成水芹 許書(shū)添 郭錦洲 何群鵬 李?lèi)?ài)娟 黃麗璇 劉志紅 李世軍
腎臟科重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室患者中心靜脈導(dǎo)管相關(guān)血流感染的臨床特征與危險(xiǎn)因素
成水芹 許書(shū)添 郭錦洲 何群鵬 李?lèi)?ài)娟 黃麗璇 劉志紅 李世軍
目的:了解腎臟科重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室(ICU)患者發(fā)生中心靜脈導(dǎo)管相關(guān)血流感染(CRBSI)的臨床特征與危險(xiǎn)因素。 方法:收集南京軍區(qū)南京總醫(yī)院腎臟科ICU自2010年4月至2015年5月接受中心靜脈置管連續(xù)性血液凈化治療(CRRT)的1 523例患者臨床資料,分析CRBSI患者感染的流行病學(xué)和病原學(xué)特征。按1∶ 2比例隨機(jī)選取非感染患者作為對(duì)照組,并進(jìn)行危險(xiǎn)因素分析。 結(jié)果:共有57例CRBSI患者納入研究,感染發(fā)生率為3.7%,導(dǎo)管感染率為3.9/千日,中位導(dǎo)管留置日為14 d(7~30 d),發(fā)生CRBSI患者血培養(yǎng)檢出的微生物以革蘭陽(yáng)性菌為主(50.9%),其次為革蘭陰性菌(36.8%),其中最常見(jiàn)的為金黃色葡萄球菌(10例),陰溝腸桿菌(10例)和表皮葡萄球菌(9例)。置管部位為頸內(nèi)靜脈(33例)及股靜脈(24例),分別占所有頸內(nèi)靜脈置管(1 140例)及股靜脈置管(383例)的2.9%和6.3%。春、夏、秋、冬各個(gè)季節(jié)感染患者分別為16例(28.1%)、20例(35.1%)、7例(12.3%)、14例(24.6%)。感染時(shí)最常見(jiàn)的臨床表現(xiàn)為寒戰(zhàn)(68.4%)、發(fā)熱(100%)及膿毒癥休克(49.1%)。感染時(shí)中位CD4+淋巴細(xì)胞186(99~388)個(gè)/μl,APACHE Ⅱ評(píng)分20.4±5.11分。57例患者中最終有2例患者因膿毒癥休克而死亡,余55例患者根據(jù)藥敏結(jié)果合理選擇抗生素體溫在2d(1~3d)降至正常。感染組與對(duì)照組行危險(xiǎn)因素分析結(jié)果提示:股靜脈置管、導(dǎo)管留置時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、CD4+淋巴細(xì)胞低、高APACHE Ⅱ評(píng)分為CRBSI的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。 結(jié)論:我院腎臟科ICU患者CRBSI發(fā)生率3.7%,致病菌以革蘭陽(yáng)性球菌為主,但陰性桿菌有增加的趨勢(shì)。導(dǎo)管感染夏季發(fā)生率最高,CRBSI與患者股靜脈置管、導(dǎo)管留置時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、免疫功能低下及高APACHE Ⅱ評(píng)分相關(guān)。了解CRBSI的常見(jiàn)病原菌及危險(xiǎn)因素有助于CRBSI的預(yù)防與治療。
中心靜脈導(dǎo)管相關(guān)血流感染 流行病學(xué)特征 病原菌 危險(xiǎn)因素
中心靜脈留置導(dǎo)管在腎臟科重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室(ICU)患者中應(yīng)用十分廣泛,尤其對(duì)接受連續(xù)性血液凈化治療(CRRT)患者更是不可或缺,但伴隨的導(dǎo)管相關(guān)血流感染(CRBSI)已成為臨床上不可忽視的問(wèn)題。隨著導(dǎo)管防護(hù)意識(shí)的提高,CRBSI的發(fā)生率呈逐年下降的趨勢(shì)[1],但仍是ICU患者院內(nèi)血流感染的首要原因。中心靜脈CRBSI顯著增加患者的住院費(fèi)用、延長(zhǎng)住院時(shí)間及增加病死率[2],必須引起ICU醫(yī)護(hù)人員的重視。有關(guān)中心靜脈CRBSI臨床研究不多,且樣本量較小[3]。本研究觀察南京軍區(qū)南京總醫(yī)院腎臟科ICU住院患者接受CRRT發(fā)生中心靜脈CRBSI的病原學(xué)特征和危險(xiǎn)因素,從而加深對(duì)中心靜脈CRBSI的認(rèn)識(shí),提高防治水平。
