田俊 王文煒 宋一凡
摘要:通過對(duì)影響斜拉索無應(yīng)力長(zhǎng)度的施工階段各種因素的敏感性參數(shù)進(jìn)行分析,確定了影響斜拉索無應(yīng)力長(zhǎng)度的顯著因素;綜合各種影響因素,建立了斜拉索無應(yīng)力長(zhǎng)度精確計(jì)算方法。結(jié)果表明:主塔的預(yù)偏位、主塔的動(dòng)態(tài)變位、主梁的預(yù)拱度、主梁的預(yù)抬高、主梁的動(dòng)態(tài)變位、溫差、斜拉索彈性模量誤差以及計(jì)算斜拉索彈性伸長(zhǎng)修正值所選用的荷載均為敏感性影響因素;建議的方法可以精確地計(jì)算斜拉索的無應(yīng)力長(zhǎng)度,避免出現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)索無法調(diào)整索長(zhǎng)的狀況。
關(guān)鍵詞:大跨度斜拉橋;斜拉索;無應(yīng)力長(zhǎng)度;計(jì)算方法;施工控制
中圖分類號(hào):U448.27文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
Abstract: The sensitivity parameters of various factors that influenced unstressed length of stay cables in different construction stages were analyzed and the most important influence factors were confirmed. Considering various influence factors, the calculation method for unstressed length of stay cable was given. The results show that the predeviation and dynamic displacement of main towers, precamber, prearranged height and dynamic displacement of main girders, temperature difference, elastic modulus error of stay cables, the load values which are used to calculate modified elastic elongation of stay cables are the most sensitive factors. The proposed method can accurately calculate the unstressed length of stay cables, and avoid the situation that the length of long cables cannot be adjusted.
Key words: longspan cablestayed bridge; stay cable; unstressed length of cable; calculation method; construction control
0引言
斜拉索無應(yīng)力長(zhǎng)度是斜拉橋施工控制的一個(gè)重要參數(shù)。對(duì)于長(zhǎng)度小于100 m的斜拉索,一般情況下錨具的富余長(zhǎng)度(錨圈在錨杯上的調(diào)整長(zhǎng)度)大于各種施工階段因素引起的修正長(zhǎng)度,《公路斜拉橋設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范》(JTJ 027—96)[1](以下簡(jiǎn)稱《規(guī)范》)推薦的計(jì)算長(zhǎng)度基本能夠滿足實(shí)際工程調(diào)整索長(zhǎng)的要求。然而,對(duì)100 m以上的斜拉索,富余長(zhǎng)度小于各種施工階段因素引起的修正長(zhǎng)度,《規(guī)范》推薦的計(jì)算長(zhǎng)度在實(shí)際工程中存在過短的現(xiàn)象,當(dāng)前階段通常采用“寧長(zhǎng)勿短”的原則進(jìn)行克服。
