梁兵 楊梟雄 宋科冉 閆潤民 任東風(fēng) 唐家廣
外科手術(shù)脊髓松解減壓對(duì)脊髓損傷患者功能恢復(fù)的影響
梁兵 楊梟雄 宋科冉 閆潤民 任東風(fēng) 唐家廣
【摘要】目的 探討外科手術(shù)脊髓松解減壓在脊髓損傷(spinal cord injury,SCI)患者功能恢復(fù)中的作用。方法 2012年1月至2014年12月,我院行外科手術(shù)脊髓松解減壓治療的 SCI 患者 16 例,其中男13 例,女3 例,年齡 23~61 歲,平均(38.56±10.77)歲;隨訪3~24 個(gè)月,平均(18.44±10.06)個(gè)月,損傷程度根據(jù)美國脊髓損傷協(xié)會(huì)(American spinal injury association,ASIA)評(píng)分分級(jí)。所有患者均縱行切開硬膜顯露脊髓,探查確定脊髓淺表軟化區(qū)或瘢痕區(qū),縱切,清創(chuàng),髓內(nèi)減壓。配合術(shù)后早期康復(fù)治療。采用 ASIA 評(píng)分、Barthel 指數(shù)及功能獨(dú)立性測量(functional independence measurement,F(xiàn)IM)評(píng)定患者的功能狀況。結(jié)果 經(jīng)過外科手術(shù)脊髓松解減壓治療后,SCI 患者的 ASIA 分級(jí)較治療前明顯改善,Barthel 指數(shù)術(shù)后評(píng)分(45.00±29.72)分較術(shù)前(30.31±24.25)分顯著提高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),F(xiàn)IM 術(shù)后評(píng)分(79.69±16.42)分較術(shù)前(61.13±14.21)分顯著提高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。結(jié)論 SCI 患者經(jīng)過外科手術(shù)脊髓松解減壓治療后,運(yùn)動(dòng)功能和生活自理能力(activities of daily living,ADL)得到明顯提高和改善,促進(jìn)其盡早回歸家庭和社會(huì)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】脊髓損傷;外科手術(shù);減壓術(shù),外科;功能恢復(fù)
脊髓損傷(spinal cord injury,SCI)多見于交通事故、砸傷、摔傷、運(yùn)動(dòng)性損傷等,在全球呈現(xiàn)高發(fā)生率與高致殘率。美國 2004年發(fā)生 SCI 10 000~12 000 例[1]。在中國,工傷和交通事故造成 SCI的病例更為常見,以北京為例,20 世紀(jì) 80年代末,其發(fā)病率為 6.8/100 萬,而到了 2002年則達(dá) 60/100 萬,同比上升了近 10 倍。目前治療 SCI的現(xiàn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為應(yīng)用類固醇的藥物療法,然而,已經(jīng)有多個(gè)研究調(diào)查顯示,相比于保守療法和藥物療法,外科手術(shù)具有更有效的作用[2-3]。通過對(duì)脊髓和神經(jīng)根減壓,外科手術(shù)在促進(jìn)神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)及降低神經(jīng)修復(fù)難度方面具有潛在優(yōu)勢;同時(shí),外科手術(shù)減壓亦能防止進(jìn)一步的神經(jīng)功能惡化和繼發(fā)性損傷。因此,研究外科手術(shù)減壓對(duì) SCI 功能恢復(fù)的作用,最大限度地保留及恢復(fù)患者的殘存功能,提高患者的生存質(zhì)量,對(duì)減輕患者家庭和社會(huì)的負(fù)擔(dān)具有重大意義。2012年1月至2014年12月,我院對(duì) 16 例 SCI患者手術(shù)后功能恢復(fù)進(jìn)行分析,以探討外科手術(shù)脊髓松解減壓技術(shù)對(duì) SCI 患者功能恢復(fù)的影響。
一、納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1.納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)第一診斷為 SCI,美國脊髓損傷學(xué)會(huì)(American spinal injury aassociation,ASIA)等級(jí)為 A~D 級(jí)者;(2)年齡為 18~60 歲陳舊性SCI,病程 ≥6 個(gè)月,經(jīng)觀察保守治療至少3 個(gè)月無任何進(jìn)展者;(3)術(shù)前均已行硬膜外椎板減壓+內(nèi)固定,硬脊膜和蛛網(wǎng)膜未打開者;(4)術(shù)前 MRI 提示脊髓完全或不全損傷(脊髓挫傷等),脊髓有信號(hào)改變(脊髓廣泛水腫,伴或不伴髓內(nèi)血腫,或具有軟化壞死灶信號(hào)等),信號(hào)改變位置靠近背側(cè)者;(5)自愿參加本研究并能夠配合完成本研究的隨訪工作,能夠理解并簽署知情同意書者;(6)心肺功能好,能耐受手術(shù)者;(7)患有其它疾病,但在住院期間不需要特殊處理也不影響第一診斷的臨床路徑流程實(shí)施者。
