袁守勤 李發(fā)成 蔣宏傳
·綜述·
局部皮瓣在乳腺癌保乳術(shù)后一期修復(fù)中的應(yīng)用
袁守勤李發(fā)成蔣宏傳
【摘要】目的觀察應(yīng)用局部皮瓣修復(fù)保乳術(shù)后乳房缺損的臨床療效。方法2004年7月至2013年1月,對9例早期乳腺癌患者保乳手術(shù)所遺留的乳房缺損進(jìn)行即刻修復(fù),采用外側(cè)胸背筋膜皮瓣7例,胸腹壁皮瓣2例,觀察皮瓣成活情況、并發(fā)癥和術(shù)后美觀效果。結(jié)果術(shù)后外觀評價8例為優(yōu),1例為良。1例患者出現(xiàn)皮瓣局部壞死,經(jīng)保守治療愈合。1例患者出現(xiàn)皮瓣供區(qū)感染,口服抗菌素治療,未影響手術(shù)效果。術(shù)后平均隨訪22個月,未見局部復(fù)發(fā)病例。結(jié)論應(yīng)用局部皮瓣修復(fù)保乳術(shù)后乳房部分缺損,手術(shù)效果好,并發(fā)癥少,可擴(kuò)大腫瘤周圍的切除范圍,降低腫瘤局部復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險?!娟P(guān)鍵詞】乳腺癌保乳手術(shù)局部皮瓣
保乳手術(shù)是目前公認(rèn)的早期乳癌的有效治療方法之一。保乳手術(shù)要求在不影響腫瘤治療效果的前提下,使乳房能保持較好的形態(tài),減輕患者的心理創(chuàng)傷[1-2]。腫塊的部位、乳房的大小等因素對保乳術(shù)后乳房形態(tài)有較大的影響,仍有相當(dāng)一部患者術(shù)后乳房形態(tài)存在嚴(yán)重畸形。為解決這一問題,自2004年7月起,我們應(yīng)用局部皮瓣移植一期修復(fù)乳腺癌保乳術(shù)后組織缺損,取得較好的效果,報道如下。
本組共9例,均為女性早期乳腺癌患者,年齡29~47歲。腫塊位于乳腺下方2例,外側(cè)7例。應(yīng)用胸腹壁皮瓣(Thoracoepigastric flap)2例,外側(cè)胸背筋膜皮瓣(Lateral thoracodorsal fasciocutaneous flap)7例。其中2例腫塊距乳頭<2 cm,未保留乳頭乳暈。
2.1原發(fā)病灶的處理
患者站立位,雙臂置于外側(cè),標(biāo)出乳房下皺襞、腋前線。順著皮紋以腫塊為中心作梭形切口,距腫塊周圍2~2.5 cm處切除腫塊及部分正常乳腺組織,術(shù)中冰凍切片檢查證實各方向切緣均為陰性。同時也在標(biāo)本相對應(yīng)的地方縫線標(biāo)記,術(shù)后進(jìn)行常規(guī)病理檢查。腋窩淋巴結(jié)的清除方法:①腫塊位于乳房外側(cè),利用腫塊切除的切口和皮瓣供區(qū)切口,將腋窩淋巴結(jié)一并切除;②腫塊位于下方,另作腋下橫切口,進(jìn)行腋窩淋巴結(jié)切除。
2.2局部皮瓣的設(shè)計與切取
外側(cè)胸背筋膜皮瓣的切取與轉(zhuǎn)移:皮瓣軸線位于乳房下皺襞向外側(cè)的延長線上,皮瓣基底置于腋前線上,根據(jù)缺損的大小和抓捏(Pinch test)決定皮瓣的寬度,一般皮瓣寬度設(shè)計為5~8 cm,皮瓣長度8~12 cm。切開皮膚、皮下至深筋膜,于前鋸肌表面自外側(cè)向內(nèi)側(cè)掀起皮瓣,因皮瓣血供來自肋間穿動脈和深筋膜,因此深筋膜必須保留在皮瓣中,同時腋前線內(nèi)側(cè)乳房下皺襞處不作分離。皮瓣向內(nèi)旋轉(zhuǎn)修復(fù)乳房缺損,皮瓣供區(qū)分層縫合。皮瓣供區(qū)及腋窩各置皮管引流1根。
胸腹壁皮瓣切取與轉(zhuǎn)移:乳房下皺襞下方1 cm與乳房下皺襞平行線為皮瓣的軸線,蒂部置于內(nèi)側(cè),根據(jù)切除后組織缺損的多少,以及局部組織抓捏試驗,決定皮瓣的寬度,一般不超過5 cm,以防止乳房下皺襞下移變形,皮瓣長度不超過10 cm。切開皮膚、皮下組織,于腹肌表面切開并掀起皮瓣,向上轉(zhuǎn)移修復(fù)缺損。皮瓣供區(qū)縫合前,向腹部作廣泛的皮下分離,將腹部皮膚向上推進(jìn),在皮膚深層與肌筋膜縫合固定,以減少皮瓣供區(qū)縫合的張力,防止乳房下皺襞下移。
