李映璇 高綏之 蘇松 徐茂錦 高軍 諸嫻 金晶 吳洪玉
200433 上海,第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)長(zhǎng)海醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌科(李映璇、徐茂錦、蘇松),消化內(nèi)科(高軍、諸嫻、金晶、吳洪玉);第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)學(xué)員旅(高綏之)
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·論著·
Hippo-YAP信號(hào)通路活化參與二甲雙胍抑制胰腺癌細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)的作用
李映璇高綏之蘇松徐茂錦高軍諸嫻金晶吳洪玉
200433上海,第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)長(zhǎng)海醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌科(李映璇、徐茂錦、蘇松),消化內(nèi)科(高軍、諸嫻、金晶、吳洪玉);第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)學(xué)員旅(高綏之)
【摘要】目的觀察二甲雙胍對(duì)人胰腺癌PANC1細(xì)胞增殖、細(xì)胞周期及凋亡的影響,探討其與Hippo-YAP信號(hào)通路活化的關(guān)系。方法應(yīng)用5、10、20、40 mmol/L的二甲雙胍分別處理人胰腺癌PANC1細(xì)胞24、48、60、72 h,以不加二甲雙胍處理的細(xì)胞作為對(duì)照。采用CCK-8法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞增殖,流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞周期和細(xì)胞凋亡,實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞YAP mRNA表達(dá),蛋白質(zhì)印跡法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞YAP1、磷酸化YAP1(p-YAP1)蛋白表達(dá)。結(jié)果二甲雙胍呈劑量依賴性抑制PANC1細(xì)胞的增殖,各組間差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P值均<0.01)。二甲雙胍抑制PANC1細(xì)胞增殖的IC(50)值為20 mmol/L。用20 mmol/L二甲雙胍處理細(xì)胞48 h后細(xì)胞的G1期、S期細(xì)胞百分比及YAP1 mRNA表達(dá)量、p-YAP1蛋白表達(dá)量分別為(77.12±1.22)%、(9.13±0.73)%、4.17±0.37、0.67±0.01;對(duì)照組分別為(60.75±1.53)%、(26.97±1.18)%、1.03±0.11、0.17±0.01,兩組間的差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P值均<0.01)。對(duì)照組與二甲雙胍處理組細(xì)胞的凋亡率分別為(5.65±1.19)%、(9.83±1.36)%,YAP1蛋白表達(dá)量分別為0.42±0.00、0.41±0.00,兩組的差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P值均﹥0.05)。結(jié)論二甲雙胍可顯著抑制人胰腺癌PANC1細(xì)胞的增殖,使細(xì)胞周期阻滯在G0/G1期,其機(jī)制可能與Hippo-YAP信號(hào)通路活化有關(guān)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】胰腺腫瘤;二甲雙胍;細(xì)胞增殖;細(xì)胞凋亡;YAP;信號(hào)通路
胰腺癌是常見的消化道腫瘤之一,惡性程度極高,位居癌癥相關(guān)死亡的第4位[1]。由于起病隱匿,早期診斷困難,多數(shù)患者確診時(shí)已發(fā)生遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移,中位生存期僅為4~6個(gè)月,預(yù)后極差[2]。二甲雙胍是治療糖尿病的一線藥物,近年來多項(xiàng)研究證實(shí),二甲雙胍有抗腫瘤作用。服用二甲雙胍的糖尿病患者較服用其他降糖藥物的患者罹患胰腺癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更低[3-4],但其中機(jī)制尚未闡明。Hippo通路是一個(gè)可調(diào)控細(xì)胞增殖和凋亡的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路,Yes相關(guān)蛋白(Yes-associated protein,YAP)為Hippo通路的主要效應(yīng)分子,是一個(gè)候選致癌因子。Hippo-YAP 通路的異常與人類腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展密切相關(guān)[5-6]。本研究應(yīng)用二甲雙胍干預(yù)胰腺癌細(xì)胞株P(guān)ANC1,觀察其對(duì)細(xì)胞增殖和凋亡的影響以及 YAP1 基因表達(dá)的變化,探索二甲雙胍抑制胰腺癌生長(zhǎng)的機(jī)制。
材料與方法
一、細(xì)胞、試劑與儀器
人胰腺癌細(xì)胞株P(guān)ANC1購(gòu)自中國(guó)科學(xué)院上海生命科學(xué)院細(xì)胞資源中心,以含10%胎牛血清(FBS)的DMEM于37℃、5% CO2、濕潤(rùn)無菌的孵箱常規(guī)培養(yǎng)、傳代;FBS和高糖 DMEM培養(yǎng)液購(gòu)自美國(guó)Gibco公司;二甲雙胍粉末和 Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK-8)試劑購(gòu)自美國(guó) Sigma公司;Trizol及 RT Reagent Kit均購(gòu)自Takara公司;TaqMan Universal Master Mix Ⅱ購(gòu)自美國(guó)ABI公司;兔抗人YAP1單抗、兔抗人磷酸化YAP1(p-YAP1)單抗和鼠抗人GAPDH(內(nèi)參)單抗購(gòu)自美國(guó)Abcam公司。實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR儀為美國(guó)羅氏公司產(chǎn)品。
