肖作淼,肖德俊,何程明,余路虎,石遠(yuǎn)蘋,王小中(贛州市人民醫(yī)院,、檢驗(yàn)科;、血液科;、藥劑科,江西贛州000;、南昌大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院檢驗(yàn)科,江西南昌6006)
?
不同急性早幼粒細(xì)胞白血病診斷性檢驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目的周轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)間及總消耗時(shí)間的比較
肖作淼1,肖德俊1,何程明2,余路虎1,石遠(yuǎn)蘋3,王小中4
(贛州市人民醫(yī)院,1、檢驗(yàn)科;2、血液科;3、藥劑科,江西贛州341000;4、南昌大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院檢驗(yàn)科,江西南昌336006)
摘要:目的比較急性早幼粒細(xì)胞白血?。╝cute promyelocytic leukemia,APL)診斷性檢驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目的周轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)間(turn around time,TAT)及總消耗時(shí)間(the elapsed time,TET),為APL的早期診治提供指導(dǎo)。方法分別比較20例初診APL患者確診過(guò)程中的外周血形態(tài)及骨髓MICM(Morphology、Immunology、Cytogenetics、Molecular,MICM)分型檢查的TAT,及每項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)和首次全反式維甲酸(all-trans retinoic acid,ATRA)治療的TET(從入院開始計(jì)時(shí))。結(jié)果APL診斷性檢驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目的TAT/TET分別為:外周血形態(tài)外周血形態(tài)(2.6±2.6)h/(5.8±5.5)h,骨髓形態(tài)(初步)(2.4±0.5)h/(20.6±12.3)h,骨髓形態(tài)(正式)(26.9±19.9)h/(40. 4±24.9)h,免疫分型(23.5±9.1)h/(62.1±32.2)h,染色體(259.9±82.8)h/(283.1±94.4)h、PML/RARa基因?yàn)椋?7.4±26.4)h/(98.5± 39.6)h。分別與外周血形態(tài)的TAT及TET比較,除骨髓形態(tài)(初步)的TAT無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P=0.246)外,其他項(xiàng)目的TAT及TET均有顯著性統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P<0.01)。同時(shí)ATRA首次治療的TET為(7.0±29.1)h,與外周血形態(tài)TET相比無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P= 0.778)。結(jié)論外周血形態(tài)能較快地為APL診斷提供方向,并有利于為骨髓形態(tài)的初步報(bào)告縮短TAT,兩者聯(lián)合能有效地為APL的及早ATRA救治提供實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù),從而為降低早期死亡率(early death rate,EDR)創(chuàng)造條件。
關(guān)鍵詞:急性早幼粒細(xì)胞白血?。恢苻D(zhuǎn)時(shí)間;總消耗時(shí)間;早期死亡率;維甲酸
急性早幼粒細(xì)胞白血病(APL)因高完全緩解率(complete remission,CR)、高治愈率被視為治療價(jià)值最高急性白血病[1-3]。同時(shí)因APL病程進(jìn)展快、易合并彌漫性血管內(nèi)凝血(disseminated intravascular coagulation,DIC)而視為內(nèi)科中的急癥,降低早期死亡率(early death rate,EDR)成為當(dāng)今臨床上救治APL的重大目標(biāo)[3]。研究APL診斷性檢驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目的TAT及總消耗時(shí)間,可為臨床盡早診治急性早幼粒細(xì)胞白血病,從而達(dá)到降低APL早期死亡率的目標(biāo)。
1.1研究對(duì)象選取2013年6月至2015年7月期間就診于贛州市人民醫(yī)院的20例初診APL患者,其中男性14例,女性6例,年齡33.7±16.4歲。所有APL患者經(jīng)骨髓形態(tài)學(xué)(morphology,M)、免疫學(xué)(immunology,I)、細(xì)胞遺傳學(xué)(cytogenetic,C)、和分子生物學(xué)(molecular,M)即MICM分型確診,均符合張之南《血液病診斷及療效標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》[4],所有患者知情同意。
1.2實(shí)驗(yàn)周轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)間(TAT)采集TAT為實(shí)驗(yàn)室接收標(biāo)本至報(bào)告審核的間隔時(shí)間,單位為小時(shí),從實(shí)驗(yàn)室信息管理系統(tǒng)(laboratory information system,LIS)中收集。
