陳晨,賀中云*,龍學(xué)穎,向永華,田強(qiáng),周樂(lè)江
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擴(kuò)散加權(quán)成像在舌癌術(shù)前診斷及分期的應(yīng)用價(jià)值
陳晨1,賀中云1*,龍學(xué)穎2,向永華3,田強(qiáng)1,周樂(lè)江1
[摘要]目的 探討擴(kuò)散加權(quán)成像(DWI)及表觀擴(kuò)散系數(shù)(ADC)值在舌癌術(shù)前診斷及分期中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。材料與方法 34例舌癌患者治療前行常規(guī)MRI及DWI檢查,其中32例患者行手術(shù)治療。將常規(guī)MRI分期、DWI分期與病理分期進(jìn)行對(duì)照,比較兩種方法對(duì)舌癌分期的準(zhǔn)確性的差異。結(jié)果 (1)對(duì)病灶大小及浸潤(rùn)范圍的估計(jì),DWI較常規(guī)MRI更準(zhǔn)確,有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);(2) DWI序列通過(guò)測(cè)ADC值診斷53枚淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,平均ADC值0.91 × 10(–3)mm2/s,低于非轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)(1.65 × 10(–3)mm2/s),有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01);DWI序列診斷轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)的靈敏度89.3%,特異性98.0%,正確度98.8%;常規(guī)MRI診斷45枚淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,靈敏度71.0%,特異性96.0%,正確度88.9%;對(duì)比兩種檢查方法,無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;(3)常規(guī)MRI序列對(duì)6例病例造成過(guò)度診斷,正確率為82.0%;DWI將1例IVA期病例過(guò)度診斷為IVB期,正確率為97.0%,對(duì)比兩種檢查方法,無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論 DWI能準(zhǔn)確顯示舌癌病灶范圍,測(cè)量分析ADC值可以為診斷舌癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移提供有效信息,與常規(guī)MR聯(lián)合應(yīng)用,有助于提高舌癌的術(shù)前診斷及分期的準(zhǔn)確性。
[關(guān)鍵詞]彌散磁共振成像;舌腫瘤;淋巴結(jié)
湖南省衛(wèi)生計(jì)生委2015年度科研課題計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):B2015-161)
作者單位:
1.長(zhǎng)沙醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬株洲市三三一醫(yī)院放射科,株洲 412002
2.中南大學(xué)湘雅醫(yī)院放射科,長(zhǎng)沙410008
3.湖南省兒童醫(yī)院放射科,長(zhǎng)沙410007
賀中云,E-mail: hezhongyun@126.com
接受日期:2015-08-23
陳晨, 賀中云, 龍學(xué)穎, 等.擴(kuò)散加權(quán)成像在舌癌術(shù)前診斷及分期的應(yīng)用價(jià)值.磁共振成像, 2016, 7(1): 28–33.
The value of diffusion-weighted MRI in the preoperative diagnosis and staging of tongue carcinoma
Chen Chen1, He Zhong-yun1*, Long Xue-ying2, Xiang Yong-hua3, Tian-Qiang1, Zhou Le-jiang1
1Department of Radiology, No.331 Hospital of Zhuzhou City, Hunan Province, Zhuzhou 412002, China
2Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
3Department of Radiology, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, Changsha 410005, China
*Correspondence to: He ZY, E-mail: hezhongyun@126.com
Received 17 June 2015, Accepted 23 Aug 2015
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The paper is supported by National Health and Family Planning Commission of Hunan Province 2015 Annual Scientific Research Subject Plan Project (No.B2015-161).
Abstract objective: To investigate the potential value of diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) for preoperative diagnosis and staging of patients with tongue carcinoma.Materials and Methods: Thirty-four patients with tongue carcinoma underwent DWI in addition to routine MR imaging before therapy, of which 32 patients underwent surgical treatment.The staging accuracy by routine MRI and DWI was compared with surgical pathology as the reference standard.Results: (1) Estimating of lesion size and extent of infiltration, DWI-MRI was more accurate than routine MRI (P<0.05).(2) Routine MRI diagnosed 45 lymph nodes metastasis and the calculated sensitivity, specificity, accuracy was 71.0%,96.0%, 88.9%.DWI-MRI detected 53 lymph nodes metastasis, and the obtained sensitivity, specificity, accuracy was 89.3%, 89.3%,98.0% 98.8%.There was no statistical significance between them.The mean ADC values of metastasis lymph nodes and benign nodes were 0.91 × 10–3mm2/s and 1.65 × 10–3mm2/s, respectively (P<0.01).(3) Routine MRI made over diagnosis of 6 cases and DWI-MRI only 1 case.The accuracy of routine MRI was 82.0% and DWI was 97.0%.Compared with the two methods, there was no statistical significance between them.