2.排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)脊髓貫通傷及完全橫斷者;(2)腫瘤和感染導(dǎo)致的 SCI 者;(3)嚴(yán)重的心肺、胃腸和肝腎功能障礙者;(4)嚴(yán)重糖尿病,需要胰島素治療者;(5)精神異常者;(6)伴有腦部及其它神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)病變者;(7)懷孕者。
二、一般資料
本組共納入 16 例,其中男 13 例,女3 例,年齡 23~61 歲,平均(38.56±10.77)歲;頸椎 SCI8 例,胸椎 SCI 6 例,腰椎 SCI 2例;所有患者均接受脊椎后路椎板切除髓外減壓+椎弓根釘棒系統(tǒng)內(nèi)固定術(shù),術(shù)前均接受 MRI 檢查明確受損部位及 SCI情況;致傷原因:5例交通事故傷,8例高處墜落傷,3 例重物砸傷;受傷至手術(shù)時(shí)間 6~81 個(gè)月,平均(18.81±21.00)個(gè)月;按照 ASIA 評(píng)分分級(jí)[4]:A 級(jí) 6 例,B 級(jí) 5例,C 級(jí)3 例,D 級(jí) 2例。患者一般資料見表1。
表1 16 例患者一般資料Tab.1 General data in 16 patients with SCI
三、手術(shù)方法
1.切口與顯露:全身麻醉,取俯臥位,以神經(jīng)電生理監(jiān)測儀(Natus,美國)監(jiān)測脊髓功能,以C 型臂 X 線機(jī)透視定位病變脊椎節(jié)段。后正中縱行切口,骨膜下剝離棘突兩側(cè)肌肉,分離硬膜囊表面瘢痕,充分暴露病變節(jié)段脊髓硬膜。
2.內(nèi)固定及椎板減壓:本組患者在行手術(shù)前均已行脊椎后路椎板切除髓外減壓+椎弓根釘棒系統(tǒng)內(nèi)固定術(shù)。
3.硬脊膜切開:完整顯露受傷節(jié)段脊髓硬膜后,上手術(shù)用顯微鏡(用于后面的硬脊膜及脊髓切開),神經(jīng)剝離子輕壓脊髓表面以確定脊髓淺表軟化區(qū),顯微鏡下縱行切開硬膜囊,行硬膜囊懸吊,探查發(fā)現(xiàn)損傷節(jié)段脊髓組織嚴(yán)重萎縮、凹陷,神經(jīng)剝離子分離、松解粘連蛛網(wǎng)膜,縱切,清除血腫、瘢痕,顯露脊髓。麻醉醫(yī)生密切觀察呼吸、循環(huán)指征。
4.脊髓切開松解:顯露脊髓后,探查確定脊髓內(nèi)瘢痕損傷軟化區(qū),神經(jīng)電生理監(jiān)測脊髓功能,并確定脊髓損傷節(jié)段遠(yuǎn)近端。自定位點(diǎn)選擇無血管處輕柔地縱行切開,分離松解脊髓,深度達(dá)軟化壞死灶部位,輕柔低壓灌注沖洗,髓內(nèi)減壓。術(shù)中和顯微鏡下所見:(1)局部高壓,切開硬膜囊時(shí)腦脊液“射”出;(2)蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔粘連,顯微鏡下可見損傷局部形成不規(guī)則帶狀或膜狀粘連;(3)可見脊髓液化、小空洞、中央管高壓、膠質(zhì)瘢痕(纖維組織)增生(圖1、2)。
5.縫合:5-0 血管縫線縫合硬脊膜或用人工硬脊膜修補(bǔ)硬脊膜,檢查無明顯腦脊液外漏后,明膠海綿覆蓋。生理鹽水沖洗傷口,創(chuàng)口內(nèi)留置引流管,逐層縫合傷口。
圖1 患者,男,42 歲(表1,#9),胸椎 SCI(ASIA:A 級(jí),神經(jīng)平面 T10)術(shù)前矢狀位、軸位 MRI 以及術(shù)中硬脊膜切開脊髓松解減壓 a~b:所指為T11SCI 節(jié)段瘢痕形成;c:所指表示術(shù)中使用神經(jīng)剝離子行脊髓瘢痕松解Fig.1 Male,42 years(Tab.1,a b c#9),thoracic spinal cord injury(ASIA: A,Neurological Level: T10)preoperative sagittal,axial MRI,as well as spinal surgery durotomy release pressure a-b: Spinal cord injury scar was indicated by the; c: Intraoperative neural release of the spinal cord scar was indicated by the