1.3總消耗時(shí)間(TET)采集檢驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目和首次ATRA治療的TET分別為患者入院至檢驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目審核和臨床醫(yī)生開立ATRA醫(yī)囑的間隔時(shí)間,單位為小時(shí),從醫(yī)院信息管理系統(tǒng)(hospital information system,HIS)采集。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析用SPSS 19.0軟件對(duì)所有數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行Kruskal-Wallis H檢驗(yàn)分析,以P<0.01為有顯著統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,P<0.05為有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)形式表示。
2.1檢驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目TAT時(shí)間統(tǒng)計(jì)經(jīng)MICM確診的20 例APL病例中以骨髓初步報(bào)告的TAT最短,其次為外周血形態(tài),最長(zhǎng)者為染色體。與外周血形態(tài)相比較,除骨髓初步的TAT無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P=0.246)外,其他項(xiàng)目的TAT均有顯著性統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P< 0.01)。結(jié)果詳見(jiàn)表1。
2.2檢驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目及ATRA首次治療的TET時(shí)間統(tǒng)計(jì)從患者入院開始計(jì)時(shí),到完成各檢驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目及ATRA首次治療的總消耗時(shí)間,與外周血形態(tài)相比較,除ATRA首次治療無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P=0.778)外,其他項(xiàng)目的TET均有顯著性統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P<0.01)。詳見(jiàn)表2。
表1 APL患者完成診斷性實(shí)驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目的周轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)間(TAT)表
急性早幼粒細(xì)胞白血病(APL)屬于內(nèi)科中的急癥,其診斷應(yīng)以小時(shí)而非天為單位來(lái)計(jì)數(shù)[5]。目前,國(guó)內(nèi)外專家達(dá)成共識(shí):對(duì)形態(tài)學(xué)檢查(包括外周血形態(tài))或臨床癥狀上懷疑為APL者應(yīng)立即使用ATRA[6,7],這是降低EDR有效的途徑。實(shí)驗(yàn)室周轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)間(TAT)所反映的信息是一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室工作效率,TAT越短工作效率越高;而總消耗時(shí)間(TET)能直接反映出醫(yī)院整體服務(wù)水平,包括醫(yī)生的診斷水平、實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)水平和科室間協(xié)作,同樣受患者依從性的影響如身體狀況能否接受檢查、經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況是否愿意接受檢查(或治療),TET越短說(shuō)明患者越快得到了報(bào)告和治療,醫(yī)院診療效率越高。筆者認(rèn)為實(shí)驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目的TAT和TET的縮短可以提高醫(yī)院急救水平,且后者更客觀地反映其水平。對(duì)APL患者而言ATRA首次治療TET,直接影響APL生存率。從本研究得出,外周血形態(tài)檢查的TAT及TET均較短,且費(fèi)用低,適合于初步篩選APL,尤其對(duì)ATRA的早期使用意義明顯。本組患者中有16例在外周血報(bào)告“異常早幼粒細(xì)胞”后臨床開始使用ATRA,有1例在骨髓形態(tài)報(bào)告“考慮APL”后開始使用,有3例為臨床懷疑為APL即開始使用ATRA,也反映出實(shí)驗(yàn)室盡早診斷對(duì)APL盡早開始ATAR治療有著重要意義。從表2可以得出外周血形態(tài)與ATRA首次使用的兩者TET時(shí)間P>0.05,可見(jiàn)外周血形態(tài)在APL的早期救治中能發(fā)揮重要作用——能有效縮短ATRA首次使用時(shí)間,但存在漏檢現(xiàn)象,如第20例患者因只有白細(xì)胞減少(WBC2.86×109/L)、Hb和PLT均正常而漏檢,臨床應(yīng)加以重視。
