駱曉琴,曹淑娟,馬云成
作者單位:(844000)中國新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)喀什市,喀什地區(qū)第一人民醫(yī)院眼科
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·臨床研究·
Ex-press青光眼引流器植入術(shù)治療難治性青光眼的療效及并發(fā)癥
駱曉琴,曹淑娟,馬云成
作者單位:(844000)中國新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)喀什市,喀什地區(qū)第一人民醫(yī)院眼科
Citation:Luo XQ, Cao SJ, Ma YC.Clinical curative effect of Ex-press glaucoma drainage device implantation for refractory glaucoma and related complications.GuojiYankeZazhi(IntEyeSci) 2016;16(5):883-886
摘要
目的:探討Ex-press青光眼引流器植入術(shù)治療難治性青光眼的臨床療效及并發(fā)癥。
方法:隨機(jī)選取本院2013-02/2014-08收治行Ex-press青光眼引流器植入術(shù)治療的難治性青光眼53例56眼,男39例41眼,女14例15眼,平均年齡52.63±10.58歲;新生血管性青光眼25例26眼,濾過手術(shù)失敗后青光眼16例18眼,玻璃體切除術(shù)后繼發(fā)青光眼6例6眼以及復(fù)雜眼外傷后青光眼6例6眼。觀察術(shù)后1、12mo視力、眼壓、前房深度、角膜內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞密度及并發(fā)癥等情況,并與術(shù)前進(jìn)行分析比較。
結(jié)果:術(shù)后12mo,完全成功率為 62%(35眼),部分成功率為14%(8眼),總成功率為77%。其中新生血管性青光眼有效率為85%,濾過手術(shù)失敗后青光眼有效率為56%,復(fù)雜眼外傷后青光眼100%,玻璃體切除術(shù)后青光眼83%。術(shù)后1mo視力較術(shù)前提高者28眼(50%),視力不變18眼(32%),視力降低10眼(18%)。術(shù)后12mo視力較術(shù)前提高者19眼(34%),視力不變18眼(32%),視力降低19眼(34%)。術(shù)前平均眼壓29.58±8.66mmHg,術(shù)后1mo平均眼壓12.75±5.66mmHg,與術(shù)前比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),其中56例患眼眼壓均表現(xiàn)為降低(100%)。術(shù)后12mo眼壓為9.8~28.4(平均15.42±4.09)mmHg,與術(shù)前比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),其中眼壓較術(shù)前增高者2眼,眼壓不變0眼,眼壓降低54眼(96%)。術(shù)后1、12mo內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞計數(shù)分別為1958.22±168.30、1793.99 ± 201.55個/mm2,與術(shù)前的2113.47±80.56個/mm2比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。術(shù)后總并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為29%,其中術(shù)后早期發(fā)生淺前房低眼壓4眼,暫時性高眼壓 3眼,引流管阻塞5眼,前房出血3眼。后期并發(fā)癥有局部隆起的包裹的囊狀泡1眼。
結(jié)論:Ex-press青光眼引流器植入術(shù)治療難治性青光眼,雖然存在一定的術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,但仍可取得較好的臨床療效,是目前治療難治性青光眼的有效方法。
關(guān)鍵詞:難治性青光眼;Ex-press青光眼引流器;臨床研究
引用:駱曉琴,曹淑娟,馬云成.Ex-press青光眼引流器植入術(shù)治療難治性青光眼的療效及并發(fā)癥.國際眼科雜志2016;16(5):883-886
0引言
難治性青光眼又稱頑固性青光眼(refractory glaucoma,RG),是指雖經(jīng)過常規(guī)濾過性手術(shù),或聯(lián)合應(yīng)用抗代謝性藥物,甚至進(jìn)行睫狀體破壞手術(shù),以及輔加最大耐受量抗青光眼藥物的聯(lián)合治療,而依然難以將眼壓控制在正常范圍內(nèi)的青光眼[1]。難治性青光眼包括新生血管性青光限、無晶狀體性青光眼、青少年性青光眼、濾過性手術(shù)失敗的青光眼、有較長時期用藥史的青光眼以及某些繼發(fā)性青光眼、虹膜角膜內(nèi)皮綜合征等[2]。此類患者長期高眼壓極易致視神經(jīng)萎縮,視力下降,甚至失明。難治性青光眼一直是眼科臨床治療中難點,目前尚無明確的有效藥物治療,傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)方法雖較多,但效果并不理想,傳統(tǒng)的小梁切除術(shù)并發(fā)癥略多,且降眼壓效果極差;睫狀體破壞術(shù)易導(dǎo)致眼球萎縮,研究難治性青光眼的治療方法成為迫切需要。近年來,國際中出現(xiàn)青光眼引流器(Ex-press)在治療難治性青光眼方面有較為良好的臨床效果,Ex-press自引入國內(nèi)以來,成為臨床中治療難治性青光眼的一種新方法,目前國內(nèi)尚缺乏Ex-press引流器術(shù)后跟蹤研究,為此本研究選取難治性青光眼患者,觀察其術(shù)后療效及恢復(fù)情況,現(xiàn)將結(jié)果報道如下。
1對象和方法