圖2 脊髓松解減壓手術(shù)操作過程 a~c:原手術(shù)后方入路顯露脊髓,硬脊膜切開脊髓松解減壓;d:所指為損傷節(jié)段脊髓硬膜囊明顯萎縮變細(xì)、凹陷,脊髓內(nèi)瘢痕形成;e:所指為蛛網(wǎng)膜及蛛網(wǎng)膜下脊髓瘢痕松解Fig.2 Spinal decompression a b c d esurgery procedures.a-c: posterior surgery exposed spinal cord,dura incision decompression of the spinal cord; d:indicated dents,spinal dura in the injury segment had shrunk dramatically and was thinner,scar formation within the spinal cord; e:indicated the release of the subarachnoid spinal cord scar
四、隨訪和觀察指標(biāo)
主要采取門診復(fù)查隨訪方式。隨訪內(nèi)容包括:患者的主觀癥狀,ASIA 評(píng)分評(píng)價(jià)患者的神經(jīng)功能狀態(tài),Barthel 指數(shù)[5]評(píng)價(jià)患者的日常生活能力、功能獨(dú)立性測量(functional independence measurement,F(xiàn)IM)評(píng)分[6]評(píng)價(jià)患者的功能獨(dú)立性。
五、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
使用 SPSS 18.0 軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理,計(jì)量資料以-±s 表示,患者治療前后的 Barthel 指數(shù)和 FIM評(píng)分進(jìn)行配對(duì)樣本 t 檢驗(yàn),P<0.05 為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
術(shù)后隨訪3~24 個(gè)月,平均(18.44±2.51)個(gè)月。所有患者的脊髓神經(jīng)功能均得到不同程度的恢復(fù),部分術(shù)前神經(jīng)功能已進(jìn)入恢復(fù)靜止期患者的神經(jīng)功能得以進(jìn)一步恢復(fù)。術(shù)后并發(fā)腦脊液漏 2例(12.5%),經(jīng)給予補(bǔ)液、延長術(shù)后引流時(shí)間,囑患者采取頭低腳高位后,腦脊液漏于術(shù)后1周消失。根據(jù)影像學(xué)觀察:術(shù)后3 個(gè)月 MRI 矢狀面 T2WI 像腦脊液高信號(hào)連續(xù)性恢復(fù),未見明顯腦脊液信號(hào)中斷(圖3)。椎管連續(xù)性恢復(fù),未見脊髓骨性壓迫。根據(jù) ASIA 評(píng)分分級(jí):A 級(jí) 6 例中恢復(fù)到 B 級(jí)1例,其中 5例術(shù)后未見好轉(zhuǎn),仍為 A 級(jí),但感覺平面下降2~3 個(gè)節(jié)段,上肢肌力恢復(fù)1~2級(jí),下肢肌力無改變;B 級(jí) 5例中恢復(fù)到 C 級(jí)3 例、D 級(jí)1例;C 級(jí)3 例中恢復(fù)到 D 級(jí) 2例;D 級(jí) 2例中恢復(fù)到 E 級(jí)2例(表2)。Barthel 指數(shù)術(shù)后評(píng)分(45.00±29.72)分較術(shù)前(30.31±24.25)分,顯著提高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),F(xiàn)IM 術(shù)后評(píng)分(79.69±16.42)分較術(shù)前(61.13±14.21)分,顯著提高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)(表3)。
圖3 患者,男,50 歲(表1,#10),術(shù)前診斷為胸椎 SCI(ASIA:B 級(jí),神經(jīng)平面 T10),T11椎體爆裂骨折內(nèi)固定術(shù)后 a:傷后胸椎側(cè)位 X 線片示 T11骨折;b:脊髓松解術(shù)前胸椎側(cè)位 X 線片示胸椎骨折部位已行內(nèi)固定;c:脊髓松解術(shù)前胸椎 MRI 矢狀位T2WI 像示胸椎內(nèi)固定術(shù)后,腦脊液信號(hào)中斷,髓內(nèi)高信號(hào);d:脊髓松解術(shù)后3 個(gè)月胸椎 MRI 矢狀位T2WI 像示椎體序列良好,腦脊液信號(hào)連續(xù)性恢復(fù),未見明顯腦脊液信號(hào)中斷Fig.3 Male,50 years(Tab.1,#10),preoperative diagnosis: thoracic spinal cord injury(ASIA: B,Neurological Level: T10),after internal fixation