王佳
眾所周知,全國(guó)卷的閱讀理解題可謂獨(dú)霸天下。閱讀理解絕對(duì)是得分的關(guān)鍵。然而,它也是大家愛(ài)恨交加的部分。尤其對(duì)高三的同學(xué)而言,解決這個(gè)難題,刻不容緩。閱讀理解的解題技巧很多,但這里我們要提醒各位同學(xué)的是,對(duì)長(zhǎng)難句的理解很關(guān)鍵。
首先,對(duì)長(zhǎng)難句的理解涉及我們高一就學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)。英語(yǔ)句子有五種基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+雙賓語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)。句型結(jié)構(gòu)有簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。把握住這些句子結(jié)構(gòu)和類型的基本概念,才能更好地理解句子所表達(dá)的意思。
閱讀理解就是考查同學(xué)們對(duì)篇章的理解能力,教材上的課文就是很好的訓(xùn)練素材。所以,我們平時(shí)在學(xué)習(xí)課文時(shí)也要注意歸納文意,所學(xué)到的長(zhǎng)難句?,F(xiàn)在我們就一起來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)一下如何破解長(zhǎng)難句的理解障礙,讓大家能更加輕松地讀懂語(yǔ)篇。
[把握句子主干,分析較長(zhǎng)的簡(jiǎn)單句]
簡(jiǎn)短的簡(jiǎn)單句同學(xué)們都能輕松理解,如果遇到了長(zhǎng)難簡(jiǎn)單句該如何分析?
首先我們應(yīng)抓住句子主干,再排查句中謂語(yǔ)涉及的固定搭配,以及定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)或其他修飾部分。
例1 I used Tinkertoys as a test at the beginning of a term to find out something about my students.
分析 此句是一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的簡(jiǎn)單句,句中涉及use sth. to do sth.結(jié)構(gòu),而to do部分在此結(jié)構(gòu)中作目的狀語(yǔ)。全句意為“我在開(kāi)學(xué)時(shí)使用積木測(cè)試,目的是更多地了解學(xué)生”。
The teacher used Tinkertoys in class in order to ____________?
A. know more about the students
B. make the lessons more exciting
C. raise the students interest in art
D. teach the students about toy design
答案 A。
[注意非謂語(yǔ)的干擾]
例2 Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.
然后這個(gè)人把書(shū)留在公共場(chǎng)所,希望它能和每一個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)它的新讀者有一次冒險(xiǎn),并且周游各地。(也就是希望更多的人能讀到這本書(shū))
分析 Then the person leaves it in a public place是主干,hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it作伴隨狀語(yǔ),that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句,充當(dāng)了hope的賓語(yǔ)部分,賓語(yǔ)從句中的who又修飾和限定了each new reader,引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。把握全句結(jié)構(gòu),更清楚地掌握了句子含義,我們就能輕松完成以下題目。
What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A. The book.
B. An adventure.
C. A public place.
D. The identification number.
答案 A。
[注意插入成分的干擾]
用插入成分,比如同位語(yǔ)將一個(gè)完整的句子拆開(kāi)的句式很普遍,所以我們一定要抓住主干,避免干擾。
例3 Shackleton, a onetime British merchant-navy officer who had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908, started a business before his 1914 voyage to make money from movie and still photography.
Shackleton曾是位英國(guó)商船海軍軍官,他于1908年到達(dá)了南極的100英里以內(nèi),在他1914年的航行之前,開(kāi)始涉足電影和攝影領(lǐng)域的事業(yè)來(lái)賺錢(qián)。
分析 此句的主干應(yīng)為Shackleton started a business before his 1914 voyage to make money from movie and still photography. a onetime British merchant-navy officer who had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908部分是同位語(yǔ)。
例4 Frank Hurley, a confident and gifted Australian photographer who knew the Antarctic, was hired to make the images, most of which have never before been published.
Frank Hurley是一位自信、頗具天分且了解南極的澳大利亞攝影師,他曾被雇傭去制作圖集,但大多數(shù)圖集未曾出版。
分析 此句結(jié)構(gòu)如同上句,前兩個(gè)逗號(hào)包含的部分a confident and gifted Australian photographer who knew the Antarctic是為同位語(yǔ),其余才是主干,most of which have never before been published是修飾、限定the images的定語(yǔ)從句。
[把握句子主干,分析主從句]
對(duì)同學(xué)們來(lái)說(shuō),從句類型繁多,較難掌握,尤其是在復(fù)合句中的從句。和簡(jiǎn)單句一樣,我們的應(yīng)對(duì)方法是先抓住主句,再分析句中有幾個(gè)從句以及從句與主句之間的關(guān)系,再去理解句中的細(xì)節(jié)。
例5 His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect (感染) other students.
他的存在意味著我在班上有一位意想不到的教學(xué)助手,他的創(chuàng)造力將感染其他同學(xué)。
分析 這是一個(gè)典型的復(fù)合句,主句是His presence meant,從句是that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect (感染) other students,而在這個(gè)從句中又包含一個(gè)從句whose creativity would infect (感染) other students。主句是主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu),只不過(guò)賓語(yǔ)由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句充當(dāng),其中的whose部分修飾限定的是assistant,引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。句子結(jié)構(gòu)完全掌握,句子意思自然得以解決。
例6 From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.
這種疾病迅速?gòu)奈覆块_(kāi)始攻擊人體,很快感染的人就死了。
He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it and only the moon still going round the earth.
他把一個(gè)固定的太陽(yáng)安放在太陽(yáng)系的中心,同時(shí)行星繞著太陽(yáng)圍,月亮仍只繞著地球轉(zhuǎn)。
These hovering carriages float above the ground and by bending or pressing down on the driving stick strongly, you can move swiftly.
這些氣墊車(chē)是在地面漂浮著的,只要用力把操縱桿打彎或壓下,你就可以迅速地移動(dòng)。
分析 以上句子皆是由and連接的并列句,這類長(zhǎng)難句是由連詞連接組成的,找到連詞,句子意思不難理解。