1.1對象2013-02/2014-08我院共收治的難治性青光眼患者53例56眼,回顧性分析其臨床資料男39例41眼,女14例15眼,年齡31~76(平均52.63±10.58)歲,高血壓病史12例,糖尿病史8例。患者入院時眼壓為28.5~60.5(平均34.12±9.16)mmHg,前房深度為2.96~3.61(平均3.44±0.36)mm。青光眼類型包含新生血管性青光眼25例26眼(46%),濾過手術(shù)失敗后青光眼16例18眼(32%),玻璃體切除術(shù)后繼發(fā)青光眼6例6眼(11%)以及復(fù)雜眼外傷后青光眼6例6眼(11%)。主要檢查儀器、設(shè)備、材料:非接觸眼壓計、手術(shù)顯微鏡、角膜內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞計數(shù)儀(日本 TOPCON 公司)、眼科 A 型超聲診斷儀(北京尼德科貿(mào)公司)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對數(shù)視力表(常州戚墅堰醫(yī)療器械公司)、裂隙燈顯微鏡(蘇州醫(yī)療器械廠的 YZ5E 型)、Ex-press青光眼引流器(國產(chǎn)型號FpT穿透型)。
1.2方法
1.2.1術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備術(shù)前進(jìn)行裂隙燈顯微鏡詳細(xì)眼部檢查,綜合考慮手術(shù)部位,確定Ex-press青光眼引流器部位。
1.2.2手術(shù)方法患者平臥,常規(guī)麻醉、消毒、鋪單上眼貼膜。依次制作結(jié)膜瓣、制作鞏膜瓣及鞏膜隧道,鞏膜瓣下置吸收絲裂霉素C(MMC)溶液(濃度0.4mg/mL,3min),隨后植入引流器、鞏膜瓣及結(jié)膜瓣遮蓋、注入平衡液,可調(diào)節(jié)縫線方式縫合,包扎術(shù)后給予抗生素滴眼,術(shù)后以濾過泡形態(tài)、實時眼壓及前房深度情況適時松解或拆除可調(diào)節(jié)縫線。
1.2.3觀察指標(biāo)分別于術(shù)后1、12mo隨訪患者,將患者患眼前房深度變化和角膜內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞數(shù)量變化,視力恢復(fù)情況和眼壓恢復(fù)情況及并發(fā)癥情況進(jìn)行登記。 目前公認(rèn)的手術(shù)效果評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[3]為:完全成功:眼壓控制,術(shù)后不需要加用任何抗青光眼藥物,眼壓控制在6~21mmHg,或至少下降 30%;部分成功:眼壓部分控制,局部加用抗青光眼藥物,眼壓控制在6~21mmHg;失敗:眼壓失控,局部加用抗青光眼藥物,眼壓>21mmHg 或<6mmHg,或植入失敗需要重新植入引流器,或出現(xiàn)破壞性并發(fā)癥??偝晒β?完全成功率+部分成功率。
2結(jié)果
2.1視力情況患者56眼中,術(shù)后1mo視力較術(shù)前提高者28眼(50%),視力不變18眼(32%),視力降低10眼(18%)。術(shù)后12mo視力較術(shù)前提高者19眼(34%),視力不變18眼(32%),視力降低19眼(34%),見表1。
2.2眼壓變化患者入院時眼壓為28.5~60.5(平均34.12±9.16)mmHg,術(shù)前控制眼壓為16.8~51.3(平均29.58±8.66)mmHg。術(shù)后1mo眼壓為7.1~19.6(平均12.75±5.66)mmHg,與術(shù)前控制眼壓比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(t=1.798,P=0.01),其中56眼眼壓均表現(xiàn)為降低(100%)。術(shù)后12mo眼壓為9.8~28.4(平均15.42±4.09)mmHg,與術(shù)前控制眼壓比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(t=2.172,P=0.03),其中眼壓較術(shù)前控制眼壓增高者2眼,眼壓不變0眼,眼壓降低54眼(96%)。不同病因難治性青光眼術(shù)后眼壓控制情況見表2。
表1Ex-press青光眼引流器植入術(shù)前與術(shù)后視力情況
眼
注:術(shù)前vs術(shù)后:χ2=1.49,P=0.87。
表2不同病因難治性青光眼術(shù)后眼壓控制結(jié)果
眼
注:不同病因難治性青光眼比較:χ2=1.821,P=0.69。
2.3前房深度術(shù)前平均前房深度3.44±0.36mm,術(shù)后1mo平均前房深度為3.21±0.10mm,與術(shù)前相比無明顯變化,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(t=1.328,P=0.062)。術(shù)后12mo平均前房深度為3.18±0.07mm,與術(shù)前相比無明顯變化,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(t=1.432,P=0.054)。
2.4角膜內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞計數(shù)術(shù)后角膜內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞計數(shù)均有所下降,術(shù)后1、12mo內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞計數(shù)分別為1958.22±168.30、1793.99±201.55個/mm2,與術(shù)前的2113.47±80.56個/mm2比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(F=3.21,P=0.03)。
2.5并發(fā)癥情況所有患者術(shù)后隨診期間均未發(fā)生毀損性并發(fā)癥, 術(shù)后總并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為29%,見表3。
