劉婷

對(duì)于閱讀理解，同學(xué)們經(jīng)常訴苦說(shuō)：文章我基本看懂了，可選擇答案時(shí)總覺(jué)得似是而非，準(zhǔn)確率老上不去，不知什么原因。這個(gè)問(wèn)題有一定的代表性。下面是筆者個(gè)人的一些看法，希望能對(duì)同學(xué)們解題有所啟迪。

從歷年的高考試題來(lái)看，所選的文章主要有五類(lèi)：敘事性的文章，科普文章，社會(huì)新聞，人物傳記和一些應(yīng)用文，比如廣告、通知、藥品的說(shuō)明書(shū)等。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，閱讀理解問(wèn)題主要從以下方面來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)：

1. 標(biāo)題與主題思想題

主要考查同學(xué)們是否有通過(guò)理解、分析全文，區(qū)別文章的主要信息和次要信息，從而歸納文章的中心思想或文章標(biāo)題的能力。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，歸納性的文章主題句在段末或篇末；演繹性的文章是主題句在段首或篇頭；也有的主題句出現(xiàn)在段落或文章中間，其方式是：某問(wèn)題（一個(gè)反面觀(guān)點(diǎn)）——主題——闡述或論證。

2. 推理判斷題

要求同學(xué)們根據(jù)作者在文章中所陳述的內(nèi)容來(lái)確定其中的含義或得出某種結(jié)論，它的答案不能直接在文章中找出，只能借助現(xiàn)有的信息進(jìn)行分析推斷，找出文章能表達(dá)作者意圖或句子或文章含義的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)，不可主觀(guān)臆斷，根據(jù)自己的體驗(yàn)來(lái)判斷。

3. 事實(shí)與細(xì)節(jié)題

正確理解字面意義和結(jié)構(gòu)是必需的。這類(lèi)題答案一般都能從原文中找到，閱讀時(shí)對(duì)主要事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)做上標(biāo)記，陳述事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)時(shí)有一定的語(yǔ)言標(biāo)記。如：表因果關(guān)系的詞because， as， since， so， therefore， hence， as a result， in that； 表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的詞but， yet， whereas， while， however， on the contrary， that is to say； 還有一些標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)（破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)、分號(hào)等）。

例1 The whole family uses the bathroom─most often without taking care. How safe is your bathroom？ If any of the following is true of yours， do something about it as soon as possible before tragedy strikes.

lVery hot water

The water in your tap should not be hotter than 55-60 degrees Centigrade. If it is， it can easily burn those who inadvertently land under it in the shower， having forgotten to open the cold tap as well. In any case， its expensive to keep the boiler close to boiling point all the time.

lGas leaks

Gas leaks are dangerous─whether in bathrooms or kitchens. If you smell gas， switch off everything and get out of the house as soon as possible─even if you only have a towel around your body.

lSlippery floor

Imagine being in plaster of Paris for six weeks after breaking a leg slipping on a wet bathroom floor. Invest in a wooden or rubber bathroom mat or a non-slip bathroom floor. It is also an idea， especially if you have elderly relatives living with you， to have a non-slip rubber mat in the bath.

lDirty towels

Towels need to be washed regularly， as they are wonderful breeding grounds for bacteria. Infections can be passed on from one family member to another， if they use the same towel.

lAny electrical connections

There should be no electrical connections or extension wires in the bathroom. Any contact between a live electrical connection and water can result in death. This is the reason why electric shavers have special connections. Be careful of electrical extension cords linked to washing machines or dryers.

1. Plaster of Paris may be .

A. used to treat the broken bones

B. a kind of medicine to treat diseases

C. hidden in the broken legs or arms

D. a place in Paris which is very dangerous

2. If a person smells the thick gas around when taking a bath， he should .

A. turn on the electric fan to blow the gas out

B. find out the leaking point and get it fixed

C. put on clothes and come out to call for help

D. leave the bath full of gas very quickly

3. From the passage， we can infer that .

A. old people may easily slip on a wet floor

B. rubber can clean wet bathrooms floor easily

C. a towel may protect you from breathing in gas

D. bacteria in towels come from the ground of bathroom

4. In a bathroom， wed better not .

A. equip electric wires

B. use electric equipment

C. hang our washing towels

D. keep the floor wet all over

5. The best title of this passage may be .

A. Never Use Extension Wires

B. How to Take a Bath Correctly

C. Dont Make Your Bathroom a Death Trap

D. How to Keep Away From Family Accidents

解析 1. A。猜測(cè)詞義題。根據(jù)第四段Imagine being in plaster of Paris for six weeks after breaking a leg slipping on a wet bathroom floor. 可知：在潮濕的浴室地板是滑一跤摔折了腿之后包在這個(gè)東西里面要六個(gè)星期，應(yīng)該就是熟石膏，是用來(lái)治療骨折用的。故選A。

2. D。細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的... get out of the house as soon as possible ...可知答案。

3. A。推理判斷題。由第四段中的It is also an idea， especially if you have elderly relatives living with you， to have a non-slip rubber mat in the bath.可知上了年紀(jì)的人更容易滑倒。

4. B。事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中的...Any contact between a live electrical connection and water can result in death. 可知答案。

5. C。主旨大意題。本文一開(kāi)始就告誡大家要注意防范事故悲劇的發(fā)生，接著向大家介紹浴室中要注意的幾個(gè)事項(xiàng)，并提到可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致死亡，故選C項(xiàng)?！安灰屇愕脑∈页蔀樗劳鱿葳濉?，以示警告。其他幾項(xiàng)都是片面的。

