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抗血管生成藥物長期治療致腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)機(jī)制的研究進(jìn)展

2016-05-27 06:41湯井嬌綜述蔣曉東審校
中國腫瘤臨床 2016年7期
關(guān)鍵詞:貝伐上皮單抗

湯井嬌 綜述 蔣曉東 審校

·綜述·

抗血管生成藥物長期治療致腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)機(jī)制的研究進(jìn)展

湯井嬌綜述蔣曉東審校

摘要抗血管生成藥物治療在臨床上取得了一定療效,許多患者因此獲益。然而,部分腫瘤患者長期使用抗血管生成藥物后會(huì)發(fā)生腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移。原因可能是長期抗血管生成藥物治療會(huì)造成腫瘤微環(huán)境的乏氧,刺激乏氧誘導(dǎo)因子(hypoxia inducible factors,HIFs)的產(chǎn)生。HIFs參與乏氧信號(hào)通路調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)的形成,改變血管外周細(xì)胞及內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞連接之間的特性,使腫瘤細(xì)胞更易進(jìn)入外周血液循環(huán),隨血流到達(dá)遠(yuǎn)處器官并形成轉(zhuǎn)移灶。本研究將對(duì)抗血管生成藥物長期治療與腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)機(jī)制的研究進(jìn)展作一綜述。

關(guān)鍵詞抗血管生成治療乏氧誘導(dǎo)因子侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化

腫瘤血管生成是一系列復(fù)雜的過程,在腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展中具有重要作用。抗血管生成藥物治療是針對(duì)腫瘤血管生成的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),使用如血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)的抗體貝伐單抗阻斷血管生成,使腫瘤細(xì)胞的氧和營養(yǎng)來源消失,造成乏氧的微環(huán)境,從而“餓死”腫瘤細(xì)胞,起到治療腫瘤的目的。自2004年美國食品藥品監(jiān)督管理局(food and drug administration,F(xiàn)DA)批準(zhǔn)了貝伐單抗治療轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)直腸癌以來,血管生成抑制劑已陸續(xù)進(jìn)入各期臨床試驗(yàn)并廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床。目前臨床上常見的是貝伐單抗聯(lián)合一線化療方案或貝伐單抗單藥維持治療多種腫瘤。這些方案一般使用3~8個(gè)周期,即約3~8個(gè)月[1-2],普遍認(rèn)為使用≥6個(gè)月為長期使用[1],有病例報(bào)告報(bào)道[3]長期使用貝伐單抗聯(lián)合治療達(dá)到38個(gè)月。接受貝伐單抗聯(lián)合化療方案治療的卵巢癌、結(jié)直腸癌等患者,在總生存率(overall survival,OS)、無進(jìn)展生存期(progression-free survival,PFS)方面均有提高,許多患者因抗血管治療而獲益[4-6]。然而,有臨床前期及臨床試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)抗血管生成藥物治療還存在一些弊端,如天然耐藥、獲得性耐藥及腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移的產(chǎn)生[7],長期使用(≥6個(gè)月)貝伐單抗聯(lián)合化療方案治療后,部分患者發(fā)生腫瘤再進(jìn)展[1]。Kümler等[8]總結(jié)了PubMed醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)檢索服務(wù)系統(tǒng)及各大型會(huì)議上的Ⅱ期及Ⅲ期的臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)研究數(shù)據(jù),這些研究包括至少15例接受貝伐單抗治療的乳腺癌患者,所有試驗(yàn)結(jié)果的總生存率都無延長。貝伐單抗聯(lián)合吉西他濱-多西他賽化療方案一線治療轉(zhuǎn)移性子宮平滑肌肉瘤的一項(xiàng)Ⅲ期臨床試結(jié)果提示:受試者的PFS及OS無明顯改善[9]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[10]11%~29%接受抗VEGF治療的患者存在腫瘤進(jìn)展及侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移。長期使用抗血管生成藥物產(chǎn)生腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的機(jī)制目前尚不清楚,本研究主要對(duì)抗血管生成藥物長期治療與腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)機(jī)制進(jìn)行分析。