2.6療效評定術(shù)后12mo,完全成功率為 62%(35眼),部分成功率為14%(8眼),總成功率為77%。其中新生血管性青光眼有效率為85%,濾過手術(shù)失敗后青光眼有效率為56%,復(fù)雜眼外傷后青光眼100%,玻璃體切除術(shù)后青光眼83%。
3討論
Ex-press青光眼引流器是一種小型,不銹鋼,無閥門設(shè)計的新型房水引流裝置。該裝置的作用機(jī)制是通過將該引流器植入結(jié)膜瓣下把房水引流到鞏膜瓣下的間隙,進(jìn)而彌散至結(jié)膜下再吸收[4]。有研究[5]指出和傳統(tǒng)小梁切除術(shù)相比較,該手術(shù)避免了對鞏膜及虹膜的切除,與AGV手術(shù)相比操作簡單,具有可重復(fù)性,并明顯降低了眼組織的創(chuàng)傷,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥也較少[5]。近年來Ex-press青光眼引流器逐漸廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床治療。引起難治性青光眼的原因比較復(fù)雜,故對影響手術(shù)成功率的因素很難確定。有報道[6]指出與個體的身體基礎(chǔ)狀況、青光眼類型、醫(yī)師操作技術(shù)水平、隨訪時間等有關(guān)系。張苗苗[7]指出與術(shù)后護(hù)理、用藥、纖維包囊的形成、術(shù)中術(shù)后出血等有關(guān)。
在Ex-press青光眼引流器植入術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率約為 32%~53.8%,可幾種并發(fā)癥同時發(fā)生[8-9]。張苗苗[7]指出Ex-press青光眼引流器植入術(shù)后常見的并發(fā)癥有低眼壓、脈絡(luò)膜脫離、淺前房、出血和濾過泡滲漏等。淺前房低眼壓是Ex-press青光眼引流器植入術(shù)后常見的并發(fā)癥。Aziz等報道這與房水循環(huán)異常、炎癥、全身疾病等多種因素有關(guān)[10-12]。Ex-press雖然不能完全避免術(shù)后早期低眼壓的發(fā)生,但是由于該技術(shù)的微創(chuàng)性、可重復(fù)性,與傳統(tǒng)技術(shù)相比,低眼壓及其相關(guān)并發(fā)癥在Ex-press植入后發(fā)生率較低。本研究中術(shù)后4眼(7%)淺前房低眼壓,對癥用藥后,前房深度維持正常。暫時性高眼壓常與引流管口堵塞有關(guān)及引流管結(jié)扎過緊有關(guān)。本組病例中術(shù)后早期高眼壓有3眼發(fā)生(5%),服用降眼壓后得到控制。有研究指出前房出血多見于新生血管性青光眼的患者,虹膜已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)紅變的患者更為多見,主要由于房角處及虹膜表面的新生血管,在手術(shù)時導(dǎo)致?lián)p傷后引起。
表3Ex-press青光眼引流器植入術(shù)后隨訪患者并發(fā)癥及處理方法
并發(fā)癥眼數(shù)(%)處理方法淺前房低眼壓4(7)藥物對癥處理暫時性高眼壓3(5)服用降眼壓藥前房出血3(5)止血藥物引流管內(nèi)口阻塞5(9)激光處理后再次開放通暢局部隆起包裹的囊狀泡1(2)行包裹囊壁切除術(shù)
本組病例(56眼)利用Ex-press青光眼引流器植入術(shù)進(jìn)行治療,術(shù)后隨訪12mo,完全成功率為62%(35眼),部分成功率為14%(8眼),總成功率為77%。其中新生血管性青光眼有效率為85%,濾過手術(shù)失敗后青光眼有效率為56%,復(fù)雜眼外傷后青光眼100%,玻璃體切除術(shù)后青光眼83%。本組病例中前房出血有3眼發(fā)生(5%),止血藥物處理后得到控制。本組病例中引流管內(nèi)口阻塞有5眼發(fā)生(9%),激光處理后再次開放通暢。外傷、多次手術(shù)和新生血管性青光眼都是包裹性囊腫發(fā)生的風(fēng)險因素。本組病例中局部隆起包裹的囊狀泡有1眼發(fā)生(2%),行包裹囊壁切除術(shù)后康復(fù)。
整體臨床效果較為滿意,本研究術(shù)后隨訪時間達(dá)12mo,能夠?qū)χ踩胄g(shù)后短期內(nèi)的手術(shù)效果進(jìn)行可靠的描述。但是,在將來的研究中,為了更好的描述難治性青光眼的治療效果,長期隨訪的隨機(jī)臨床對照試驗是必須的。
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Clinical curative effect of Ex-press glaucoma drainage device implantation for refractory glaucoma and related complications
Xiao-Qin Luo, Shu-Juan Cao, Yun-Cheng Ma
Department of Ophthalmology, the First People’s Hospital of Kashi, Kashi 844000, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
Correspondence to:Yun-Cheng Ma. Department of Ophthalmology, the First People’s Hospital of Kashi, Kashi 844000, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. mayuncheng2009@yeah.net
Received:2016-02-18Accepted:2016-04-18
Abstract
?AIM:To explore the clinical efficacy of Ex - PRESS drainage device implantation for refractory glaucoma and related complications.