二、CCK-8法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞增殖
收集對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期的PANC1細(xì)胞,以每孔5×103個(gè)細(xì)胞接種于96孔板,每孔100 μl,待細(xì)胞貼壁后,輕輕吸棄上清液,換入含5、10、20、40 mmol/L二甲雙胍的培養(yǎng)基,分別培養(yǎng)24、48、60、72 h,每個(gè)濃度每個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)設(shè)3個(gè)復(fù)孔。以不加藥物處理的細(xì)胞作為對(duì)照組。培養(yǎng)到相應(yīng)時(shí)間時(shí)小心吸棄孔內(nèi)上清液,加入100 μl 含10% CCK-8的無血清培養(yǎng)基,37℃避光孵育1 h。上酶標(biāo)儀測(cè)各孔在波長(zhǎng)450 nm處的吸光度值(A450值),以單純培養(yǎng)液孔調(diào)零。細(xì)胞抑制率(%)=[1-實(shí)驗(yàn)孔A450值/對(duì)照孔A450值]×100%。實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次。獲取半數(shù)抑制濃度(half inhibition concentration,IC50)進(jìn)行后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究。
三、流式細(xì)胞儀測(cè)定細(xì)胞周期
取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期的PANC1細(xì)胞,以每孔5×105個(gè)細(xì)胞接種于6孔板。待細(xì)胞融合至70%~80%,加含20 mmol/L二甲雙胍的培養(yǎng)液,以不加藥物處理的細(xì)胞作為對(duì)照組。培養(yǎng)48 h后收集各組細(xì)胞,PBS洗滌后加入1 ml 70%預(yù)冷乙醇,吹打混勻,4℃固定過夜。次日離心棄乙醇,PBS洗滌后加入500 μl含 50μg/ml溴化乙錠(PI)、100 μg/ml RNase A、0.2% Triton X-100的PBS,輕輕吹打混勻,室溫避光反應(yīng)20~30 min,上流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)細(xì)胞周期。實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次,取均值。
四、Annexin V-FITC/PI雙染法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞凋亡
取上述二甲雙胍處理48 h的細(xì)胞及對(duì)照組細(xì)胞,PBS洗滌后加入5 μl Annexin V-FITC混勻,室溫避光反應(yīng)15 min,2 000 r /min離心,用結(jié)合緩沖液洗滌一次,再加200 μl緩沖液懸浮細(xì)胞,加入5 μl PI,室溫避光放置15 min,上流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)細(xì)胞凋亡率。實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次,取均值。
五、熒光實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR法檢測(cè)PANC1細(xì)胞YAP1 mRNA表達(dá)
取上述二甲雙胍處理48 h的細(xì)胞及對(duì)照組細(xì)胞,用Trizol抽提細(xì)胞總RNA。YAP1上游引物5′-CAGGCAATGCGGAATATCAA-3′,下游引物5′-TGGCTACGCAGGGCTAACTC-3′,產(chǎn)物大小70 bp;內(nèi)參GAPDH上游引物5′-TGTAGATCTGAACGCTTGTTAATGTG-3′,下游引物5′-GCATCAAAGATGGAAGAGTGAGTGT-3′,產(chǎn)物大小94 bp。引物由上海生工生物工程有限公司設(shè)計(jì)、合成。先應(yīng)用反轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒逆轉(zhuǎn)成cDNA,再行PCR擴(kuò)增。PCR反應(yīng)條件: 95℃ 10 min,95℃ 15 s、60℃ 1 min,50個(gè)循環(huán)。由儀器自帶軟件獲取Ct值,以公式2-△△Ct計(jì)算mRNA相對(duì)表達(dá)量。實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)6次,取均值。
六、蛋白質(zhì)印跡法檢測(cè) PANC1細(xì)胞YAP1、p-YAP1蛋白表達(dá)
取上述二甲雙胍處理48 h的細(xì)胞及對(duì)照組細(xì)胞,用RIPA裂解液裂解獲取蛋白,采用BCA比色法定量蛋白后常規(guī)行蛋白質(zhì)印跡法檢測(cè)YAP1、p-YAP1蛋白的表達(dá)。最后ECL發(fā)光,X片曝光、顯影、定影。使用Amersham Imager 600分析儀掃描圖像,以目的條帶與內(nèi)參條帶灰度值比表示蛋白表達(dá)量。實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次,取均值。
七、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
結(jié)果
一、二甲雙胍對(duì)PANC1細(xì)胞增殖能力的影響
二甲雙胍呈劑量依賴性抑制PANC1細(xì)胞的增殖,各組間差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P值均<0.01,表1)。二甲雙胍抑制PANC1細(xì)胞增殖的IC50值為20 mmol/L,故選取20 mmol/L二甲雙胍處理細(xì)胞48 h進(jìn)行后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)。