APL完全緩解率(CR)≥90%,治愈率≥80%,成為最具治療價(jià)值的急性白血病[1]。早期死亡(ED)成為APL救治失敗重要原因之一[8-10],尤其較高的出血相關(guān)早期病死率[9,11-13]。ATRA可有效改善出血癥狀,和降低出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但需要數(shù)天來(lái)改善[5],每推后1天使用ATAR,EDR發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)將大大增加[8]。APL的確診需要MICM手段,所以MICM分型檢驗(yàn)的TAT及TET對(duì)初診者意義重大,尤其是確診指標(biāo)PML/RARa和(或)染色體t(15;17)的TET時(shí)間,從表2得出兩者分別TET為(98.5±39.6)h和(283.0±94.4)h,這顯然不利APL早期救治。與ATRA首次治療TET比較,而形態(tài)學(xué)檢查初步報(bào)告TET P>0.05,故有重要的臨床意義。
總之,救治APL要求臨床科室與實(shí)驗(yàn)室的互相協(xié)作,臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)室尤其是血液室工作人員應(yīng)充分知曉APL的危急性,主動(dòng)參與早期救治工作,對(duì)符合APL血象者進(jìn)行形態(tài)復(fù)檢,充分發(fā)揮其廉價(jià)、高效優(yōu)勢(shì)[9,14,15]。發(fā)現(xiàn)高度疑似APL時(shí),應(yīng)立即與臨床溝通,這對(duì)出血癥狀和凝血檢查改變不明顯或就診于非血液科的APL患者的早期診治有著重要的臨床意義。
表2 APL患者實(shí)驗(yàn)檢查及首次ATRA治療的總消耗時(shí)間(TET)表
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]O'Donnell MR,Tallman MS,Abboud CN,et al. Acutey myeloid leukemia,Version 2. 2013:Featured Updates to the NCCN Guidelines[J]. J Natl Compr Canc Netw,2013,11(9):1047-1055.
[2]Seftel MD,Barnett MJ,Couban SA,et al. Candian consensus on the management of newly diagnosed and relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia[J]. Curr oncol,2014,21(5):234-250.
[3]Watts JM,Tallman MS. Acute promyelocytic leukemia:what is the new standard of care?[J]. Blood Rev,2014,28(5):205-212.
[4]張之南,沈悌.血液病診斷及療效標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[M].第3版.北京:科學(xué)出版社,2008:106-109.
[5]Dekking EHA,van der Velden VH,Varro R,et al. Flow cytometric immunobead assay for fast and easy detection of PML-RARA fusion proteins for the diagnosis of acute promyelocytic leukemia[J]. Leukemia,2012,26(9):1976-1985.
[6]侯進(jìn)軍,范磊,王蓉,等.急性早幼粒細(xì)胞白血病形態(tài)學(xué)及細(xì)胞遺傳學(xué)特征的初步研究[J].臨床檢驗(yàn)雜志,2013,31(12):951-953.
[6]Altman JK,Rademaker A,Cull E,Weitner BB,et al. Administration of ATRA to newly diagnosed patients with acute promyelocytic
leukemia is delayed contributing to early hemorrhagic death [J]. Leuk Res,2013,37(9):1004-1009.
[7]Rego EM,Kim HT,Ruiz -Argüelles GJ,et al. Improving acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) outcome in developing countries through networking,results of the international consortium on APL [J]. Blood. 2013,121(11):1935-1943.
[7]梁建英,吳德沛,劉躍均,等.急性早幼粒細(xì)胞白血病例臨床及實(shí)驗(yàn)室特征分析[J].中華內(nèi)科雜志,2008,47(5):389-392.
[8]Massimo B,F(xiàn)rancesco LC. Thrombo-hemorrhagic deaths in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Thrombosis Research. 2014,133:112 -116.
[9]Park JH,Qiao B,Panageas KS,et al. Early death rate in acute promyelocytic leukemia remains high despite all-transretinoic acid [J].Blood,2011,118 (5):1248-1254.
[10]Stein EM,Tallmana MS. Acute promyelocytic leukemia in children and adolescents[J]. Acta Haematol,2014,132(3-4):307-312.