of T11a: The X-rays of the thoracic spine after injury showed unstable fracture of the thoracic spine in T11; b: The X-rays of the thoracic spine before surgical decompression showed that fracture of the thoracic spine was fixed by internal fixation;c: MRI preoperatively showed that the high signal of cerebrospinal fluid was interruptions; d: MRI3 months postoperatively showed that the high signal of the cerebrospinal fluid renewed continuation
表2 16 例 SCI 患者手術(shù)前后 ASIA 分級(jí)比較(例)Tab.2 Comparison of the ASIA score in 16 patients with SCI before and after the operation(case)
表3 16 例 SCI 患者手術(shù)前后 Barthel 指數(shù)及 FIM 評(píng)分比較±s,分)Tab.3 Comparison of the Barthel index and FIM score in 16 patients with SCI before and after the operation(±s,point)
表3 16 例 SCI 患者手術(shù)前后 Barthel 指數(shù)及 FIM 評(píng)分比較±s,分)Tab.3 Comparison of the Barthel index and FIM score in 16 patients with SCI before and after the operation(±s,point)
項(xiàng)目 術(shù)前 術(shù)后 t 值 P 值Barthel 指數(shù) 30.31±24.25 45.00±29.72 8.18?。?0.05 FIM 評(píng)分 61.13±14.21 79.69±16.42 9.71 < 0.01
SCI 多見于交通事故、砸傷、摔傷、運(yùn)動(dòng)性損傷等,在全球呈高發(fā)生率與高致殘率。創(chuàng)傷性 SCI主要涉及機(jī)械性原發(fā)損傷和繼發(fā)性細(xì)胞損傷聯(lián)合導(dǎo)致的神經(jīng)組織的破壞[7-9]。原發(fā)性損傷是不可逆的,其引起的病理和分子級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)亦有助于繼發(fā)性損傷的變化,而繼發(fā)性損害是一種細(xì)胞分子水平的主動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)過程,具有可逆性和可控性,因此,早期正確積極的干預(yù),對(duì)于保留殘存神經(jīng)組織的功能至關(guān)重要。藥物學(xué)方法促進(jìn)神經(jīng)再生進(jìn)程、抑制炎癥有害方面,是目前 SCI 治療研究的前沿;然而,迄今為止,尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)任何藥物在 SCI 臨床轉(zhuǎn)化應(yīng)用治療中具有顯著療效[10-13]?;谏鲜鋈秉c(diǎn),手術(shù)干預(yù),以防止水腫、恢復(fù)脊髓血流灌注以及減輕繼發(fā)性性損害,是目前 SCI 治療研究的重要發(fā)展方向。
一、硬脊膜切開、脊髓松解減壓的必要性與機(jī)制
文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,外科手術(shù)減壓在 SCI 功能恢復(fù)中具有重要作用[14-16]。本組 16 例減壓術(shù)后,患者的Barthel 指數(shù)、FIM 評(píng)分較術(shù)前有所升高(P<0.05),同時(shí) ASIA 分級(jí)評(píng)定術(shù)后亦較術(shù)前有所改善。提示外科手術(shù)減壓能夠影響 SCI 患者的日常生活能力和生存質(zhì)量。究其原因,創(chuàng)傷性 SCI 發(fā)生時(shí),脊髓受到硬膜外骨折碎片、脊髓剪切力等原發(fā)性損傷和硬膜內(nèi)脊髓水腫、血腫等繼發(fā)性損傷作用,同時(shí)受到骨性椎管和硬脊膜囊限制,導(dǎo)致脊髓內(nèi)、外同時(shí)受壓,引起髓內(nèi)壓力增高,使硬膜囊或蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔狹窄粘連、腦脊液阻斷、動(dòng)靜脈阻塞,進(jìn)而促使局部缺血、缺氧和加重繼發(fā)性損傷,而缺血缺氧反過來又加重水腫蔓延、血腫壞死以及髓內(nèi)高壓,形成惡性循環(huán)。