表1 不同濃度二甲雙胍組PANC1細(xì)胞增殖的抑制率±s)
二、二甲雙胍對(duì)PANC1細(xì)胞周期的影響
二甲雙胍處理組PANC1細(xì)胞的G1期和S期細(xì)胞所占比例分別為(77.12±1.22)%、 (9.13±0.73)%,對(duì)照組分別為(60.75±1.53)%、 (26.97±1.18)%。處理組細(xì)胞周期阻滯在G0/G1期,S期縮短,與對(duì)照組的差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t值分別為8.35、12.83,P值均<0.01)。見圖1。
圖1 對(duì)照組(1A)和二甲雙胍組(1B)PANC1細(xì)胞的周期變化
三、二甲雙胍對(duì)PANC1細(xì)胞凋亡的影響
二甲雙胍處理組PANC1細(xì)胞的凋亡率為(9.83±1.36)%,對(duì)照組為(5.65±1.19)%,兩組間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=2.32,P﹥0.05)。見圖2。
圖2 對(duì)照組(2A)和二甲雙胍組(2B)PANC1細(xì)胞凋亡
四、二甲雙胍對(duì)PANC1細(xì)胞YAP1 mRNA表達(dá)的影響
對(duì)照組、二甲雙胍處理組PANC1細(xì)胞的YAP1 mRNA表達(dá)量分別為1.03±0.11、4.17±0.37,處理組YAP1 mRNA的表達(dá)量顯著高于對(duì)照組,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=8.06,P<0.01)。
五、二甲雙胍對(duì)PANC1細(xì)胞YAP1、p-YAP1蛋白表達(dá)的影響
二甲雙胍處理組PANC1細(xì)胞的YAP1、p-YAP1蛋白的相對(duì)表達(dá)量分別為0.41±0.00、0.67±0.01,對(duì)照組分別為0.42±0.00、0.17±0.01,兩組間YAP1表達(dá)水平的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=1.23,P值>0.05),而處理組細(xì)胞p-YAP1水平顯著高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=47.66,P值<0.001)。見圖3。
圖3 對(duì)照組(1)、二甲雙胍組(2)細(xì)胞YAP1、p-YAP1蛋白表達(dá)
討論
近年研究表明,二甲雙胍可抑制乳腺癌、卵巢癌、肺癌、胰腺癌等多種惡性腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)[7-9],且聯(lián)合化療藥物可增強(qiáng)腫瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)化療藥物的敏感性[10],治療效果更顯著。多項(xiàng)研究報(bào)道,二甲雙胍可降低糖尿病患者發(fā)生胰腺癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[11],通過多種途徑抑制胰腺癌的發(fā)生[12],但其機(jī)制尚未完全明了。因此,本研究以此為著手點(diǎn)展開研究,以期為胰腺癌的早期防治提供一條新思路。
Hippo信號(hào)通路是一條抑制細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)的信號(hào)通路,在維持細(xì)胞接觸性抑制、增殖/凋亡平衡及調(diào)控器官大小等生理過程中發(fā)揮重要作用。Hippo信號(hào)通路的核心組分包括MST1/2(mammalian Sterile 20-like kinase 1/2)、LATS1/2 (large tumor suppressor gene 1/2)、YAP 、SAV1(Salvador homolog 1)和MOB1(Mob kinase activator 1)[13]。YAP是一個(gè)致癌基因,其活性受到磷酸化和亞細(xì)胞定位的調(diào)控[14],而Hippo通路上的其他幾個(gè)基因是抑癌基因。Hippo信號(hào)通路上游的膜蛋白受體感受到生長(zhǎng)抑制信號(hào)后,MST1、SAV1、MOB1和LATS1經(jīng)過一系列磷酸化級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng),最后磷酸化下游效應(yīng)因子YAP,磷酸化的YAP滯留在胞質(zhì)內(nèi)被降解,不能進(jìn)入細(xì)胞核行使轉(zhuǎn)錄激活功能,由此通過抑制YAP的促生長(zhǎng)、抗凋亡等功能而維持器官的正常體積。當(dāng)Hippo通路被抑制,YAP轉(zhuǎn)位到胞核內(nèi)與多種轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合,如TEADs(transcriptional enhancer associate domain transcription factors)[15],調(diào)節(jié)下游基因進(jìn)而促進(jìn)腫瘤形成。
最近研究證實(shí),Hippo信號(hào)通路的激活與G蛋白耦聯(lián)受體(GPCR)信號(hào)調(diào)控有關(guān),Hippo信號(hào)通路還在組織再生以及干細(xì)胞的功能調(diào)控上發(fā)揮重要作用。二甲雙胍可通過削弱干細(xì)胞的功能抑制腫瘤生長(zhǎng)[12],還可干擾GPCR信號(hào)系統(tǒng)與 insulin/IGF-1(insulin-like growth factor-1)軸之間的串?dāng)_來抑制胰腺癌細(xì)胞的發(fā)生[11]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,二甲雙胍可顯著抑制胰腺癌PANC1細(xì)胞增殖,p-YAP1 蛋白表達(dá)顯著升高,進(jìn)一步證實(shí)二甲雙胍抑制細(xì)胞增殖與Hippo-YAP信號(hào)通路的激活有關(guān)。
細(xì)胞增殖與凋亡之間的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡有助于維持機(jī)體內(nèi)環(huán)境的穩(wěn)態(tài)和器官的正常體積。除了抑制細(xì)胞過度增殖以外,抗癌藥物通常還會(huì)促進(jìn)凋亡。本研究結(jié)果顯示,二甲雙胍對(duì)胰腺癌PANC1細(xì)胞無顯著的促凋亡作用,主要通過抑制細(xì)胞增殖和阻滯細(xì)胞周期發(fā)揮生長(zhǎng)抑制作用。
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(本文編輯:呂芳萍)
Hippo-YAP signaling pathway activation was involved in the inhibitory effect of metformin on the growth of pancreatic cancer PANC1 cells
LiYingxuan,GaoSuizhi,SuSong,XuMaojin,GaoJun,ZhuXian,JinJing,WuHongyu.DepartmentofEndocrinology,ChanghaiHospital,SecondMilitaryMedicalUniversity,Shanghai200433,China
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of metformin on the proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis in human pancreatic cancer PANC1 cells, and to explore their relations with Hippo-YAP signaling pathway activation. MethodsPancreatic cancer PANC1 cells were treated with 5, 10, 20, 40 mmol/L metformin for 24 h, 48 h, 60 h, 72 h, respectively. Meanwhile, the PANC1 cells that were not treated with metformin were set as the controls. CCK-8 method was used to examine the proliferation of PANC1 cells. Flow cytometry was used to detect cell cycle and apoptosis, and YAP1 mRNA was detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR, and YAP1 and pYAP1 protein were detected by Western blot, respectively. ResultsTreatment with metformin could observably inhibit the proliferation of PANC1 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and the difference among different groups was statistically significant(all P<0.01).The half inhibition concentration (IC(50)) of metformin was about 20 mmol/L. After treated with 20 mmol/L metformin for 48 h, the proportion of G1 cells and S phase cells, the expression of YAP1 mRNA and p-YAP1 protein was (77.12±1.22)%、(9.13±0.73)%、4.17±0.37、0.67±0.01, while in control group, these were (60.75±1.53)%、(26.97±1.18)%、1.03±0.11、0.17±0.01, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.01). The apoptosis rate was (5.65±1.19)% vs (9.83±1.36)% and YAP1 protein expression was (0.42±0.00) vs (0.41±0.00). The differences were not statistically significant(all P﹥0.05). Conclusions Metformin could significantly inhibit the proliferation of pancreatic cancer PANC1 cells and lead to G0/G1 phase arrest, in which the activation of Hippo-YAP signaling pathway may be involved.
【Key words】Pancreatic neoplasms;Metformin;Cell proliferation;Apoptosis;YAP;Signal transduction
(收稿日期:2016-02-18)
Corresponding author:Xu Maojin, Email:xumaojinch@126.com;Gao Jun, Email:13816012151@163.com
基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81272663,81472279);上海市教育委員會(huì)科研創(chuàng)新基金(13ZZ062)
通信作者:徐茂錦:Email:xumaojinch@126.com;高軍:Email:13816012151@163.com
DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-1935.2016.02.003
Fund Projects: National Natural Science Foundation of China(81272663,81472279);Scientific Research Innovation Foundation of Shanghai Education Commission(13ZZ062)
共同第一作者:高綏之