Conclusions: DWI was of certain advantages in displaying the range of lesion and the ADC value measurement could provide useful information for diagnosis of lymph node metastasis for tongue cancer.DWI could improve preoperative diagnosis and staging accuracy for the tongue cancer.
Key words Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging; Tongue neoplasms; Lymph Nodes
舌癌是口腔頜面部常見(jiàn)的惡性腫瘤之一,居口腔癌之首。由于舌血液與淋巴循環(huán)豐富,機(jī)械運(yùn)動(dòng)頻繁,因此,舌癌易侵犯口底肌群,較早就發(fā)生淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,具有復(fù)發(fā)率高,預(yù)后差的特點(diǎn)。MRI以其良好的軟組織分辨率及多方位、多序列成像特點(diǎn),準(zhǔn)確顯示病變及周圍結(jié)構(gòu)情況,成為舌癌首選的影像學(xué)檢查方法,隨著擴(kuò)散加權(quán)成像(diffusion-weighted imaging,DWI)在體部的廣泛應(yīng)用,測(cè)量表觀擴(kuò)散系數(shù)(ADC)值對(duì)病變組織水分子擴(kuò)散運(yùn)動(dòng)進(jìn)行定量分析,肯定了DWI在惡性腫瘤中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值,其中全身擴(kuò)散加權(quán)成像對(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn)惡性腫瘤患者的原發(fā)灶及遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移灶非常敏感,能更早發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤,較準(zhǔn)確對(duì)腫瘤進(jìn)行分期,對(duì)腫瘤的預(yù)后和綜合療效評(píng)估提供指導(dǎo)意義[1]。目前,關(guān)于DWI在舌癌中的研究較少,其在舌癌中的應(yīng)用仍處于初步探索階段。筆者通過(guò)對(duì)舌癌的MRI表現(xiàn)、DWI的特點(diǎn)、ADC值進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析,探討DWI在舌癌分期中的應(yīng)用。
1.1一般資料
搜集2013年1月至2015年4月間在株洲市三三一醫(yī)院行MRI檢查并經(jīng)手術(shù)或活檢病理證實(shí)為舌鱗癌的34例患者的資料。男27例,女7例,年齡39~80歲,中位年齡57歲,其中32例患者行手術(shù)治療,2例IVB期患者因病灶侵犯范圍廣行放化療。入組患者就診前均未進(jìn)行任何腫瘤相關(guān)治療。
1.2MRI檢查
1.2.1檢查方法及參數(shù)
采用GE 1.5 T超導(dǎo)光纖MR成像儀,用頭頸部相控陣線圈采集,檢查前清潔口腔,去除口腔義齒及頭頸部首飾,掃描序列包括常規(guī)MRI平掃、增強(qiáng)掃描、DWI。先行常規(guī)T1WI、T2WI(橫斷面+冠狀面)及T2WI矢狀面掃描,T2WI均采用脂肪抑制成像技術(shù),掃描參數(shù)T2WI:TR 3000 ms,TE 89.6 ms;T1WI:TR 650 ms,TE 15.2 ms;層厚3 mm,層距1 mm,F(xiàn)OV 22.0 cm×19.8 cm,矩陣256×224,NEX為4;增強(qiáng)掃描時(shí)經(jīng)肘靜脈手推Gd-DTPA (0.1 ml/kg體重),注藥后立即行T1WI脂肪抑制序列(橫斷面+冠狀面+矢狀面)掃描。
DWI采用單次激發(fā)平面回波成像(SE-EPI),掃描參數(shù):TR 4000 ms,TE 77.8 ms,層厚3 mm,層距1 mm,F(xiàn)OV 38 cm×38 cm,矩陣128×128,NEX為8,b值=800 s/mm2。
1.2.2圖像后處理及分類
使用GE AV4.3工作站的Functool軟件對(duì)34例圖像進(jìn)行后處理,獲取DWI圖和ADC圖,在DWI圖上觀察舌癌病變范圍、信號(hào)特點(diǎn)、口底及咽旁浸潤(rùn)情況、頸部淋巴結(jié)及口腔骨質(zhì)信號(hào)改變,測(cè)量病灶及轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)的大小、ADC值,測(cè)量三次取平均值作為最終測(cè)量值。在未知任何臨床及手術(shù)病理的情況下,用常規(guī)MRI與DWI序列分別對(duì)入組的34例進(jìn)行分期。目前舌癌的臨床分期標(biāo)準(zhǔn)基本上采用頭頸部腫瘤AJCC (2010年第七版) TNM分期方案,而頸部淋巴結(jié)分區(qū)則根據(jù)2013 歐洲頭頸部腫瘤頸部淋巴結(jié)分區(qū)指南[2],將頸部淋巴結(jié)分為7個(gè)區(qū)域。