筆者認(rèn)為,脊髓松解髓內(nèi)減壓可減輕受傷脊髓節(jié)段水腫或血腫引起的硬膜內(nèi)壓力,清除病灶部位的出血、壞死的組織,進(jìn)而增加脊髓的血流灌注,減輕缺血,減少炎性介質(zhì)持續(xù)對(duì)脊髓的刺激,阻斷或終止脊髓的繼發(fā)性損傷過程,為脊髓的神經(jīng)恢復(fù)、再生創(chuàng)造一個(gè)良好的微環(huán)境[17-19]。國內(nèi)鞠躬院士認(rèn)為髓內(nèi)松解減壓能夠終止繼發(fā)性 SCI,而解除壓迫也有利于殘余神經(jīng)的恢復(fù)[20-22]。亦有研究認(rèn)為:SCI 處的軟化病灶或出血具有占位性病變的損傷效果,可持續(xù)性壓迫其周圍正常神經(jīng)組織;清除病灶或出血可減輕周圍神經(jīng)組織的壓迫,改變正常組織中神經(jīng)元及軸突生存的微環(huán)境,恢復(fù)脊髓血流灌注,有利于殘存神經(jīng)組織的功能恢復(fù)[17,23-24]。
二、硬脊膜切開、脊髓松解減壓的手術(shù)適應(yīng)證和禁忌證
筆者認(rèn)為,硬脊膜切開、脊髓松解減壓的適應(yīng)證應(yīng)包括以下方面:(1)創(chuàng)傷性 SCI (完全或不完全損傷),ASIA 分級(jí)為 A~C 級(jí);(2)術(shù)前 MRI 提示脊髓完全或不全損傷(脊髓挫傷等),脊髓有信號(hào)改變者(脊髓廣泛水腫,伴或不伴髓內(nèi)血腫,或具有軟化壞死灶信號(hào)等),信號(hào)改變位置靠近背側(cè)。對(duì)于ASIA 分級(jí)為 D 級(jí)和 E 級(jí)的患者,即使存在脊髓水腫或血腫,可先行硬膜外骨性減壓(椎板切除減壓),采用脫水藥物和激素治療,暫不行硬脊膜切開、脊髓松解減壓。
根據(jù)國內(nèi)外相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)資料及筆者的臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)[17,25-28],硬脊膜切開、脊髓松解減壓的禁忌證應(yīng)包括以下方面:(1)脊髓貫通傷及完全橫斷者;(2)腫瘤和感染導(dǎo)致的 SCI 者;(3)嚴(yán)重的心肺、胃腸和肝腎功能障礙者;(4)嚴(yán)重糖尿病,需要胰島素治療者;(5)精神異常者;(6)伴有腦部及其它神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)病變者;(7)懷孕者。
三、硬脊膜切開、脊髓松解減壓手術(shù)時(shí)間窗的選擇
盡管許多基礎(chǔ)研究結(jié)果表明,脊髓減壓能夠明顯改善神經(jīng)功能,降低繼發(fā)性損傷,但對(duì)于手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī)還存在著不同的意見。Batchelor 等[29]薈萃分析結(jié)果提示,傷后 12 h 內(nèi)減壓可以獲得穩(wěn)定受益,而在傷后 12~24 h 內(nèi)減壓,其受益相對(duì)較少。最近的臨床研究亦提示,傷后 24 h 內(nèi)減壓可使 15%~20%的患者獲得穩(wěn)定受益,而超過 24 h 后的減壓效果不甚明顯,也有學(xué)者認(rèn)為在脊髓休克期過后再行手術(shù)[25-27,30-34]。盡管支持盡早手術(shù)的研究占多數(shù),但缺乏充分的證據(jù)證明早期手術(shù)的益處,手術(shù)是否存在時(shí)間窗還存在很多的爭議。而且急診來院患者往往處于應(yīng)激狀態(tài),需要調(diào)節(jié)全身狀況,防止術(shù)中、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,因此不一定適合急診手術(shù),應(yīng)選擇最佳手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī)。
筆者認(rèn)為 SCI 后應(yīng)積極手術(shù),不放棄任何能夠減輕患者傷殘程度、降低致殘率的微小機(jī)會(huì)。最好于傷后 24 h 內(nèi)行手術(shù)減壓治療,由于各種原因不能早期手術(shù)時(shí),可在傷后 2個(gè)月內(nèi),最遲也不要晚于傷后 12 個(gè)月手術(shù),因?yàn)榈竭_(dá)脊髓恢復(fù)平臺(tái)期(停滯不前)中位時(shí)間為1.8個(gè)月。而當(dāng)脊髓恢復(fù)到達(dá)平臺(tái)期(停滯不前),但影像學(xué)顯示仍有脊髓受壓時(shí),亦應(yīng)行手術(shù)治療[35-36]。