研究對(duì)象 收集2010-04-01至2015-05-31在南京軍區(qū)南京總醫(yī)院腎臟科ICU接受中心靜脈置管的CRRT患者的臨床資料,中心靜脈CRBSI組需符合下列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[4-5]:(1)帶有中心靜脈內(nèi)導(dǎo)管的患者出現(xiàn)菌血癥或真菌血癥,發(fā)熱(>38℃)、寒戰(zhàn)、伴/不伴低血壓等感染表現(xiàn);(2)除血管導(dǎo)管外沒(méi)有其他明確的感染源;(3)實(shí)驗(yàn)室微生物學(xué)檢查顯示外周靜脈血培養(yǎng)細(xì)菌或真菌陽(yáng)性,或者從導(dǎo)管段和外周血培養(yǎng)出相同種類(lèi)、相同藥敏結(jié)果的致病菌。此外,按1∶ 2比例隨機(jī)選取非感染組患者作為對(duì)照組。
臨床資料 包括性別、年齡、臨床表現(xiàn)、身高、體重、血壓、原發(fā)病、季節(jié)、血糖、APACHE Ⅱ評(píng)分、CD4+細(xì)胞、IgG、ICU住院時(shí)間、導(dǎo)管留置時(shí)間、置管部位、是否外院置管、是否使用免疫抑制劑、是否接受血漿置換或雙重血漿濾過(guò)治療、是否死亡等。
觀察指標(biāo)定義 平均動(dòng)脈壓(MAP)=(收縮壓-舒張壓)/3+舒張壓;體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(BMI,kg/m2)=體重(kg)/身高2(m2);急性生理與慢性健康評(píng)估(APACHE) Ⅱ評(píng)分[6]:由急性生理學(xué)評(píng)分(APS)、年齡評(píng)分以及慢性健康狀況評(píng)分(CPS)三部分組成,總分0~71分,得分越高,患者的病情就越重。
統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 應(yīng)用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,正態(tài)分布連續(xù)變量采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn)或方差分析;非正態(tài)分布連續(xù)變量采用中位數(shù)(四分位數(shù)間距)表示,組間比較采用Man-Whitney、Kruskal-Wallis檢驗(yàn);分類(lèi)變量以率表示,組間比較采用Pearson卡方檢驗(yàn)或Fisher精確概率檢驗(yàn)。對(duì)相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素采用單因素和多因素Logistic回歸分析。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,P<0.01為統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異顯著。
患者一般資料 本研究共納入中心靜脈留置導(dǎo)管患者1 523例,其中有57例患者確診CRBSI,感染發(fā)生率為3.7%,導(dǎo)管感染率為3.9/千日,導(dǎo)管留置時(shí)間為7~30d不等,中位導(dǎo)管留置時(shí)間為14d,發(fā)生CRBSI患者血培養(yǎng)檢出的微生物以革蘭陽(yáng)性菌為主,共29例(50.9%),革蘭陰性菌21例(36.8%),真菌3例,革蘭陽(yáng)性合并陰性菌3例,革蘭陰性菌合并真菌1例,其中最常見(jiàn)的病原菌為金黃色葡萄球菌(10例),陰溝腸桿菌(10例)和表皮葡萄球菌(9例),分別占17.5%、17.5%和15.8%(表1)。導(dǎo)管感染患者以男性居多,男性導(dǎo)管感染發(fā)生率為4.7%,女性導(dǎo)管感染發(fā)生率為2.68%。感染的平均年齡為(41±17.6)歲,置管部位為頸內(nèi)靜脈及股靜脈,其中頸內(nèi)靜脈導(dǎo)管感染33例,占所有頸內(nèi)靜脈置管的2.9%,股靜脈導(dǎo)管感染24例,占所有股靜脈置管的6.3%。外院置管有28例,其中14例為股靜脈留置導(dǎo)管,外院置管中有17例患者因CRBSI入院。春、夏、秋、冬各個(gè)季節(jié)感染患者分別為16例、20例、7例、14例,分別占28.1%、35.1%、12.3%、24.6%(表2、3)。
表1 CRBSI患者病原菌檢測(cè)結(jié)果
CRBSI:導(dǎo)管相關(guān)血流感染
表2 CRBSI患者的一般資料
CRBSI:導(dǎo)管相關(guān)血流感染;GBM:腎小球基膜;ANCA:抗中性粒細(xì)胞胞質(zhì)抗體
