作用一直是研究熱點(diǎn)。Ltx和Ltxd,尤其是Ltxd作為某些疾病的信號(hào)分子以及sEH抑制劑的研究等將會(huì)是未來(lái)醫(yī)藥研究領(lǐng)域的一個(gè)重要方面。
外源性L(fǎng)tx和Ltxd的相關(guān)研究在近年來(lái)才開(kāi)展,現(xiàn)有少數(shù)的研究表明,Ltx和Ltxd在食品或食品原料中(加工的動(dòng)植物油脂、生鮮肉、啤酒、麥芽汁、小麥、水稻)中廣泛存在。由于Ltxd具有擾亂內(nèi)分泌、促乳腺癌細(xì)胞增殖等作用,Ltx和Ltxd在食品中的安全性相關(guān)研究將越來(lái)越受到關(guān)注。這些研究包括:常見(jiàn)食品中Ltx/Ltxd的含量分布;食品貯藏、加工過(guò)程中Ltx/Lxtd的變化規(guī)律及影響因素;食品中Ltx/Ltxd在人及動(dòng)物體內(nèi)的轉(zhuǎn)歸;Ltx/Lxtd膳食暴露量評(píng)估及流行病學(xué)調(diào)查等。
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Progress in Studies on Oxidation Products of Linoleic Acid Leukotoxin and Leukotoxin Diols
SONG Hui1,2,GENG Zhiming1,*,REN Shuang1,2,WANG Daoying1,DU Panpan1,2,ZHANG Muhan1,SUN Chong1,LIU Fang1,XU Weimin1
(1.Institute of Agricultural Products Processing,Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Nanjing 210014,China; 2.Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control,Ministry of Education,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210095,China)
Abstract:Leukotoxin(Ltx)and leukotoxin diol(Ltxd)are oxidation products of linoleic acid(LA).The existing studies indicate that both Ltx and Ltxd are cytotoxic and associated with a number of mammalian diseases.Exogenous Ltx and Ltxd can disrupt the endocrine function in female rats.The present paper reviews the recent progress made in the studies of Ltx and Ltxd with respect to discovery,mechanisms of formation,pathological and physiological significance,toxicological effects and analytical methods.Moreover,further studies in this area are also suggested.
Key words:linoleic acid; lipid oxidation; leukotoxin; leukotoxin diol
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):TS201.6
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
文章編號(hào):1002-6630(2016)05-0223-07
DOI:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201605040
*通信作者:耿志明(1965—),男,研究員,碩士,研究方向?yàn)槭称房茖W(xué)。E-mail:zmgeng@163.com
作者簡(jiǎn)介:宋慧(1992—),女,碩士研究生,研究方向?yàn)槿馄芳庸づc質(zhì)量控制。E-mail:1562275871@qq.com
基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金青年科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(31401560);江蘇省農(nóng)業(yè)科技自主創(chuàng)新資金項(xiàng)目(CX(13)3081)
收稿日期:2015-05-03