余可佳　朱杏菊

一般來說，讀者的閱讀理解過程可分為四個層次，即表層理解、深層理解、評價性理解和欣賞性理解。目前高考英語閱讀主要考查表層理解和深層理解。

表層理解是對文章字面意思的理解。主旨大意、事實細(xì)節(jié)、邏輯順序、語義猜測和結(jié)構(gòu)分析等均屬于表層理解。深層理解是理解文中隱含的意思。推理判斷、體裁出處、擴展應(yīng)用、態(tài)度分析和前后文內(nèi)容的補充等都屬于深層理解的范疇。

英語高考閱讀理解中有這樣一類問題：

What can we learn about ... from ...？

What can be learnt from ...？

We can learn from ... that .

According to ...， we can learn .

What is ... according to ...？

許多人認(rèn)為這類題是細(xì)節(jié)理解題。事實上在高考英語閱讀理解的這類題中有一部分的確是細(xì)節(jié)理解。

例1 （2015新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷） Disappointed by many a broken， vine-ripened （蔓上成熟的） promise， Ive refused to buy winter tomatoes for years. No matter how attractive they look in the store， once I get them home theyre unfailingly dry， hard， and tasteless. But I homed in， with uncertainty， on one particular table at the Browns Grove Farms stand， full of fresh and soft tomatoes the size of my fist. These were the real deal—and at that moment， I realized that the best part of Sarasota in winter was going to be eating things that back home in New York I wouldnt be experiencing again for months.

26. What can we learn about tomatoes sold in New York in winter？

A. They are soft. B. They look nice.

C. They taste great. D. They are juicy.

解析 B。從文章的第3段第2句No matter how attractive they look in the store， once I get them home theyre unfailingly dry， hard， and tasteless.可知，紐約冬季出售的西紅柿只是看起來不錯，但是干、硬，而且無味，所以此題答案是B。

例2 （2015陜西卷） Both locally and globally， the continued spread of full-sun coffee plantations （種植園） could mean the destruction of the rainforest ecology. The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change in the worlds climate， and studies show that loss of oxygen-giving trees also leads to air pollution and global warming. Moreover， the new growing techniques are contributing to acidic （酸性的） soil conditions.

54. What can we learn about full-sun coffee production from Paragraph 4？

A. It limits the spread of new growing techniques.

B. It leads to air pollution and global warming.

C. It slows down the loss of shade trees.

D. It improves local soil conditions.

解析 全文分析了咖啡豆的新種植技術(shù)帶來利潤的同時也給我們帶來很多危害，影響到我們生活的各個方面。此段中間的一句告訴我們此題答案是B，說明咖啡豆的新種植技術(shù)帶來了空氣污染和溫室效應(yīng)。文章中有很明顯的直接信息。

這類What can we learn ...？式細(xì)節(jié)理解題屬于表層理解的范疇，可以通過先讀題目，后到文章中尋找出與正確選項相同或相似的句子來解答。

例3 （2015天津卷） Boldness—a willingness to extend yourself to the extreme—is not one that can be acquired overnight. But it can be taught to children and developed in adults. Confidence builds up. Surely， there will be setbacks （挫折） and disappointments in life； boldness in itself is no guarantee of success. But the person who tries to do something and fails is a lot better off than the person who tries to do nothing and succeeds.

54. What can be learned from Paragraph 5？

A. Confidence grows more rapidly in adults.

B. Trying without success is meaningless.

C. Repeated failure creates a better life.

D. Boldness can be gained little by little.

解析 D。本段意思是膽魄是一種使自己的潛能發(fā)揮到極致的意愿，不是一夜間能夠獲得的，但可以對孩子進(jìn)行這方面的教育，也可以對成年人進(jìn)行這方面的開發(fā)，以此來增強信心。由此可知，膽魄是一點一點地獲得的。

這類What can we learn ...？推理判斷題屬于深層理解的范疇，在文章中不能直接找到答案。深層理解題要通過整體理解加上個人分析才能得出答案。

還有一類用What can we learn ...？提問的題，它們介于細(xì)節(jié)理解和推理判斷之間。

例4 （2015重慶卷） The values of artistic works， according to cultural relativism （相對主義）， are simply reflections of local social and economic conditions. Such a view， however， fails to explain the ability of some works of art to excite the human mind across cultures and through centuries.

52. According to the passage， what do we know about cultural relativism？

A. It introduces different cultural values.

B. It explains the history of artistic works.

C. It relates artistic values to local conditions.

D. It excites the human mind throughout the world.

解析 C。文章的第一句的意思是：文化相對主義認(rèn)為，藝術(shù)作品的價值在于能夠反映當(dāng)?shù)氐纳鐣?jīng)濟狀況。由此可以推斷出文化相對主義認(rèn)為藝術(shù)作品的價值與社會經(jīng)濟狀況息息相關(guān)。

例5 （2015天津卷） The Jibo robot， arranged to ship later this year， is designed to be a personalized assistant. You can talk to the robot， ask it questions， and make requests for it to perform different tasks. The robot doesnt just deliver general answers to questions； it responds based on what it learns about each individual in the household. It can do things such as reminding an elderly family member to take medicine or taking family photos.

44. We can learn from the last paragraph that social robots will .

A. train employees

B. be our workmates

C. improve technologies

D. take the place of workers

解析 B。文章的第一段說機器人將會普遍地應(yīng)用于工作和生活之中。第二段說明家務(wù)機器人和社會機器人的差異。第三段涉及機器人的使用，與第44題有直接關(guān)系：你可以與機器人談話，可以對機器人提問，并要求機器人完成不同的任務(wù)。由此可見機器人可以協(xié)同人工作。既然可以協(xié)同工作，機器人就可以成為“我們的”同事。如此看來，這是一道推斷題。然而我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)文中有a personalized assistant這一說法，assistant就是workmate的一種，所以此題也能看作細(xì)節(jié)理解題。

綜上所述，就What can we learn ...？這一問題的性質(zhì)而言，它可能是細(xì)節(jié)理解題，也可能是推理判斷題，也可能游離于表層理解和深層理解之間。對題目性質(zhì)的區(qū)分不是我們的最終目的，關(guān)鍵在于正確作答的方法。必須指出的是把所有What can we learn ...？的問題視為細(xì)節(jié)理解題的觀點是錯誤的。問題是一旦不是細(xì)節(jié)理解題，考生就在文章中找不出相同或相似的詞句，糾結(jié)于此就會浪費許多時間，結(jié)果不能正確作答。所以一旦在文章中找不出相同或相似的詞句，考生就應(yīng)想到它可能是推理判斷題，要在整體理解的基礎(chǔ)上挖掘字里行間的意思，運用常識和邏輯去推測其話外之音。