1 抗血管生成與腫瘤微環(huán)境乏氧

腫瘤血管具有迂曲、雜亂無章、易滲漏、動(dòng)靜脈之間界限不清、血流慢、乏氧等特點(diǎn)。VEGF-血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞生長因子受體(vascular endothelial growth fac?tor receptor,VEGFR)信號(hào)通路是血管生成最主要的通路之一,因此針對(duì)VEGF及VEGFR的抗體和小分子酪氨酸激酶受體抑制劑(tyrosine kinase inhibitors,TKI)是抗血管生成治療的主要方法[7]。早期使用抗血管生成藥物治療能夠改善腫瘤血管的“混亂”狀態(tài),使腫瘤血管“正常化”,促血管生成因子和抗血管生成因子達(dá)到平衡,相應(yīng)的乏氧狀態(tài)也能得到改善。但這種早期效應(yīng)卻是暫時(shí)的,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[11]小鼠腦瘤模型的實(shí)驗(yàn)中血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞生長因子受體2 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2,VEGFR2)的抗體DC101能誘導(dǎo)腫瘤在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)出現(xiàn)血管系統(tǒng)正常化,從而改善腫瘤乏氧,呈現(xiàn)出給藥1周左右內(nèi)出現(xiàn)“正常化窗口”,即氧分壓先上升、后下降的現(xiàn)象。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)研究[12]也證實(shí)了腫瘤血管正?;瘯r(shí)間窗的存在。另有肺癌患者體試驗(yàn)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[13],內(nèi)皮抑素導(dǎo)致肺癌血管正?;臅r(shí)間為1周左右。Ebos等[14]發(fā)現(xiàn)持續(xù)使用VEGF及VEGFR抗體可加強(qiáng)乏氧環(huán)境的形成,使胎盤生長因子(placenta growth factor,PIGF)、成纖維生長因子(fibroblast growthfactor,F(xiàn)GFs)、炎癥趨化因子等血管生成因子表達(dá)上調(diào),同時(shí)促血管生成的骨髓源細(xì)胞(Tie2-expressing monocytes,TEMs)和腫瘤相關(guān)巨噬細(xì)胞(tumor-associated macrophages,TAMs)募集,打破早期使用抗血管生成藥物達(dá)到的平衡狀態(tài),腫瘤血管又開始雜亂無序地生長[15]。乏氧/ HIF-1α信號(hào)通路是腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移的重要原因[16]。而腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移是多步驟復(fù)雜的過程,包括腫瘤細(xì)胞局部浸潤、滲入血管、在外周血管中生存并隨血液循環(huán)移動(dòng)、移出血管、在特定器官定居并增殖[17]。其中上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)是最為關(guān)鍵的一步。

2 上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化

關(guān)于腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移機(jī)制的學(xué)說主要有:上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化學(xué)說、腫瘤干細(xì)胞(cancer stem cells,CSCs)學(xué)說等[18]。EMT是指細(xì)胞由上皮表型向間質(zhì)表型轉(zhuǎn)變的過程。這種轉(zhuǎn)變涉及上皮標(biāo)志物如骨架蛋白(cyto?keratin)、E鈣黏素(E-cadherin)等的下調(diào)及間質(zhì)標(biāo)志物波形蛋白(vimentin)、N-鈣黏素(N-cadherin)、纖連蛋白(fibronectin)等的上調(diào)。具體表現(xiàn)為上皮源性的腫瘤細(xì)胞失去極性、細(xì)胞間連接變得疏松、胞內(nèi)骨架蛋白發(fā)生重組,導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞的黏附能力下降、遷移運(yùn)動(dòng)能力增加,從而腫瘤細(xì)胞更易于離開原有位置,發(fā)生原位浸潤或者隨血行、淋巴等途徑轉(zhuǎn)移到體內(nèi)遠(yuǎn)隔部位,重新定位于新的器官或組織,再通過與EMT相反的過程間質(zhì)-上皮轉(zhuǎn)化(mesenchymal-epi?thelial transition,MET)重新獲得上皮表型[19],形成轉(zhuǎn)移灶。腫瘤干細(xì)胞學(xué)說認(rèn)為:腫瘤群體中存在具有類似干細(xì)胞特性的細(xì)胞亞群CSCs,能夠自我更新、分化并保持穩(wěn)態(tài),在腫瘤的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移中具有重要作用[20]。但這一學(xué)說還需要更多的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究來證實(shí)。