臨床表現(xiàn) 57例CRBSI患者中41例患者在血液凈化開(kāi)始1h(0.5~2h)后出現(xiàn)感染癥狀,余16例患者在透析間期出現(xiàn)癥狀,感染時(shí)最常見(jiàn)的臨床表現(xiàn)為寒戰(zhàn)(68.4%)、發(fā)熱(100%)及膿毒癥休克(49.1%),體溫(38.9±0.7)℃,MAP(83.4±22.2) mmHg,中位降鈣素原21 mg/L(3.7~100 mg/L)。按1∶ 2比例隨機(jī)選取114例非感染組作為對(duì)照組,使兩組患者的年齡、性別、原發(fā)病及置管季節(jié)相匹配(表2),CRBSI組與對(duì)照組相比外院置管率高,股靜脈置管率高,APACHE Ⅱ評(píng)分高,CD4+細(xì)胞低,MAP及BMI低,ICU住院時(shí)間長(zhǎng),兩組死亡率并無(wú)顯著性差異(表3)。
發(fā)生中心靜脈CRBSI的危險(xiǎn)因素 我們將表3中有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異的因素用Logistic回歸分析,單因素及多因素分析均可見(jiàn)股靜脈置管、導(dǎo)管留置時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、CD4+細(xì)胞低下、高APACHE Ⅱ評(píng)分為發(fā)生中心靜脈留置CRBSI的危險(xiǎn)因素(表4)。
治療及轉(zhuǎn)歸 57例CRBSI組患者中45例患者在感染時(shí)立即拔除中心靜脈導(dǎo)管,9例患者在感染后2.9±1.1天拔除導(dǎo)管,3例患者未拔管。所有患者均行血培養(yǎng)檢查(導(dǎo)管血與外周血)及導(dǎo)管培養(yǎng),根據(jù)藥敏結(jié)果選擇抗菌藥物,以碳青霉烯類(lèi)和喹諾酮類(lèi)抗生素治療為主。經(jīng)積極對(duì)癥及抗感染治療后55例患者(包括3例未拔管的患者)感染癥狀均消失,體溫在2d(1~3d)降至正常,2例患者最終因膿毒癥休克死亡,其中1例患者為鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌感染,原發(fā)病為抗中性粒細(xì)胞胞質(zhì)抗體(ANCA)相關(guān)性血管炎,另1例患者為金黃色葡萄球菌合并銅綠假單胞菌感染,原發(fā)病為系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡,2例均為股靜脈留置導(dǎo)管的男性患者,考慮死亡原因?yàn)镃RBSI未控制,2例患者均在感染前使用大劑量免疫抑制劑,CD4+細(xì)胞低下。
表3 留置CRBSI組與對(duì)照組患者一般資料的比較
CRBSI:導(dǎo)管相關(guān)性血流感染;APACHE Ⅱ:急性生理與慢性健康評(píng)估Ⅱ評(píng)分;BMI:體質(zhì)量指數(shù);MAP:中心靜 脈壓;ICU:重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室;*:股靜脈置管與頸內(nèi)靜脈置管相比,P<0.001
表4 發(fā)生CRBSI的危險(xiǎn)因素分析
CRBSI:導(dǎo)管相關(guān)血流感染;APACHE Ⅱ:急性生理與慢性健康評(píng)估Ⅱ評(píng)分
中心靜脈留置導(dǎo)管技術(shù)因其操作簡(jiǎn)單、安全、有效、創(chuàng)傷小、費(fèi)用低等優(yōu)勢(shì),現(xiàn)已成為腎臟科ICU必不可少的診療手段,尤其應(yīng)用在需要CRRT的患者中,但隨之而來(lái)的CRBSI已成為腎臟科ICU院內(nèi)血流感染的首要原因,我中心腎臟科ICU中心靜脈留置CRBSI感染發(fā)生率為3.7%,導(dǎo)管感染率為3.9/千日,顯著低于Peng等[3]報(bào)道的11/千日和Rosenthal等[7]報(bào)道的6.8/千日,但與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的0.27~1.65/千日仍有一定的差距[8-9]。
病原學(xué)分析顯示,我中心CRBSI患者致病菌以革蘭陽(yáng)性菌為主,革蘭陰性菌次之,真菌最為少見(jiàn),與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道的相似[10-11]。近年來(lái)CRBSI患者的革蘭陰性菌感染率呈逐年上升的趨勢(shì),甚至有超過(guò)革蘭陽(yáng)性菌的報(bào)道[12]。所有患者根據(jù)藥敏結(jié)果合理選擇抗菌藥物,最終以碳青霉烯類(lèi)和喹諾酮類(lèi)抗生素抗感染為主,與Strasheim等[13]報(bào)道的相似。了解中心靜脈CRBSI的病原菌分布及抗菌譜有助于早期診治,尤其是在患者出現(xiàn)感染癥狀的早期階段。