2名主治及以上醫(yī)師分別對(duì)常規(guī)MRI和DWI顯示的淋巴結(jié)進(jìn)行詳細(xì)登記,包括淋巴結(jié)的位置(分區(qū))、淋巴結(jié)大小和鄰近解剖定位標(biāo)志等,以便與手術(shù)清掃的淋巴結(jié)進(jìn)行對(duì)照分析。頸部淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)后,由手術(shù)醫(yī)師詳細(xì)記錄淋巴結(jié)的分區(qū)、淋巴結(jié)大小(最長(zhǎng)徑、最短徑)、鄰近解剖定位標(biāo)志。隨后將淋巴結(jié)標(biāo)本進(jìn)行組織病理學(xué)檢查,了解淋巴結(jié)有無(wú)癌細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)。
常規(guī)MR圖像中對(duì)符合以下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一者診斷為淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移:(1)橫斷面上淋巴結(jié)短徑≥10 mm;(2)淋巴結(jié)中央壞死或環(huán)形強(qiáng)化;(3)淋巴結(jié)包膜外侵犯。根據(jù)國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者的研究結(jié)果[3-4],DWI序列將1.15×10–3mm2/s作為ADC閾值鑒別良惡性淋巴結(jié)。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。測(cè)量值以(x ± s)表示,采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn)及x2檢驗(yàn),以病理分期為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),比較DWI序列與常規(guī)MRI對(duì)舌癌分期的差異,P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1常規(guī)MRI、DWI序列對(duì)病灶的顯示
1例腫塊累及全舌(圖1),26例腫塊位于舌體部(圖2),5例腫塊位于舌根部(圖3),2例腫塊位于舌側(cè)緣(圖4)。腫塊在T1WI上呈低-中信號(hào)(21例低信號(hào),13例中等信號(hào)),信號(hào)強(qiáng)度與周圍正常組織信號(hào)相接近,某些情況下難以區(qū)別;在T2WI上34例腫塊呈不同程度高信號(hào),1例腫塊較大而出現(xiàn)壞死區(qū),較腫瘤實(shí)質(zhì)部分呈更高信號(hào),注射Gd-DTPA增強(qiáng)后,腫塊均可見(jiàn)強(qiáng)化,1例壞死區(qū)無(wú)強(qiáng)化;T2WI測(cè)得的17例病灶大小及浸潤(rùn)范圍常大于其實(shí)際大??;DWI序列上34例腫塊呈高、稍高信號(hào),其信號(hào)強(qiáng)度明顯高于周圍水腫區(qū)及正常組織的信號(hào),將受侵犯的組織與水腫區(qū)組織區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái),DWI所測(cè)得病灶的大小基本與腫塊實(shí)際大小相符合;對(duì)病灶大小及浸潤(rùn)范圍的估計(jì),DWI較常規(guī)MRI更準(zhǔn)確,具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(x2=29.344,P<0.05)。
2.2對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)的診斷
本組清掃淋巴結(jié)共計(jì)514枚,有24例術(shù)后病理證實(shí)為淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,轉(zhuǎn)移率為75.0% (24/32),陽(yáng)性淋巴結(jié)共計(jì)56枚。T2WI顯示淋巴結(jié)473枚,診斷45枚淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,40枚經(jīng)證實(shí)為轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié),敏感性為71.0%,其中8枚淋巴結(jié)枚淋巴結(jié)中央壞死,周圍呈環(huán)形強(qiáng)化(圖3C,4C),5枚淋巴結(jié)部分融合;常規(guī)MRI診斷淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的靈敏度71.0%,特異性96.0%,正確度88.9%;DWI序列顯示淋巴結(jié)514枚,通過(guò)測(cè)ADC值診斷53枚淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,50枚證實(shí)為轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié),靈敏度89.3%,特異性98.0%,正確度98.8%;轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)的ADC值約為(0.91 ± 0.21) × 10–3mm2/s,非轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)的ADC值為(1.65 ± 0.19)×10–3mm2/s,轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)的ADC平均值低于非轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié),且兩者差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=25.893,P<0.01)。常規(guī)MRI和DWI術(shù)前診斷出的轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)與術(shù)后病理比較,經(jīng)χ2檢驗(yàn)分析顯示,兩者診斷淋巴結(jié)陽(yáng)性的效能差別無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.3在舌癌分期中的比較