熟知文章結(jié)構(gòu)，提防設(shè)題陷阱

文章體裁不同，其結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)就會(huì)各異。了解和熟悉不同類(lèi)型文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，可以幫助我們準(zhǔn)確快速地理解文章，一般來(lái)說(shuō)，敘事性的文章通常采用話(huà)題——舉例——結(jié)論這一結(jié)構(gòu)模式；說(shuō)明文采用提出問(wèn)題（或以一個(gè)事例引出問(wèn)題）——（專(zhuān)家）發(fā)現(xiàn)直接原因——分析深層原因——得出結(jié)論或找到解決問(wèn)題的模式；議論文則多采用主張——反主張的模式。在這一模式中，作者首先提出一種普遍認(rèn)可的觀(guān)點(diǎn)或某些人認(rèn)可的主張或觀(guān)點(diǎn)，然后進(jìn)行澄清，說(shuō)明自己的主張或觀(guān)點(diǎn)，或者說(shuō)提出反主張或真實(shí)情況。通過(guò)對(duì)文章結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)分析，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，閱讀理解中無(wú)論任何體裁文章都遵循著這樣一個(gè)共同的模式：提出話(huà)題（觀(guān)點(diǎn)或事例）——用事例分析原因（批駁觀(guān)點(diǎn)）——得出結(jié)論。對(duì)文章結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)的把握有助于讀者更加自覺(jué)地關(guān)注文章的開(kāi)始和結(jié)尾。

考題常采用以下干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置方法來(lái)迷惑同學(xué)們。

（1）將材料的部分內(nèi)容當(dāng)作全部?jī)?nèi)容，以偏概全。

（2）擴(kuò)大或縮小材料中某部分內(nèi)容的含義，對(duì)所陳述的事實(shí)或結(jié)論要么全部肯定，要么全部否定或以最高級(jí)形式出現(xiàn)。

（3）偏移材料中某部分內(nèi)容的含義和文章的主旨，同學(xué)們很容易不自覺(jué)將自己的或傳統(tǒng)觀(guān)點(diǎn)當(dāng)作作者的觀(guān)點(diǎn)從而影響答題。

（4）包含部分正確內(nèi)容影響判斷等，要把長(zhǎng)句后半部分的內(nèi)容的理解當(dāng)作重點(diǎn)。

例2 The researchers of Utah University studied 150 married couples and found that heart disease in women was linked to either hostile （敵意的） partner， but in men it was linked to either showing controlling behaviour， reported the online edition of BBC News.

The researchers studied the couples without arterial （動(dòng)脈的） disease， with at least one partner in their sixties， who were all paid to participate in the study.

Each couple was asked to pick a topic， such as money， in-laws， children， vacations and household matters.

They were then videoed while they discussed the topic， watched by psychology students. It was thought such discussions were less than what happened at home because the couples were being watched. The comments were classed as friendly or hostile. For example， comments such as “you can be so stupid sometimes” or “youre too negative all the time” were coded as hostile. Participants were also given a scan to check for signs of disease. When the results were analysed， it was found that the wives who made the most hostile comments during the discussion had a greater degree of calcification （鈣化） building up in the arteries that supply blood to the heart.

Particularly high levels of calcification were found in women who behaved in a hostile and unfriendly way， the researchers found.

However， husbands who displayed more controlling behaviour， or whose wives displayed such behaviour， were more likely than other men to have more serious arterial hardening.

Some couples who were most hostile were referred to marriage guidance by the researchers.

None of the people with high calcification were classed as a medical emergency， but some had scores which were high enough for them to be advised to talk to their doctor.

1. How was the study carried out？

A. By answering questions

B. By watching life videos

C. Through a one-day real life

D. By recording the couples talk

2. The researchers chose money， in-laws， children， vacations and household matters as the couples discussion topics probably because .

A. they were very easy for couples to say something about

B. they might easily cause disagreements in their marriage

C. these were all the matters of daily life in their marriage

D. these could cause arterial disease during their daily life

3. The researchers suggested some couples see their doctors because they .

A. had too high marks in the tests

B. might have an arterial problem

C. were too negative and stupid

D. showed controlling behavior

4. According to the research， the more hostile couples are， .

A. the less soft their character will become

B. the more damage their heart will receive

C. the less clever they will both become

D. the more negative they will become

5. What is the purpose of this text？

A. To stop bad fights between couples

B. To explain the cause of heart disease

C. To answer some questions from couples

D. To educate people about good manners

解析 1. D。細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)理解題。由第四段中的They were then videoed while they discussed the topic， watched by psychology students. 可知，這個(gè)研究是將夫妻的談話(huà)錄制下來(lái)然后進(jìn)行分析來(lái)進(jìn)行的。

2. B。推理判斷題。這些都是婚姻生活中的最易引起分歧的話(huà)題，通過(guò)這些話(huà)題研究者可以更容易看出某些夫妻引發(fā)的敵意談話(huà)，這樣就可以更好地開(kāi)展實(shí)驗(yàn)。

3. B。邏輯推理題。由最后一段可推知：沒(méi)人被劃為醫(yī)療急救對(duì)象，但一些人得分過(guò)高，說(shuō)明其可能患上動(dòng)脈疾病，還是需要進(jìn)行醫(yī)療、要去看醫(yī)生的。而A項(xiàng)說(shuō)的只是表面現(xiàn)象，不能直接解釋這一原因。選B項(xiàng)。

4. B。推理判斷題。由文章可知這種病的成因：敵意的爭(zhēng)吵→動(dòng)脈高鈣化→心臟損傷嚴(yán)重。故選B項(xiàng)。

5. A。目的意圖題。作者通過(guò)對(duì)這個(gè)研究的闡述，讓我們認(rèn)識(shí)到夫妻爭(zhēng)吵能導(dǎo)致心臟疾病這一嚴(yán)重的后果，以告誡人們不要進(jìn)行敵意的爭(zhēng)吵。