?METHODS: Fifty-three cases (56 eyes) were randomly selected in our hospital from February 2013 to August 2014 who received Ex-press glaucoma drainage device implantation for refractory glaucoma, 39 males (41 eyes) and 14 females (15 eyes), 52.63±10.58 years old; 25 cases (26 eyes) with neovascular glaucoma, 16 patients (18 eyes) with failure of glaucoma filtration surgery, 6 cases (6 eyes) with secondary glaucoma after vitrectomy, and 6 cases (6 eyes) with glaucoma secondary to complicated ocular trauma. Postoperative visual acuity, intraocular pressure(IOP), anterior chamber depth, corneal endothelial cell density and complications, etc. at 1 and 12mo were analyzed and compared with the preoperative.
?RESULTS: At 12mo after operation, the complete success rate was 62% (35 eyes), the partial success rate was 14% (8 eyes), and the total success rate was 77%. The effective rate was 85% in patients with neovascular glaucoma, 56% in patients with failure of glaucoma filtration surgery, 100% in patients with glaucoma secondary to complicated ocular trauma, 83% in patients with secondary glaucoma after vitrectomy. At 1mo after surgery, visual acuity improved in 28 eyes (50%), unchanged in 18 eyes (32%), decreased in 10 eyes (18%). At 12mo after surgery, visual acuity improved in 19 eyes (34%), unchanged in 18 eyes (32%), decreased in 19 eyes (34%). Preoperative IOP was 29.58±8.66 mmHg, that at 1mo after surgery was 12.75±5.66mmHg, and the difference was significant (P<0.05). There were 56 eyes with decreased IOP (100%). IOP at 12mo after surgery was 9.8-28.4(mean 15.42±4.09)mmHg, which was lower than that before surgery (P<0.05). IOP were increased in 2 eyes, unchanged in 0, decreased in 54 eyes (96%) at 12mo. The corneal endothelial cells was 1958.22±168.30 and 1793.99±201.55/mm2, respectively, both decreased compared to that before surgery (2113.47±80.56/mm2,P<0.01). The total occurrence of postoperative complications was 29%, of which the early postoperative shallow anterior chamber with ocular hypotension was in 4 eyes, transient high IOP in 3 eyes, drainage tube obstruction in 5 eyes, and hyphema in 3 eyes. Late complication of cystic bubble with local doming was found in 1 eye.
?CONCLUSION: Ex-press glaucoma drainage device implantation for refractory glaucoma, although has some complications, still achieve better clinical efficacy, and is an effective method for refractory glaucoma.
KEYWORDS:?refractory glaucoma; the Ex-press glaucoma drainage device; clinical study
DOI:10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2016.5.22
收稿日期:2016-02-18 修回日期: 2016-04-18
通訊作者:馬云成,畢業(yè)于新疆醫(yī)科大學(xué),副主任醫(yī)師,研究方向:白內(nèi)障、青光眼.mayuncheng2009@yeah.net
作者簡介:駱曉琴,在職碩士研究生,主治醫(yī)師,研究方向:白內(nèi)障、青光眼。