本研究中CRBSI組患者與對(duì)照組患者相比,在留置導(dǎo)管部位、導(dǎo)管留置時(shí)間、CD4+細(xì)胞和APACHE Ⅱ評(píng)分具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,進(jìn)一步風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回歸分析證實(shí)上述指標(biāo)為發(fā)生CRBSI的危險(xiǎn)因素,多因素分析證實(shí)股靜脈留置導(dǎo)管、導(dǎo)管留置時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)、低CD4+細(xì)胞、高APACHE Ⅱ評(píng)分為發(fā)生中心靜脈留置CRBSI的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。中心靜脈CRBSI更易發(fā)生在留置導(dǎo)管時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)的患者中[3,14],Tao等[15]研究表明中心靜脈導(dǎo)管留置時(shí)間超過(guò)14天為發(fā)生CRBSI的危險(xiǎn)因素,與本研究結(jié)果一致。CRBSI的發(fā)生與患者的置管部位密切相關(guān),既往研究均顯示股靜脈最易發(fā)生CRBSI[16-17],其次為頸內(nèi)靜脈,鎖骨下靜脈發(fā)生感染幾率最小,股靜脈易發(fā)生CRBSI的原因被認(rèn)為是會(huì)陰部皮膚的定植菌較多,因此會(huì)陰部皮膚的清潔非常重要。Declercq等[18]研究表明HIV患者CD4+細(xì)胞<200個(gè)/μl更易發(fā)生CRBSI。Yehia等[19]分析顯示CD4+細(xì)胞低下為HIV患者發(fā)生CRBSI的危險(xiǎn)因素。APACHE Ⅱ評(píng)分反映患者疾病的嚴(yán)重程度,為發(fā)生中心靜脈CRBSI的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,因此,對(duì)免疫功能低下及危重癥患者更需要加強(qiáng)預(yù)防,以減少感染發(fā)生率。
此外,應(yīng)重視季節(jié)因素對(duì)中心靜脈CRBSI的影響,本研究中夏季發(fā)生感染的幾率最高,在該季節(jié)尤其是炎熱出汗時(shí),需注意加強(qiáng)置管部位皮膚消毒、清潔及干燥。臨床工作中,發(fā)生中心靜脈CRBSI后絕大多數(shù)患者立即拔除導(dǎo)管,但Schiffer等[20]研究表明未拔除導(dǎo)管的患者在積極抗感染后治療有效,認(rèn)為感染源并非明確為中心靜脈留置導(dǎo)管,建議先積極抗感染治療,如治療無(wú)效再考慮拔除導(dǎo)管。我們?cè)谂R床中尤其在血液凈化過(guò)程中高度考慮患者為中心靜脈CRBSI,有膿毒癥休克癥狀時(shí)倡導(dǎo)立即拔除導(dǎo)管,如患者體溫38℃~39℃,無(wú)明顯寒戰(zhàn)及低血壓癥狀的CRBSI患者可暫時(shí)觀察,待抗感染治療后再?zèng)Q定是否拔除導(dǎo)管。
我院腎臟科ICU患者中心靜脈CRBSI患者經(jīng)積極抗感染治療預(yù)后相對(duì)較好,住院死亡率僅3.5%,顯著低于Hajjej等[21]報(bào)道的21.8%。Daniel等[22]總結(jié)了美國(guó)自1996年到2008年發(fā)生CRBSI約25萬(wàn)例患者的死亡率從7.6%降至5.9%。近年來(lái)隨著操作技術(shù)的規(guī)范、導(dǎo)管材料的革新、避免腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)、及時(shí)拔管及合理使用抗生素等,感染死亡率逐漸下降,我中心嚴(yán)格按照上述要求,故感染死亡率較低,與對(duì)照組死亡率無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。
西班牙的學(xué)者Lorente 等[23]總結(jié)了氯己定-磺胺嘧啶銀鹽或利福平-咪康唑浸漬過(guò)的導(dǎo)管可使CRBSI感染率降至0%,使感染控制理念及行為有重大轉(zhuǎn)變,Zacharioudakis等[24]Meta分析了23項(xiàng)關(guān)于抗生素封管預(yù)防中心靜脈CRBSI的RCT研究,得出可使感染率降至1.15/千日以下。故CRBSI重在預(yù)防,我中心雖嚴(yán)格無(wú)菌操作、選擇合適的導(dǎo)管材料、及時(shí)拔管等,但并未常規(guī)使用抗生素封管或抗生素浸漬導(dǎo)管等方法,可在今后臨床工作中進(jìn)行實(shí)踐及觀察,以實(shí)現(xiàn)中心靜脈CRBSI的零感染率。
本研究為腎臟科ICU患者接受中心靜脈置管行CRRT治療的CRBSI流行病學(xué)及危險(xiǎn)因素分析,而較多文獻(xiàn)為外科ICU患者中心靜脈置管,其不單單行血液凈化治療,相當(dāng)一部分的患者行腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)治療[3,25],且腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)相關(guān)的CRBSI感染率偏高。此外,其他ICU尤其是外科ICU患者的病情一般較重,常合并其他部位的感染,感染控制率與腎臟科ICU患者相比可能偏低。腎臟科ICU患者的一大特殊之處在于較多患者接受免疫抑制治療,淋巴細(xì)胞偏低,我們分析得出CD4+細(xì)胞低下為中心靜脈CRBSI的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,而其他ICU尤其是外科ICU接受免疫抑制劑治療的患者相對(duì)較少,且免疫抑制劑的劑量較小。目前尚無(wú)文獻(xiàn)比較腎臟科ICU及其他ICU患者CRBSI的不同之處,可以在今后的臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)中進(jìn)行總結(jié)。
總之,我中心腎臟科ICU患者發(fā)生中心靜脈CRBSI率為3.74%,致病菌以革蘭陽(yáng)性球菌為主。導(dǎo)管感染夏季發(fā)生率最高,且與患者置管部位、留置導(dǎo)管時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),免疫功能低下及高APACHE Ⅱ評(píng)分密切相關(guān),中心靜脈CRBSI經(jīng)積極抗感染治療預(yù)后相對(duì)較好。
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(本文編輯 書(shū) 實(shí) 凡 心)
Clinical characteristics and risk factor of central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection in renal ICU patients
CHENGShuiqin,XUShutian,GUOJinzhou,HEQunpeng,LIAijuan,HUANGLixuan,LIUZhihong,LIShijun
NationalClinicalResearchCenterofKidneyDiseases,JinlingHospital,NanjingUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Nanjing210016,China
Correspondingauthor:LIShijun(E-mail:lisj8855@163.com)
T Objective:To analyze clinical characteristics and risk factor of central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) in renal intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Methodology:One thousand five hundred and twenty three patients, who had central venous indwelling catheter for continuous renal replacement therapy from April 2010 to May 2015 in our center, were enrolled in this retrospective study. The clinical features and pathogens of CRBSI patients were investigated. The patients who also had CRRT of renal ICU hospitalization without CRBSI were enrolled in a 1∶ 2 ratio as control. The risk factors of the CRBSI were analyzed. Results:A total of 57 patients had central venous CRBSI, the incidence of infection was 3.7%, the mean rate of CRBSI was 3.9 per 1 000 catheter days, and the catheter indwelling time was 14 (7-30) days. The most common pathogens were Gram-positive