大量的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)乏氧導(dǎo)致腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移主要通過EMT實(shí)現(xiàn)。乏氧信號(hào)通過上調(diào)Twist相關(guān)的蛋白(Twist1)、鋅指蛋白Snai1(即Snai1)、鋅指同源框基因1/2(Zeb1/2)等表達(dá)促進(jìn)EMT的形成[21]。EMT細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)錄組的特點(diǎn)是表達(dá)具有多種功能的蛋白質(zhì):如生長因子及其蛋白因子受體(TGF-β,HGF,HGFR即c-Met)、附加轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(Wnt,Notch,nuclear factor kap?pa B,NF-kB)、整合素受體、蛋白多糖聯(lián)合受體CD44、葡萄糖-6-磷酸異構(gòu)酶(GPI)等[22]。其中Notch 和Wnt等信號(hào)通路,與HIFs的信號(hào)通路密切相關(guān)[22]。Copple等[23]通過小鼠肝細(xì)胞模型研究發(fā)現(xiàn),乏氧能夠通過依賴HIFs及TGF-β的信號(hào)通路刺激EMT的產(chǎn)生。Matsuoka等[24]通過對(duì)胃癌細(xì)胞株CUM-2MD3和OCUM-12的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)乏氧條件下,胃癌細(xì)胞通過自分泌的TGFβ/TGFβR信號(hào)通路刺激EMT的形成。Yang等[25]對(duì)濾泡樣甲狀腺癌細(xì)胞研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)HIF-1α能夠通過調(diào)節(jié)Twist信號(hào)通路,介導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生EMT,增強(qiáng)腫瘤侵襲與轉(zhuǎn)移的能力。

3 HIFs與腫瘤細(xì)胞內(nèi)滲進(jìn)入血管

非轉(zhuǎn)移性的腫瘤細(xì)胞向血管侵襲的過程是隨機(jī)且雜亂無章的,而轉(zhuǎn)移性的腫瘤細(xì)胞以極性的方式向血管移動(dòng),后者產(chǎn)生的原因可能是組織中氧水平的變化改變了腫瘤細(xì)胞的移動(dòng)能力,使之更易向血管移動(dòng)[26]。腫瘤細(xì)胞向血管遷移受TAMs的影響。產(chǎn)生于腫瘤乏氧區(qū)域的促血管生成/免疫抑制亞型(M2樣)TAM是重要的促血管生成因子[27],能夠刺激血管生長、使腫瘤血管更加雜亂無章[28]。而TAMs和腫瘤細(xì)胞之間又有相互作用的關(guān)系。一方面,TAMs能夠分泌表皮生長因子(epidermal growth factor,EGF),刺激腫瘤細(xì)胞表達(dá)表皮生長因子受體(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR),增強(qiáng)腫瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲能力;另一方面,腫瘤細(xì)胞分泌集落刺激因子(colony stimulating factor,CSF),提高集落刺激因子受體(colo?ny stimulating factor receptor,CSFR)的表達(dá),進(jìn)一步趨化TAMs[16],而這兩者都與HIF-2α有關(guān)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[29]HIF-2α能夠上調(diào)腫瘤細(xì)胞表達(dá)EGFR,刺激巨噬細(xì)胞分泌CSFR。腫瘤細(xì)胞內(nèi)滲進(jìn)入血循環(huán)必須通過血管外的周細(xì)胞、基膜以及內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞。HIFs信號(hào)能夠下調(diào)基膜和連接體分子形成的表達(dá),亦能上調(diào)具有降低血管周膜基質(zhì)通透性能力的蛋白酶類:金屬蛋白酶基體MMPs、尿激酶纖維蛋白溶酶激活物受體(uro?kinase-type plasminogen activator receptor,uPAR)或者組織蛋白酶的表達(dá),從而增加血管滲透性,使腫瘤細(xì)胞更易內(nèi)滲。也存在腫瘤細(xì)胞通過高表達(dá)HIF-1α,形成血管生成擬態(tài)狀態(tài)(vasculogenic mimicry,VM)的現(xiàn)象[30]。VM即腫瘤細(xì)胞通過自身變性與細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)相互作用,產(chǎn)生具有微循環(huán)功能的類血管樣通道,通道內(nèi)未覆蓋血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,但能滿足腫瘤組織血液供應(yīng),從而重建腫瘤的微循環(huán)[31],減少腫瘤細(xì)胞通過血管“層層疊嶂”的困難。