本組患者由于從外院轉(zhuǎn)入以及臨床研究安全性等諸多原因,均在受傷 6 個(gè)月后行硬脊膜切開、脊髓松解減壓手術(shù),但所有患者均在此之前行脊椎后路椎板切除髓外減壓+椎弓根釘棒系統(tǒng)內(nèi)固定術(shù)。術(shù)后所有患者的脊髓神經(jīng)功能均得到不同程度的恢復(fù),部分術(shù)前神經(jīng)功能已進(jìn)入恢復(fù)靜止期患者神經(jīng)功能得以進(jìn)一步恢復(fù)。
四、硬脊膜切開、脊髓松解減壓最佳手術(shù)方式組合的選擇
是單純椎板切除髓外減壓還是椎板切除髓外減壓聯(lián)合硬膜切開髓內(nèi)減壓對(duì) SCI 后功能恢復(fù)及繼發(fā)性損害的降低更有作用,尚須進(jìn)一步考證。創(chuàng)傷性SCI 可致脊髓充血、水腫、血腫,引起脊髓血液循環(huán)障礙,導(dǎo)致脊髓缺血,脊髓中央管周圍出血、水腫,可引起脊髓壞死,軟化或空洞形成;同時(shí),脊髓水腫、血腫可引起蛛網(wǎng)膜腔粘連,損傷部位腦脊液循環(huán)障礙,引起局部高壓,進(jìn)而加重脊髓缺血、壞死;SCI 部位的出血、壞死組織,可使炎癥因子聚集,持續(xù)刺激脊髓,引發(fā)及促進(jìn)脊髓的繼發(fā)性損傷過程。單純硬膜外椎板減壓難以使脊髓獲得最大減壓效果,而硬脊膜切開髓內(nèi)松解減壓可以降低硬脊膜內(nèi)局部高壓,改善腦脊液循環(huán),清除病灶部位的出血、壞死組織,減少炎性介質(zhì)持續(xù)對(duì)脊髓的刺激,阻斷或終止脊髓的繼發(fā)性損傷過程,為神經(jīng)修復(fù)、再生創(chuàng)造一個(gè)良好的微環(huán)境。
五、硬脊膜切開、脊髓松解減壓手術(shù)的并發(fā)癥
硬脊膜切開髓內(nèi)松解減壓手術(shù)常見的并發(fā)癥是腦脊液漏、低顱內(nèi)壓性頭痛、腦膜炎等,這些并發(fā)癥可通過增進(jìn)手術(shù)技巧,術(shù)后嚴(yán)密縫合硬脊膜,應(yīng)用硬脊膜補(bǔ)片、明膠海綿等材料覆蓋,減少腦脊液漏等情況;即使術(shù)后發(fā)生腦脊液漏,亦可通過延長術(shù)后常規(guī)引流時(shí)間,加強(qiáng)傷口部位換藥,采取頭低腳高位,加強(qiáng)補(bǔ)液等方式改善患者低顱內(nèi)壓性頭痛等不適癥狀,監(jiān)測血常規(guī)、血沉、C 反應(yīng)蛋白、電解質(zhì)等指標(biāo),以免出現(xiàn)腦脊液感染及電解質(zhì)紊亂;術(shù)后視引流情況拔除引流管,如果術(shù)后第10 天仍有腦脊液流出,亦應(yīng)拔除引流管,挖深縫合引流管出口,以免形成竇道,腦脊液漏常可自愈。而據(jù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,腦膜炎的發(fā)生率甚低,可于術(shù)前術(shù)后常規(guī)應(yīng)用抗生素,傷口換藥時(shí)無菌操作進(jìn)行預(yù)防[37-38]。
六、本研究的不足
本研究由于受患者入院途徑、入院時(shí)間、研究中心單一以及倫理等諸多因素影響,樣本量較小,且沒有嚴(yán)格對(duì)照,只能通過患者自身手術(shù)前后功能改善情況作為對(duì)照研究。因此,亟需設(shè)計(jì)良好的前瞻性、多中心、隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究,以評(píng)估外科手術(shù)減壓(髓外減壓或硬脊膜切開、髓內(nèi)減壓)對(duì) SCI 后神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)的影響。
七、前景展望
目前,研究最佳的手術(shù)干預(yù)治療 SCI的臨床研究,尤其側(cè)重于手術(shù)減壓的時(shí)間窗、最佳的減壓組合方式(椎板切除、硬膜切開或髓內(nèi)切開減壓)以及是否聯(lián)合藥物輔助療法,為將來 SCI 治療的策略、模式和研究提供了潛在、有效的方向。外科手術(shù)減壓可減輕受傷脊髓的壓迫,促進(jìn)脊髓的血流灌注,減少脊髓缺血,并減少了繼發(fā)性損害的蔓延,防止細(xì)胞的進(jìn)一步壞死,保存殘余的脊髓組織,促進(jìn)神經(jīng)功能的恢復(fù)。未來,利用動(dòng)物模型及臨床試驗(yàn),研究外科手術(shù)減壓的時(shí)間窗、最佳的減壓方式,以及減壓對(duì)受傷脊髓節(jié)段繼發(fā)的炎癥、瘢痕形成的影響及其組織學(xué)和神經(jīng)學(xué)結(jié)果,具有良好的前景。
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(本文編輯:王萌)
Effects of surgical decompression on the functional recovery in patients with spinal cord injury