舌癌患者多數(shù)伴有口腔感染,炎性病變及水腫組織在T2WI上呈高信號(hào),常規(guī)MRI測(cè)得病灶大小及浸潤(rùn)范圍常大于它的實(shí)際大小。根據(jù)頭頸部腫瘤AJCC的TNM分期方案,1例Ⅰ期病例被常規(guī)MRI過(guò)度診斷為Ⅱ期,3例ⅣA期病例被過(guò)度診斷成ⅣB期,2例Ⅱ期病例因腫大淋巴結(jié)被誤診為惡性而過(guò)度診斷成Ⅲ期,正確率為82.0%;DWI將1例ⅣA期咀嚼肌間隙的炎癥過(guò)度診斷成ⅣB期,正確率為97.0%。對(duì)比兩種檢查方法在舌癌分期中的應(yīng)用,不具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(表1)。
表1 34例舌癌患者常規(guī)MRI分期和DWI分期與病理分期對(duì)照Tab.1 Routine MRI stage compare to DWI stage in 34 cases with histopathologically proven of Cervical
3.1概況
舌是一個(gè)與咀嚼、味覺(jué)、吞咽和語(yǔ)言有關(guān)的肌性器官,以骨骼肌為基礎(chǔ),分為舌內(nèi)肌(起止于舌內(nèi))和舌外肌(起于骨至于舌內(nèi)),表面覆以黏膜。舌輪廓乳頭將舌分為前 2/3 的舌體部和后1/3的舌根部,舌前 1/3 淋巴主要引流至頦下淋巴結(jié)(Ⅰa區(qū)),也可以直接匯入到頸靜脈肩胛舌骨肌淋巴結(jié)(Ⅲ區(qū));舌中1/3主要通過(guò)舌側(cè)緣淋巴管匯入至頜下淋巴結(jié)(Ⅰb區(qū)),或直接通向頸深淋巴結(jié)上群的二腹肌下淋巴結(jié)(Ⅱ區(qū)),而近正中者可交叉到對(duì)側(cè)頜下;舌根屬口咽范疇,其淋巴流多引流至兩側(cè)頸深淋巴結(jié)上群(Ⅱ區(qū)),也可以引流向頜下淋巴結(jié)(Ⅰb區(qū))。因此,頸Ⅰ、Ⅱ區(qū)是舌癌最易發(fā)生淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的區(qū)域。
舌癌的病因至今尚未完全認(rèn)識(shí),多數(shù)認(rèn)為與環(huán)境因素、不良生活習(xí)慣有關(guān)。長(zhǎng)期慢性刺激、慢性炎癥、嗜好煙酒、檳榔及不良口腔衛(wèi)生等,能誘發(fā)口腔的潰瘍、白斑、黏膜下纖維變性等癌前病變,增加舌癌的發(fā)生率;而國(guó)外學(xué)者Lingen等[5]研究報(bào)道稱人類乳頭狀病毒感染是口腔癌的一個(gè)重要原因。
3.2DWI序列在舌癌分期中的應(yīng)用與價(jià)值
圖1 全舌鱗癌患者(IVB期)。A:舌攣縮,大部分呈高信號(hào),周圍肌群受累;B:DWI清晰顯示病灶范圍,較圖A范圍略小 圖2 舌左側(cè)緣鱗癌患者(II期)。A:增強(qiáng)MR顯示舌體中1/3可見(jiàn)大片狀異常強(qiáng)化灶;B:DWI示舌左側(cè)緣條狀高信號(hào),較圖A的范圍明顯小 圖3 舌根鱗癌患者(ⅣA期)。A:舌根部高信號(hào)灶,累及咽旁間隙;B:ADC偽彩圖示病灶范圍,病灶A(yù)DC值0.92×10–3mm2/s;C:左側(cè)頸II區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié),實(shí)性部分明顯強(qiáng)化,壞死部分未見(jiàn)強(qiáng)化;D:ADC偽彩圖示轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)實(shí)性部分呈低信號(hào),ADC值約為0.88×10–3mm2/s,壞死部分呈高信號(hào),ADC值約為1.69×10–3mm2/s 圖4 舌部左側(cè)鱗癌患者(ⅣA期)。A:T2WI示左側(cè)舌部條片狀高信號(hào),牙齦亦呈高信號(hào);B:ADC偽彩圖示病灶范圍,牙齦未受累,病灶A(yù)DC值約為0.99×10–3mm2/s;C:左側(cè)頸II區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié),中心大部分壞死;D:癌巢細(xì)胞間見(jiàn)角化珠形成(HE 10×10)Fig.1 The patient with squamous cell carcinoma of tota glossa (ⅣB).A: Tongue contracture, most of which was high signal, and the surrounding muscles were affected.B: DWI clearly showed the range of lesions, and the range compared with A was slightly.Fig.2 The patient with squamous cell carcinoma of the left margin of tongue (Ⅱ).A: Enhanced MR showed tongue 1/3 large patchy foci of abnormal enhancement.B: DWI showed that the left edge of the