各國(guó)學(xué)者對(duì)斜拉索無應(yīng)力長(zhǎng)度計(jì)算進(jìn)行了相關(guān)的理論研究,計(jì)算方法主要有懸鏈線法、拋物線法和有限元法(或迭代法)[213]。懸鏈線法理論上計(jì)算精度非常高,但因其是超越函數(shù),很難直接應(yīng)用于實(shí)際工程。拋物線法是對(duì)懸鏈線理論的近似修正,即對(duì)懸鏈曲線展開級(jí)數(shù)式的前幾項(xiàng)進(jìn)行近似修正。有限元法(或迭代法)是把懸索解析和有限元(或力學(xué)解析)相結(jié)合,把斜拉索假設(shè)為只受拉力的柔索,建立柔索單元各力素與幾何變量的關(guān)系方程,通過迭代計(jì)算求解。盡管上述各種計(jì)算方法的理論計(jì)算精度均較高,但未考慮影響斜拉索無應(yīng)力長(zhǎng)度的施工階段的各種因素。為此,本文提出斜拉索索長(zhǎng)的精確計(jì)算方法,避免出現(xiàn)應(yīng)用長(zhǎng)索時(shí)無法調(diào)整索長(zhǎng)的狀況。
1工程概況
山東臨沂市開羅大橋全長(zhǎng)1 437.66 m,主橋橋長(zhǎng)430 m,主橋橋面寬度30 m;主橋?yàn)殡p塔雙索面預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土斜拉橋,跨徑組合為100 m+230 m+100 m;主梁、主塔采用C50混凝土。主梁采用雙肋截面,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)梁段的梁高為2.5 m。主塔總高度為114.65 m,橋塔整體呈花瓶型。斜拉索呈空間扇形分布,在塔上豎向間距為2.5~4 m,在梁上縱橋向間距分別為2.5,3.0,4.5,6.5,7,7.5 m,全橋共112根斜拉索,5種錨具類型:PESM7151,PESM 7163,PESM 7187,PESM 7199,PESM 7211。主橋的總體布置如圖1所示。圖1主橋總體布置(單位:cm)
Fig.1General Layouts of Main Bridge (Unit:cm)2影響斜拉索無應(yīng)力長(zhǎng)度的施工因素分析為了精確計(jì)算斜拉索無應(yīng)力長(zhǎng)度,除了考慮斜拉索的彈性伸長(zhǎng)修正、垂度修正及張拉端與錨固端錨杯長(zhǎng)度構(gòu)造因素外,還需要考慮施工階段的各種影響因素,如主塔的動(dòng)態(tài)變位、主塔的預(yù)偏位、主梁的預(yù)拱度、主梁的預(yù)抬高、主梁的動(dòng)態(tài)變位、溫差、斜拉索材料參數(shù)誤差以及計(jì)算斜拉索彈性伸長(zhǎng)修正和垂度修正選用的荷載。本文以臨沂市開羅大橋?yàn)楣こ瘫尘?,?duì)上述各因素進(jìn)行了敏感性參數(shù)分析。斜拉索分別取長(zhǎng)度最短的Z1索、中等長(zhǎng)度的Z8索、長(zhǎng)度最長(zhǎng)的Z14索。
2.1主塔位置
2.1.1主塔縱橋向動(dòng)態(tài)變位
在施工過程中,主塔在縱橋向不平衡荷載作用下將發(fā)生縱橋向的變位。在施工階段轉(zhuǎn)換過程中,主塔縱橋向的變位將發(fā)生變化,即發(fā)生縱橋向的動(dòng)態(tài)變位。
主塔與主梁動(dòng)態(tài)變位對(duì)斜拉索無應(yīng)力長(zhǎng)度的影響如表1所示。從表1可以看出,主塔動(dòng)態(tài)變位對(duì)中、長(zhǎng)索無應(yīng)力長(zhǎng)度的影響較大。因此,斜拉索無應(yīng)力長(zhǎng)度計(jì)算時(shí)應(yīng)考慮在初次張拉斜拉索的施工狀態(tài)下主塔縱橋向的動(dòng)態(tài)變位對(duì)索長(zhǎng)的影響。
對(duì)于斜塔斜拉橋,為保證成橋后主塔達(dá)到預(yù)期的設(shè)計(jì)線形,主塔在爬模施工或滑模施工過程中需要設(shè)置縱橋向預(yù)偏位,而預(yù)偏位改變了主塔在斜拉索張拉時(shí)原設(shè)計(jì)的幾何位置;對(duì)于直塔斜拉橋,施工過程中不存在主塔縱橋向預(yù)偏位,不需要考慮此因素的影響。
2.2主梁位置
2.2.1主梁預(yù)拱度
斜拉橋的整體結(jié)構(gòu)剛度相對(duì)較小,在活載作用下主梁將產(chǎn)生較大的撓度。根據(jù)《公路斜拉橋設(shè)計(jì)細(xì)則》(JTG/T D6501—2007)[14]和《公路鋼筋混凝土及預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土橋涵設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范》(JTG D62—2004)[15]的相關(guān)規(guī)定,主梁施工階段需要設(shè)置預(yù)拱度,預(yù)拱度改變了主梁在斜拉索張拉時(shí)原設(shè)計(jì)的幾何位置。當(dāng)設(shè)計(jì)的成橋線形已包含主梁的預(yù)拱度時(shí),不考慮此因素影響。
2.2.2主梁動(dòng)態(tài)變位
懸臂施工階段,在自重、掛籃荷載、臨時(shí)施工荷載、臨時(shí)配置荷載及臨時(shí)拉索荷載等共同作用下,主梁將產(chǎn)生較大的豎向變位。在施工階段轉(zhuǎn)換過程中,主梁的豎向變位值將發(fā)生變化,即主梁發(fā)生豎向的動(dòng)態(tài)變位,所以在初次張拉斜拉索的施工狀態(tài)下需要考慮主梁豎向動(dòng)態(tài)變位對(duì)索長(zhǎng)的影響。為使主梁成橋后達(dá)到預(yù)期的設(shè)計(jì)成橋線形,施工過程中需要設(shè)置主梁預(yù)抬高。預(yù)抬高同樣也改變了主梁在斜拉索張拉時(shí)原設(shè)計(jì)的幾何位置。
主梁動(dòng)態(tài)變位、預(yù)抬高對(duì)斜拉索無應(yīng)力長(zhǎng)度的影響如表1所示。從表1可以看出:主梁的動(dòng)態(tài)變位對(duì)中、長(zhǎng)索的無應(yīng)力長(zhǎng)度影響較大;預(yù)抬高對(duì)長(zhǎng)索的無應(yīng)力長(zhǎng)度影響較大。因此,斜拉索無應(yīng)力長(zhǎng)度計(jì)算時(shí)應(yīng)考慮主梁的動(dòng)態(tài)變位和預(yù)抬高的影響。
2.3溫差影響
目前斜拉橋均采用成品斜拉索,斜拉索下料加工在纜索工廠的室內(nèi)完成,工廠室內(nèi)溫度與斜拉索現(xiàn)場(chǎng)張拉時(shí)的溫度存在一定的溫差。對(duì)于主梁懸臂澆筑的斜拉橋施工周期一般較長(zhǎng),斜拉索在工地現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的張拉過程中要經(jīng)歷夏、冬兩季。
溫差對(duì)斜拉索無應(yīng)力長(zhǎng)度的影響如表2所示。從表2可以看出:30 ℃溫差對(duì)短索的影響較小,可以被忽略;溫差對(duì)中、長(zhǎng)索的影響較大。因此,溫差較大時(shí),對(duì)于中、長(zhǎng)索的無應(yīng)力長(zhǎng)度計(jì)算時(shí)應(yīng)考慮溫差的影響。
2.4斜拉索材料參數(shù)誤差
斜拉索的材料參數(shù)與《規(guī)范》的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值存在一定的誤差。材料參數(shù)誤差對(duì)斜拉索無應(yīng)力長(zhǎng)度的影響如表3所示。從表3可以看出:自重誤差對(duì)斜拉索無應(yīng)力長(zhǎng)度的影響很小,可以忽略;彈性模量誤差對(duì)斜拉索無應(yīng)力長(zhǎng)度有一定的影響,斜拉索無應(yīng)力長(zhǎng)度計(jì)算時(shí)應(yīng)考慮彈性模量誤差的影響。
(2)綜合各種影響因素,建立了斜拉索無應(yīng)力長(zhǎng)度精確計(jì)算方法。計(jì)算結(jié)果表明,對(duì)于長(zhǎng)度大于100 m的長(zhǎng)索,按本文建議的方法計(jì)算的索長(zhǎng)更接近實(shí)際工程所需的真正長(zhǎng)度,避免了長(zhǎng)索的無應(yīng)力下料長(zhǎng)度存在過短的狀況。雖然本文建議的方法比《規(guī)范》推薦的方法計(jì)算精度更高,但計(jì)算工作量將會(huì)大量增加,主要是增加了施工階段全過程分析的有限元建模工作。
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