[11]Rashidi A,Riley M,Goldin TA,et al. Delay in the administration of all-trans retinoic acid and its effects on early mortality in acute promyelocytic leukemia:Final results of a multicentric study in the United States[J]. Leuk Res,2014,38(9):1036-1040.
[12]吳思靜,楊時(shí)佳,李登舉,等.急性早幼粒細(xì)胞白血病早期死亡原因分析[J].內(nèi)科急危重癥雜志,2015,(3):207-209.
[13]蔣慧,朱嘉蒔.兒童急性早幼粒細(xì)胞白血病的治療進(jìn)展[J].中華實(shí)用兒科臨床雜志,2015,30(3):161-164.
[14]中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)血液學(xué)分會(huì)、中國(guó)醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)血液科分會(huì).急性早幼粒細(xì)胞白血病中國(guó)診療指南(2014年版)[J].中華血液學(xué)雜志,2014,35(5):475-477.
[15]肖作淼,王小中.臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)室-急性早幼粒細(xì)胞白血病早期救治中的重要參與者[J].實(shí)驗(yàn)與檢驗(yàn)醫(yī)學(xué),2015,33(2):168-171.
·實(shí)驗(yàn)研究·
·論著·
Comparison between the turnaround time and the elapsed time of different experimental diagnostic projects for acute promyelocytic leukemia
XIAO Zuomiao1,XIAO Dejun1,HE Chengming2,YU Luhu1,SHI Yuanping3,WANG Xiaozhong4. 1.Department of Clinical Laboratory,the People’s Hospital of Gouzhou County,Gouzhou 341000,China;4.Department of Clinical Laboratory,the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University,Nanchang 330006,China.
Abstract:Objective To analyze the turnaround time (TAT) and the elapsed time (TET) of different experimental diagnostic projects for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). that provide evidence for early diagnosis and treatment of APL. Methods TAT and TET of different experimental diagnostic projects for 20 newly diagnosed APL patients were collected and analyzed,those diagnostic projects included morphological findings,immunophenotype,cytogenetics,and molecular studies (MICM) in peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM),TET between the initiation of induction therapy with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and hospital admission also was analyzed. Results TAT and TET of different experimental diagnostic projects,including cell morphology of PB,informal reports of BM morphology,formal reports of BM morphology,immunophenotyping,chromosome analysis,molecular studies of PML/RARa fusion gene,were(2.6±2.6)h/(5.8±5.5)h,(2.4±0.5)h/(20.6±12.3)h,(26.9±19.9)h/(40.4±24.9)h,(23.5±9. 1)h/(62.1±32.2)h,(259.9±82.8)h/(283.1±94.4)h,(67.4±26.4)h/(98.5±39.6)h respectively. Compare to cell morphology of PB,there was significantly difference(P<0.01) with TAT and TET in all projects,except TAT of informal reports of BM (P=0.246). TET of initial treatment with ATRA was(7.0±29.1)h. There was no difference with TET of cell morphology of PB(P=0.778). Conclusion Cell morphology of PB could provide evidence quickly for newly diagnosed APL,and contribute to cutting down TAT of informal reports of BM morphology. The combination of cell morphology of PB and BM (informal report) could effectively provide experimental evidences for induction therapy with ATRA in APL patients as soon as possible. Consequently,these may create conditions to reduce the early death rate in newly diagnosed patients with APL.
Key words:APL;TAT;TET;Early death rate;All-trans retinoic acid
(收稿日期2015-12-03;修回日期2016-01-31)
通信作者:王小中,男,1973年12月生,醫(yī)學(xué)博士,教授,主要從事血液分子診斷。
作者簡(jiǎn)介:肖作淼,男,1976年10月生,醫(yī)學(xué)碩士,副主任技師,主要從事骨髓形態(tài)診斷。
基金項(xiàng)目:江西省衛(wèi)生計(jì)生委科技計(jì)劃課題(20157186)
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-1129.2016.02.005
中圖分類號(hào):R733.71
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
文章編號(hào):1674-1129(2016)02-0143-03