tongue was a high signal, and the range compared with A was obviously smaller.Fig.3 The patient with squamous cell carcinoma on Root of the tongue (ⅣA).A: The root of the tongue was high signal, and the parapharyngeal space was involved.B: ADC pseudo color diagrammed the range of lesion, the ADC value was 0.92×10–3mm2/s.C: The lymph node on the left side of the neck region Ⅱ was metastasis, which of the solid part was marked enhancement, which of necrosis was not enhanced.D: ADC pseudo color diagrammed that the solid part of metastatic lymph was lower signal compared with the necrosis.Fig.4 The patient with squamous cell carcinoma of the left tongue (ⅣA).A: T2WI showed high signal on the left side of the tongue and the gum.B: ADC pseudo color showed the range of lesion, and the gum was not affected.The ADC value was 0.99×10–3mm2/s.C: The lymph node on the left side of the neck region Ⅱ was metastasis, the central of which was necrosis.D: The nests of tumor cells with keratin pearls (HE 10×10).
在常規(guī)MRI掃描中,T2WI與T1WI增強(qiáng)掃描是評(píng)估舌癌分期的主要序列,尤其T2WI對(duì)病灶檢出的敏感性很高;腫瘤在T2WI上呈稍高、高信號(hào),與口底低信號(hào)肌群形成良好對(duì)比。但本組患者口腔衛(wèi)生差,部分患者繼發(fā)感染出現(xiàn)炎性反應(yīng)及水腫,在T2WI信號(hào)增高,T1WI增強(qiáng)掃描也可見(jiàn)不同程度強(qiáng)化,而難以確定瘤體的大小及浸潤(rùn)范圍;T2WI測(cè)得17例病灶大小及浸潤(rùn)范圍常大于其實(shí)際大小,4例因病灶范圍估計(jì)錯(cuò)誤而造成過(guò)度診斷。而DWI是目前惟一能夠觀察活體組織水分子微觀運(yùn)動(dòng)的成像方法,可以檢測(cè)出與組織的含水量改變有關(guān)的早期病理變化[4]。King等[6]認(rèn)為組織的ADC值與細(xì)胞密度存在相關(guān)性,惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖旺盛,核質(zhì)比增加,細(xì)胞密度增高,再加上細(xì)胞膜通透性降低,均可以造成水分子的有效運(yùn)動(dòng)減弱,擴(kuò)散受限;腫瘤在DWI序列上表現(xiàn)為高信號(hào),ADC值降低,而口底的炎性反應(yīng)及水腫組織呈相對(duì)高信號(hào)或等信號(hào),本組中1例IVA期患者因炎癥累及咀嚼肌及周圍間隙,在DWI上呈稍高信號(hào),將其過(guò)度診斷成IVB期。DWI對(duì)確定腫瘤大小及確定手術(shù)切除范圍有重要參考意義,更合理的指導(dǎo)治療方案的制定。
常規(guī)MRI對(duì)良、惡性淋巴結(jié)信號(hào)無(wú)明顯區(qū)別,大部分是基于淋巴結(jié)的大小、中心壞死、包膜有無(wú)外侵而進(jìn)行評(píng)估。Pauls等[7]以MRI的T1和T2的弛豫時(shí)間鑒別良惡性淋巴結(jié),效果很不理想。部分大小正常的淋巴結(jié)也可能發(fā)生了腫瘤浸潤(rùn),在本組病例中16枚直徑<10 mm轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)被漏診;當(dāng)口腔癌繼發(fā)感染時(shí),炎癥也易引起淋巴結(jié)腫大,2例Ⅱ期病例因腫大淋巴結(jié)被誤診為轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)而過(guò)度診斷為Ⅲ期,而DWI序列通過(guò)測(cè)定ADC值,避免了這2病例的過(guò)度診斷。關(guān)于ADC值鑒別良惡性腫瘤的報(bào)道很多[8],認(rèn)為當(dāng)b值≥500 s/mm2時(shí),平均ADC值對(duì)鑒別良惡性病變有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,且良性病變的ADC值明顯高于惡性病變的ADC值。惡性淋巴結(jié)與良性淋巴結(jié)因細(xì)胞成分比例不同,水分子擴(kuò)散運(yùn)動(dòng)受限程度不一樣,當(dāng)b值越大,組織T2透過(guò)效應(yīng)越小,DWI越能真實(shí)的反應(yīng)組織的擴(kuò)散情況;因此頸部轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)在DWI上呈明顯高信號(hào),ADC圖呈低信號(hào),較易被檢出,并通過(guò)ADC值的測(cè)量分析,也容易判別其良惡性。