LIANG Bing,YANG Xiao-xiong,SONG Ke-ran,YAN Run-min,REN Dong-feng,TANG Jia-guang.Training Base for Graduate,Liaoning Medical University,the first Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital,Beijing,100048,PRC
【Abstract】Objective To explore the effects of surgical decompression on the functional recovery in patients with spinal cord injury(SCI).Methods From January 2012 to December 2014,16 patients with SCI received surgical decompression,including 13 males and3 females.The average age was(38.56 ±10.77)years(range: 23 -61 years).The average follow-up time was(18.44 ±10.06)months(range:3-24 months).For each patient,a longitudinal incision was made in the dura to expose the spine to determine the spinal cord superficial softening zone,and finally longitudinal incision,debridement and decompression were done.The functional recovery was assessed by the American Spinal Injury Aassociation(ASIA)standards,Barthel index and Functionl Independence Measurement(FIM).Results After the surgical decompression,functional recovery was effectively improved in patients with SCI.According to the ASIA standards,the function was significantly improved after the surgery compared with that before the surgery.The Barthel index score was(30.31 ±24.25)points before the surgery,which was significantly increased to(45.00 ±29.72)points postoperatively with statistical significance(P < 0.05).The FIM score was(79.69 ±16.42)points before the surgery,which was significantly increased to(61.13 ±14.21)points postoperatively with statistical significance(P < 0.01).Conclusions The motor function and ability of daily life(ADL)in patients with SCI are significantly improved after surgical decompression,facilitating their returning to family and society.
【Key words】Spinal cord injuries; Surgical procedures,operative; Decompression,surgical; Recovery of function
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2016.04.011 中圖分類號(hào):R683.2
作者單位:100048 北京,遼寧醫(yī)學(xué)院解放軍總醫(yī)院第一附屬醫(yī)院研究生培養(yǎng)基地(梁兵、楊梟雄);100048 北京,解放軍總醫(yī)院第一附屬醫(yī)院骨科、北京市骨科植入醫(yī)療器械工程技術(shù)研究中心(梁兵、楊梟雄、宋科冉、任東風(fēng)、唐家廣),神經(jīng)外科(閆潤民)
通信作者:唐家廣,Email: tangjiaguang2013@163.com
Corresponding author:TANG Jia-guang,Email: tangjiaguang2013@163.com
收稿日期:(2015-08-11)