4 抗血管生成藥物長期治療致腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移的臨床研究

多項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn)研究證實(shí),長期使用抗血管生成藥物會(huì)導(dǎo)致腫瘤的進(jìn)展[30-32]。Niyazi等[32]總結(jié)了近年的貝伐單抗聯(lián)合放療治療惡性膠質(zhì)瘤、OS無明顯提高的Ⅲ期臨床試驗(yàn)研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)抗血管生成治療除了產(chǎn)生血管正?;猓€會(huì)導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞分化程度變低,惡性程度變高。一項(xiàng)FOLFOXIRI方案聯(lián)合貝伐單抗誘導(dǎo)治療后使用含氟聚合物及貝伐單抗維持治療的Ⅲ期臨床試驗(yàn)研究,選取97例轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)直腸癌的患者為試驗(yàn)對(duì)象,發(fā)現(xiàn)貝伐單抗的中位用藥時(shí)間為12個(gè)周期(1次/2周),36例患者因?yàn)榧膊∵M(jìn)展(progression of disease,PD)終止試驗(yàn),64例患者在5-FU/LV及貝伐單抗維持治療期間發(fā)生了腫瘤進(jìn)展并接受了二線治療[33]。Stein等[34]使用Meta分析總結(jié)貝伐單抗聯(lián)合化療誘導(dǎo)治療后,以貝伐單抗為基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)行維持治療的轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)直腸癌的3項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn)研究(CAIRO3,SAKK 41/06,AIO KRK 0207),結(jié)果表明經(jīng)4~6個(gè)月的誘導(dǎo)化療及維持治療一段時(shí)間后,PFS提高的同時(shí),部分患者也因腫瘤進(jìn)展而結(jié)束試驗(yàn)研究。

5 結(jié)語與展望

綜上所述,部分長期使用抗血管生成藥物治療的患者發(fā)生腫瘤的進(jìn)展,究其原因可能為乏氧微環(huán)境下產(chǎn)生的乏氧誘導(dǎo)因子(hypoxia inducible factors,HIFs)及HIFs信號(hào)通路參與腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移的多個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),促進(jìn)了腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移。乏氧信號(hào)能夠調(diào)節(jié)EMT相關(guān)蛋白,促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞EMT的形成,使得腫瘤細(xì)胞侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移能力增強(qiáng);HIF-1α、HIF-2α等因子能夠影響腫瘤細(xì)胞向血管遷移相關(guān)的分子、改變血管壁的結(jié)構(gòu),使腫瘤細(xì)胞更易侵入血管,從而能隨血液循環(huán)轉(zhuǎn)移到遠(yuǎn)處器官。乏氧造成的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移具體機(jī)制尚待進(jìn)一步研究。對(duì)長期使用抗血管生成藥物治療的患者進(jìn)行腫瘤細(xì)胞上皮標(biāo)志物及間質(zhì)標(biāo)志物的檢測,或許可以預(yù)測患者轉(zhuǎn)移的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),并能及時(shí)停止抗血管生成藥物的使用,阻止腫瘤的進(jìn)展,使患者獲得合理的治療;使用抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞EMT的藥物,阻止腫瘤的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移,可能延長抗血管生成藥物的有效期;以腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)的HIFs為靶點(diǎn),應(yīng)用相應(yīng)的抑制劑,通過基因治療等減少甚至阻止腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的發(fā)生。上述研究為解決抗血管生成藥物治療的不足提供了新的思路。

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(2016-02-04收稿)

(2016-03-08修回)

(編輯:孫喜佳校對(duì):鄭莉)

Mechanisms of tumor invasion metastasis caused by long-term anti-angiogenic therapy

Jingjiao TANG, Xiaodong JIANG

Correspondence to: Xiaodong JIANG; E-mail: jxdysy1970@163.com
Department of Radiation Oncology, Lianyungang Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical College, Lianyungang 222002, China

AbstractHypoxia results from long-term anti-angiogenic therapy and can stimulate hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). HIF-induced hypoxia signaling is involved in various steps in tumor invasive-metastatic cascade. On the one hand, HIFs regulate epithelial-mesenchymal transition. On the other hand, the characteristics of pericytes around vessels and the links among endothelial cells can change; thus, tumor cells can more easily intravasate into blood vessels, survive in peripheral blood, and then reach specific organs, ultimately resulting in metastasis. This review discusses the emerging mechanisms of long-term anti-angiogenic therapy and the occurrence of metastasis.

Keywords:anti-angiogenic therapy, hypoxia inducible factors, invasion, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2016.07.150

作者單位:徐州醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬連云港醫(yī)院腫瘤放療科(江蘇省連云港市222002)

通信作者:蔣曉東jxdysy1970@163.com

作者簡介

湯井嬌專業(yè)方向?yàn)槟[瘤抗血管生成的研究。

E-mail:1228536465@qq.com

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