Holzapfel等[9]和莊士民等[10]認(rèn)為轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)的ADC平均值低于非轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)。本組病例b值為800 s/mm2時(shí),轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)的ADC值為(0.91 ± 0.21)×10–3mm2/s,非轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)的ADC值為(1.65 ± 0.19)×10–3mm2/s (P<0.01),差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,與國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者的研究相符合;而Sumi等[11]則提出良性淋巴結(jié)的ADC值低于惡性淋巴結(jié),可能與其所選的b值不同及轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)內(nèi)部壞死較多,而導(dǎo)致ADC值升高有一定關(guān)系。國(guó)內(nèi)也有學(xué)者[12-13]提出:淋巴結(jié)中心壞死和包膜外侵是診斷淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的可靠指標(biāo),本組病例中有8枚淋巴結(jié)出現(xiàn)了壞死囊變,均被證實(shí)為轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié),其實(shí)性部分的A D C值為(0 .8 7 ± 0.15)×10–3mm2/s,而壞死囊變部分的ADC值為(1.70 ± 0.23)×10–3mm2/s,若取轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)ADC值的平均值,壞死囊變部分的ADC值能提高整體的平均值;筆者認(rèn)為在估算轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)的平均ADC值時(shí),應(yīng)取淋巴結(jié)的實(shí)性部分的ADC值。
目前尚無(wú)一種在術(shù)前準(zhǔn)確的診斷頸部轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)的檢查方法。Dirix等[14]研究表明DWI在診斷轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)的敏感性和特異性分別是89.0%和97.0%,對(duì)淋巴結(jié)的分析優(yōu)于其它影像學(xué)手段。本組病例中DWI診斷轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)的靈敏度89.3%,特異性98.0%,正確度98.8%,高于常規(guī)MRI診斷轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)的靈敏度71.0%,特異性96.0%,正確度88.9%,但無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義??赡芘c入選病例類型、病例數(shù)不足及儀器的精密度等有關(guān)。舌癌易侵犯口底肌群,早期出現(xiàn)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,本組病例病史一般不超過(guò)半年,但分期以ⅣA期為主,且淋巴結(jié)的轉(zhuǎn)移率約為75.0% (24/32),頸Ⅰ、Ⅱ區(qū)是舌鱗癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的最常見(jiàn)部位,易被觸及;在常規(guī)MRI檢查前,體查已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)多發(fā)腫大淋巴結(jié),且考慮為轉(zhuǎn)移性,體現(xiàn)不出DWI在診斷轉(zhuǎn)移小淋巴結(jié)中的價(jià)值,因此,增加樣本量特別是無(wú)腫大淋巴結(jié)舌癌患者數(shù)量,可能會(huì)更有利體現(xiàn)DWI在舌癌的術(shù)前診斷及分期中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
綜上所述,DWI能較準(zhǔn)確顯示舌癌病灶范圍,通過(guò)測(cè)量分析ADC值可以為診斷舌癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移提供有效信息,提高轉(zhuǎn)移性淋巴結(jié)的檢出率,與常規(guī)MR聯(lián)合應(yīng)用,有助于提高舌癌的術(shù)前診斷及分期的準(zhǔn)確性。
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DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2016.01.006
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
中圖分類號(hào):R445.2;R739.86
收稿日期:2015-06-17
通訊作者:
基金項(xiàng)目: