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羌塘盆地南部布曲組含油白云巖中自生文石膠結(jié)物的鑒定及其成因探討

2016-04-26 07:49伊海生夏國(guó)清梁定勇
石油實(shí)驗(yàn)地質(zhì) 2016年6期
關(guān)鍵詞:文石微區(qū)羌塘

張 帥,伊海生,夏國(guó)清,梁定勇

(1.成都理工大學(xué)地球科學(xué)學(xué)院,成都 610059;2.油氣藏地質(zhì)及開發(fā)工程國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,成都 610059; 3.成都理工大學(xué)沉積地質(zhì)研究院,成都 610059;4.海南省地質(zhì)調(diào)查院,???570226)

羌塘盆地南部布曲組含油白云巖中自生文石膠結(jié)物的鑒定及其成因探討

張 帥1,伊海生2,3,夏國(guó)清3,梁定勇4

(1.成都理工大學(xué)地球科學(xué)學(xué)院,成都 610059;2.油氣藏地質(zhì)及開發(fā)工程國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,成都 610059; 3.成都理工大學(xué)沉積地質(zhì)研究院,成都 610059;4.海南省地質(zhì)調(diào)查院,海口 570226)

在羌塘盆地南部隆鄂尼地區(qū)中侏羅統(tǒng)布曲組砂糖狀白云巖中首次發(fā)現(xiàn)針柱狀膠結(jié)物,分布于瀝青充填的溶蝕孔隙中。顯微結(jié)構(gòu)、微區(qū)X射線衍射以及電子探針分析表明,膠結(jié)物類型為自生文石,呈針柱狀晶形,簇狀、放射狀集合體,MgO和SrO質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)呈正相關(guān)。微區(qū)同位素測(cè)試顯示,文石膠結(jié)物δ13CPDB值為3.5‰~3.98‰,δ18OPDB值介于-11.63‰~-9.98‰。文石在地質(zhì)歷史時(shí)期形成的碳酸鹽巖中很少發(fā)現(xiàn),常通過新生變形作用或溶解作用轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榈玩V方解石。砂糖狀白云巖中自生文石碳氧同位素組成與現(xiàn)代海洋沉積和大氣淡水成因的文石存在較大差異,其形成過程中淡水淋濾作用影響較小,δ18O值的負(fù)偏主要受埋藏期地溫梯度控制。儲(chǔ)層成巖序列顯示文石膠結(jié)物形成于埋藏白云石化作用之后,有機(jī)酸溶蝕伴隨著碳酸鈣自生礦物沉淀,烴類充注抑制了文石向方解石的轉(zhuǎn)化。文石膠結(jié)物形成于晚成巖階段,屬于埋藏環(huán)境下碳酸鹽礦物溶解再沉淀的產(chǎn)物,烴類充注可能對(duì)文石的保存起重要的控制作用。

文石;微區(qū)X射線衍射;碳氧同位素;中侏羅統(tǒng);羌塘盆地

文石是CaCO3的同質(zhì)多象不穩(wěn)定變體,屬斜方晶系,主要形成于溫暖淺海、巖溶洞穴以及高壓變質(zhì)帶中[1]?,F(xiàn)代淺海環(huán)境沉積成因的文石主要包括等厚環(huán)邊針狀膠結(jié)物,發(fā)散狀紋層以及碳酸鹽顆粒(鮞粒、球粒及團(tuán)粒等)[2-6];生物成因的文石包括珊瑚、藻類等生物礁沉積中的文石質(zhì)有機(jī)顯微結(jié)構(gòu)和膠結(jié)物[7-8],以及一些雙殼類、腹足類生物相的貝殼和骨骼[9-10]。巖溶洞穴主要發(fā)育文石筍,也可見葡萄狀或皮殼狀文石產(chǎn)出[11-14]。它形的粒間文石以及微米級(jí)的文石包裹體形成于高壓低溫變質(zhì)作用[15-16]。

常溫常壓條件下文石處于亞穩(wěn)態(tài),通過新生變形作用或溶解作用可以轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榈玩V方解石,因此在地質(zhì)歷史時(shí)期形成的碳酸鹽巖中很少發(fā)現(xiàn)[17-19]。然而,在羌塘盆地南部中侏羅統(tǒng)布曲組古油藏中發(fā)現(xiàn)了罕見的針柱狀自生文石膠結(jié)物,目前尚未見到相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道。布曲組白云巖儲(chǔ)層一直以來都是學(xué)者關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)[20-22],早期研究以霧心亮邊白云石作為礦物學(xué)標(biāo)志,利用混合水白云石化模式解釋其成因[23-25]。最新證據(jù)表明砂糖狀白云巖可能是埋藏白云石化作用的產(chǎn)物[26]。自生文石膠結(jié)物的發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)于解釋白云石化作用模式以及儲(chǔ)層成因具有一定的參考價(jià)值。本文介紹了文石膠結(jié)物的鑒定過程,借助掃描電鏡、電子探針以及微區(qū)X衍射等分析方法對(duì)其成因進(jìn)行了探討。

1 采樣位置

羌塘盆地南部隆鄂尼—昂達(dá)爾錯(cuò)古油藏帶油氣顯示豐富,地表出露的砂糖狀白云巖中可見浸潤(rùn)狀液態(tài)油苗。樣品采自隆鄂尼地區(qū)格魯關(guān)那含油層剖面(圖1),采樣層位為剖面第11層(圖2)。地層巖性主要為砂糖狀白云巖、介殼灰?guī)r、鮞?;?guī)r以及生物碎屑灰?guī)r。含油層為褐黃色、灰黑色砂糖狀白云巖,中—厚層狀構(gòu)造,中—細(xì)晶粒狀鑲嵌結(jié)構(gòu)。砂糖狀白云巖成巖組構(gòu)主要有不等粒結(jié)構(gòu)、霧心亮邊結(jié)構(gòu)等,受白云石化作用和重結(jié)晶作用影響,原始沉積組構(gòu)消失殆盡。

2 分析方法

室內(nèi)分析中首先磨制普通薄片觀察巖石結(jié)構(gòu)和礦物類型,在初步鑒定的基礎(chǔ)上選擇膠結(jié)物含量較高、晶體形態(tài)較好的樣品磨制探針片,分別進(jìn)行微區(qū)X衍射、電子探針和碳氧同位素分析。掃描電鏡及能譜分析由成都理工大學(xué)四川省礦物學(xué)巖石學(xué)礦床學(xué)重點(diǎn)學(xué)科實(shí)驗(yàn)室完成,測(cè)試儀器為Nova Nano SEM 450場(chǎng)發(fā)射掃描電子顯微鏡以及EDAX公司AXE-650電制冷能譜與電子背散射衍射(EBSD)一體化系統(tǒng)。測(cè)試條件:電壓20 kV,溫度21℃,相對(duì)濕度35%。

微區(qū)X射線衍射由中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)(武漢)地質(zhì)過程與礦產(chǎn)資源國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室完成,采用加裝附件的X’Pert PRO衍射儀在巖石薄片上選定的區(qū)域進(jìn)行測(cè)試。實(shí)驗(yàn)條件:電壓40 kV,電流40 mA,Cu靶,Ni濾波。實(shí)驗(yàn)流程詳見參考文獻(xiàn)[28]。

電子探針分析由中國(guó)地質(zhì)科學(xué)院礦產(chǎn)綜合利用研究所電子探針實(shí)驗(yàn)室完成,測(cè)試儀器為日本島津EMPA-1720型電子探針分析儀。測(cè)試條件:加速電壓15 kV,束流強(qiáng)度20 nA,束斑直徑5 μm。

圖1 羌塘盆地南部隆鄂尼地區(qū)構(gòu)造單元及剖面位置Fig.1 Tectonic unit and section location in Longeni area,southern Qiangtang Basin

圖2 羌塘盆地南部隆鄂尼地區(qū)布曲組含油層剖面柱狀圖Fig.2 Comprehensive stratigraphic column of the oil-bearing horizons in Longeni area,southern Qiangtang Basin

激光微區(qū)同位素測(cè)試由西南油氣田分公司完成,使用Nd:YAG激光器(束斑直徑小于20 μm)加熱分解取樣,CO2氣樣采用 Finnigan公司MAT252型穩(wěn)定同位素質(zhì)譜儀檢測(cè)。測(cè)試精度δ<0.2‰,PDB標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。實(shí)驗(yàn)流程詳見參考文獻(xiàn)[29]。

3 文石膠結(jié)物的鑒定

3.1 顯微結(jié)構(gòu)

偏光顯微鏡下文石呈針狀或針柱狀晶形,簇狀、放射狀集合體,具有高級(jí)白干涉色;負(fù)低至正高突起以及明顯的閃突起,主要產(chǎn)出于瀝青充填的溶蝕孔隙(圖3a,b)。文石晶體細(xì)小,鏡下與硬石膏(CaSO4)、片鈉鋁石[NaAlCO3(OH)2]較難區(qū)分。掃描電鏡分析可見白云石粒間溶孔中,文石膠結(jié)物呈針簇狀垂直或斜交孔隙壁生長(zhǎng),針狀晶體長(zhǎng)度一般10~15 μm,寬度3~5 μm;頂部較尖銳,形態(tài)不規(guī)則(圖3c,d)。能譜分析顯示其主要成分為Ca,O和C,譜線特征有效排除了CaSO4成分。

3.2 晶體形態(tài)

樣品中針柱狀膠結(jié)物含量較低,常規(guī)衍射方法不適用于礦物相分析,本次研究采用了原位微區(qū)X射線衍射精確判別膠結(jié)物類型。首先在巖石薄片上獲取待測(cè)礦物的衍射圖,通過多次實(shí)驗(yàn)獲得重復(fù)性較好的數(shù)據(jù);其次使用MDI Jade5軟件進(jìn)行譜圖分析,將處理后的衍射譜圖與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)卡片對(duì)比。衍射峰位置及強(qiáng)度對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系較好,基本確定膠結(jié)物類型為自生文石(圖4)。通過實(shí)測(cè)值與PDF標(biāo)準(zhǔn)卡片對(duì)比發(fā)現(xiàn),d值(晶面間距)偏差小于0.01,相對(duì)強(qiáng)度存在一定差異(表1)。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)卡片的衍射峰是對(duì)成千上萬的小顆粒粉末進(jìn)行衍射形成的,測(cè)試結(jié)果可以避免定向性,而微區(qū)衍射束斑直徑僅為0.1 mm,顆粒數(shù)量有限產(chǎn)生定向性,導(dǎo)致衍射強(qiáng)度出現(xiàn)偏差。

圖3 羌塘盆地南部隆鄂尼地區(qū)文石顯微結(jié)構(gòu)及掃描電鏡照片F(xiàn)ig.3 Microscopic photos and SEM photomicrographs of aragonite in Longeni area,southern Qiangtang Basin

圖4 羌塘盆地南部隆鄂尼地區(qū)文石膠結(jié)物微區(qū)X射線衍射譜Fig.4 In situ X-ray diffraction pattern of aragonite cements in Longeni area,southern Qiangtang Basin

3.3 成分分析

文石膠結(jié)物電子探針分析結(jié)果顯示,不同測(cè)點(diǎn)CaO的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)均非常接近 CaCO3的理論值,K2O,Na2O以及Al2O3的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)較低,表明膠結(jié)物受長(zhǎng)石、黏土礦物等陸源組分影響較小,MgO和SrO質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)具有較好的相關(guān)性(表2)。

綜上所述,礦物形態(tài)特征、晶體結(jié)構(gòu)以及成分分析充分表明,針柱狀膠結(jié)物為自生文石,排除了孔隙中可能存在的片鈉鋁石和硬石膏。

表1 羌塘盆地南部隆鄂尼地區(qū)文石膠結(jié)物微區(qū)X衍射分析數(shù)據(jù)Table 1 XRD data of aragonite cements compared to PDF standard card in Longeni area,southern Qiangtang Basin

表2 羌塘盆地南部隆鄂尼地區(qū)文石膠結(jié)物常量元素含量Table 2 Content of major elements of aragonite cements in Longeni area,southern Qiangtang Basin %

4 成因討論

文石碳、氧同位素組成的研究以洞穴石筍和淺海膠結(jié)物最為普遍,其中受大氣淡水影響的洞穴碳酸鈣(文石筍)δ13C值通常表現(xiàn)為顯著負(fù)偏[30-31]。太平洋巴哈馬臺(tái)地和加勒比海伯利茲斜坡邊緣海文石膠結(jié)物δ13C值大致為-2‰~6‰,δ18O值介于-6‰~3‰之間[4]。大西洋巴巴多斯島放射狀文石膠結(jié)物形成于海水和大氣環(huán)流地下水混合的孔隙流體中,其δ13C值介于-3.48‰~-0.91‰,δ18O值介于-2.88‰~-1.59‰[32]。本次研究采用了激光微區(qū)取樣的方法,分析結(jié)果顯示自生文石膠結(jié)物δ13CPDB平均值為3.78‰,δ18OPDB平均值為-10.77‰(表3)。對(duì)比全球范圍中侏羅世海相無脊椎動(dòng)物及碳酸鹽膠結(jié)物δ13C和δ18O值(-1.6‰~3.1‰和-3.6‰~0.8‰[33]),文石膠結(jié)物 δ13C值略高于同期海水,δ18O值明顯偏負(fù)。根據(jù)海相灰?guī)r和淡水灰?guī)r的經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式[34]:

表3 羌塘盆地南部隆鄂尼地區(qū)文石膠結(jié)物與白云巖碳氧同位素分析結(jié)果Table 3 Carbon and oxygen isotope analysis result of aragonite cements and surrounding rock in Longeni area,southern Qiangtang Basin

圖5 羌塘盆地南部布曲組白云巖儲(chǔ)層成巖序列Fig.5 Diagenetic sequence of dolomite reservoirs of Buqu Formation,southern Qiangtang Basin

式中:δ標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為PDB,Z>120為海相灰?guī)r,Z=120為未定型灰?guī)r,Z<120為淡水灰?guī)r。推算得出文石膠結(jié)物古鹽度Z值分布于128.68~130.48,平均值129.67,暗示其形成環(huán)境淡水淋濾作用影響較小。

周根陶[35]通過模擬實(shí)驗(yàn)與理論計(jì)算得出0~70℃范圍內(nèi)文石—水體系氧同位素平衡分餾方程:103lnα文石-水=20.41×103/T-41.42。假設(shè)流體δ18OSMOW為0‰,在50~70℃區(qū)間,溫度每升高5℃,δ18OPDB值平均降低0.92‰。文石膠結(jié)物δ18O值的負(fù)偏可能受埋藏期地溫梯度影響。模擬實(shí)驗(yàn)同時(shí)證實(shí)了Mg2+的存在有利于亞穩(wěn)態(tài)文石的形成。

布曲組碳酸鹽巖鏡質(zhì)組反射率Ro介于0.62%~2.15%,平均值1.35%,烴源巖處于成熟—生油高峰階段。結(jié)合前人研究成果[36-37],建立了布曲組白云巖儲(chǔ)層成巖演化序列(圖5)。晚成巖階段埋藏白云石化作用形成自形程度較高的晶粒白云巖。隨著地層埋藏深度的增大,有機(jī)質(zhì)成熟排出大量有機(jī)酸,部分白云巖晶間微孔發(fā)生擴(kuò)溶,同時(shí)溶解未徹底白云石化的方解石和高鎂方解石。封閉條件下地層流體過飽和,在孔隙中沉淀形成自生碳酸鹽膠結(jié)物。

佘敏[38]通過表生到深埋藏環(huán)境的模擬實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí),25~210℃以及1~52.5 MPa范圍內(nèi)有機(jī)酸對(duì)碳酸鹽巖溶蝕不僅產(chǎn)生孔隙,同時(shí)也伴隨著碳酸鈣自生礦物的沉淀,其中包括針狀的文石晶體。碳酸鹽礦物溶解動(dòng)力學(xué)過程受3個(gè)平行反應(yīng)控制(Me代表Ca或Mg):

受碳酸鹽溶解作用的影響,地層處于弱酸性條件,Ca2+濃度遠(yuǎn)超的濃度,傾向于先沉淀文石再逐步轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榉浇馐?1]。

文石膠結(jié)物沉淀析出后,烴類充注改變了孔隙流體性質(zhì)及介質(zhì)條件,抑制了文石向方解石的轉(zhuǎn)化,導(dǎo)致古老地層中出現(xiàn)文石殘余[39-40]。根據(jù)白云巖成巖序列以及自生文石形態(tài)特征,結(jié)合碳氧同位素分析結(jié)果,初步推斷研究區(qū)文石膠結(jié)物為晚成巖階段埋藏環(huán)境下碳酸鹽巖溶解再沉淀的產(chǎn)物。

5 結(jié)論

(1)隆鄂尼地區(qū)布曲組砂糖狀白云巖溶蝕孔隙中充填有針柱狀文石膠結(jié)物,CaO的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)均接近CaCO3的理論值,MgO和SrO呈正相關(guān)。

(2)自生文石膠結(jié)物 δ13CPDB值為 3.5‰~3.98‰,略高于同期海水;δ18OPDB值介于-11.63‰~-9.98‰,受埋藏期地溫梯度影響明顯偏負(fù)。

(3)文石膠結(jié)物形成于埋藏白云石化作用之后,與封閉條件下碳酸鹽巖礦物的溶解再沉淀有關(guān);孔隙瀝青與自生文石之間有一定的依存關(guān)系,烴類充注可能對(duì)文石的保存起重要的控制作用。

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(編輯 黃 娟)

Mineral and genesis study of authigenic aragonite in sucrosic dolomites from Middle Jurassic Buqu Formation in southern Qiangtang Basin,Tibet

Zhang Shuai1,Yi Haisheng2,3,Xia Guoqing3,Liang Dingyong4
(1.School of Earth Science,Chengdu University of Technology,Chengdu,Sichuan 610059,China;2.State Key Laboratory of Oil/Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation,Chengdu,Sichuan 610059,China;3.Institute of Sedimentary Geology,Chengdu University of Technology,Chengdu,Sichuan 610059,China;4.Hainan Institute of Geological Survey,Haikou,Hainan 570226,China)

Columnar-acicular cement has been discovered in the Middle Jurassic Buqu Formation of Longeni area in the southern Qiangtang Basin of Tibet,distributed in saccharoidal dolomite in dissolution pores filled with bitumen.As demonstrated by microstructure,in situ X-ray diffraction(XRD)and electron microprobe analysis(EMPA),mineralogical investigations have confirmed the emergence of authigenic aragonite.It occurs as bundles and radiating clusters consisting of needle crystals.Major elements show that MgO and SrO have a positive correlation.In situ isotopic analysis indicates that δ13C values range from 3.5‰PDB to 3.98‰PDB and δ18O ranges from-9.98‰PDB to-11.63‰PDB.Aragonite is rarely found in carbonate rocks formed during geological times because of the conversion of aragonite to low-Mg-calcite through neomorphism or dissolution.Oxygen and carbon isotopic composition of aragonite cements in saccharoidal dolomite has greater variability compared with aragonite formed in modern marine or meteoric diagenesis.In the formation process meteoric water leaching has less influence and a negative excursion of δ18O is mainly controlled by geothermal gradient during burial.The reservoir diagenetic sequence shows that aragonite cements formed after burial dolomitization.Authigenic mineral precipitates with organic acid dissolution,and hydrocarbon filling has largely inhibited the conversion of aragonite to calcite.The comprehensive analysis suggests that aragonite cements were precipitated from a dissolution-reprecipitation process of carbonate minerals during late diagenesis.Hydrocarbon filling played an important role controlling the preservation of aragonite cements.

aragonite;micro X-ray diffraction;carbon and oxygen isotopes;Middle Jurassic;Qiangtang Basin

TE12<2.2 class="emphasis_bold">2.2 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A2.2

A

1001-6112(2016)06-0772-07

10.11781/sysydz201606772

2015-12-10;

2016-08-25。

張帥(1985—),男,博士研究生,從事儲(chǔ)層礦物巖石學(xué)研究。E-mail:zsdolomite@gmail.com。

伊海生(1959—),男,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,從事沉積地質(zhì)學(xué)教學(xué)和科研工作。E-mail:yhs@cdut.edu.cn。

國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(41572089)和國(guó)土資源部沉積盆地與油氣資源重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室開放基金(zdsys2014002)資助。

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