bacteria, which had 29 cases (50.9%), followed by Gram-negative bacteria (36.8%). The commonest pathogens causing CRBSI were staphylococcus aureus (10 cases) and sewer enterobacteriaceae (10 cases), followed by epidermis staphylococcus (9 cases). Central venous catheter (CVC) insertion sites included the internal jugular (33 cases) and the femoral vein (24 cases), accounting for 2.9% of the internal jugular vein catheterization (1 140 cases) and 6.27 % of the femoral vein catheterization (383 cases), respectively. The cases of CRBSI were 16, 20, 7, and 14 in the seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter, accounting for 28.1%, 35.1%, 12.3%, and 24.6% respectively. The most common infectious manifestations were chills fever(100%), (68.4%), and sepsis shock(49.1%). Only 2 patients died of sepsis shock, the other 55 patients’ infections were controlled eventually using intravenous antibiotics according to the results of drug susceptibility, and the temperature dropped to normal in 2 (1-3) days. Multivariate analysis showed that catheterization of femoral vein, the long catheter indwelling time, low CD4+ lymphocytes and high APACHE II score were independent factors associated with CRBSI. Conclusion:The incidence of CRBSI in our renal ICU was 3.74%, the pathogens showed that gram-positive bacteria were predominant, but gram-negative bacteria had a tendency to increase. Summer had a high prevalence of CRBSI. Central venous CRBSI was associated with catheterization of femoral vein, the long catheter indwelling time, compromised immune function and high APACHE II score. Understanding pathogens and risk factors of central venous CRBSI in renal ICU can help clinical doctors prevent and treat CRBSI earlier.
central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection epidemiologic feature pathogen risk factor
10.3969/cndt.j.issn.1006-298X.2016.05.006
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81270799)
南京軍區(qū)南京總醫(yī)院腎臟科 國(guó)家腎臟疾病臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心 全軍腎臟病研究所(南京,210016)
李世軍(E-mail:lisj8855@163.com)
2015-12-14
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