2.3乳房外形評估
按Rose標(biāo)準(zhǔn),在術(shù)后對患側(cè)乳房外觀效果進(jìn)行評定[3]。①優(yōu):與對側(cè)乳房基本對稱;②良好:與對側(cè)乳房基本對稱,但略有厚韌感;③尚可:被保留乳房明顯小于對側(cè),但無水腫、攣縮或變硬;④差:乳房攣縮變硬。
本組中8例患者傷口Ⅰ期愈合,僅1例出現(xiàn)皮瓣遠(yuǎn)端局灶壞死,經(jīng)換藥后愈合;另有1例采用外側(cè)胸背筋膜皮瓣患者,術(shù)后出現(xiàn)供區(qū)感染,經(jīng)應(yīng)用抗菌素治療后愈合。本組9側(cè)乳房術(shù)后外形評估顯示,8例外形優(yōu),1例出現(xiàn)乳房下皺襞下移,外形評價為良好。本組患者術(shù)后平均隨訪22個月,術(shù)后患側(cè)乳房外形良好,未見局部復(fù)發(fā)。全部患者對手術(shù)效果滿意(圖1、2)。
圖1 典型病例1:術(shù)后6個月放療后,外形優(yōu)Fig.1 Typical case 1.Six-month postoperative appearance, with a very good outcome after radiation therapy圖2 典型病例2:術(shù)后6個月,放療后外形良好,乳房下皺襞輕度下移,需進(jìn)一步修整Fig.2 Typical case 2.Six-month postoperative appearance, with a good outcome after radiation therapy,the inframammary crease displaced inferiorly,which need further revision
近年來,保乳手術(shù)正逐漸取代根治術(shù)成為早期乳腺癌的治療方法之一。大規(guī)模臨床隨機(jī)對照研究結(jié)果證實,對于早期乳腺癌患者行保留乳房的手術(shù),可以達(dá)到與經(jīng)典改良根治術(shù)相同的長期預(yù)后效果,而且患者的生存質(zhì)量和心理狀態(tài)更好[4-5]。
保乳手術(shù)應(yīng)滿足兩個要求:①切緣無癌殘留;②保乳治療后乳房外形正常,雙側(cè)對稱,無明顯殘留畸形。為保證腫瘤切除干凈,切除范圍均在病灶外緣2 cm的正常乳腺組織內(nèi),兩側(cè)切緣加上腫塊的直徑,切除后的組織缺損往往超過4 cm,如果不進(jìn)行缺損的修復(fù),術(shù)后乳房會出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重畸形[6-7],解決之道就是腫塊切除術(shù)后應(yīng)用整形外科技術(shù)進(jìn)行即刻修復(fù)[8-9]。
根據(jù)保乳術(shù)后乳房重建的時間,分為一期修復(fù)和二期修復(fù)。一期修復(fù)指在進(jìn)行乳房部分切除的同時進(jìn)行缺損修復(fù),二期修復(fù)指腫塊切除完成放療后進(jìn)行修復(fù)。Kronowitz認(rèn)為,一期修復(fù)的效果好于二期修復(fù)。因為放療會導(dǎo)致乳房局部纖維化,使二期手術(shù)出現(xiàn)并發(fā)癥的風(fēng)險增加,易出現(xiàn)傷口愈合不良,而且二期修復(fù)常需要血運(yùn)較好的自體組織移植,增加局部的血供[10]。
保乳術(shù)后乳房部分缺損的修復(fù)方法包括乳房縮小[11-12]、局部皮瓣[13]和背闊肌肌皮瓣[14-15]。乳房縮小技術(shù)在保乳術(shù)后局部組織缺損中較為常用,可利用殘存的乳腺組織對乳房重新塑形,適用于乳房較大(D罩杯以上)的患者,對側(cè)乳房需同時行乳房縮小術(shù)。保乳術(shù)后切緣陽性的患者需行乳癌根治術(shù),因此對保乳術(shù)后的乳房缺損盡可能不用背闊肌肌皮瓣修復(fù),而將其保留以用于日后可能進(jìn)行的乳房再造,因為保乳病人術(shù)后經(jīng)過放療,已無法應(yīng)用假體植入進(jìn)行乳房再造[16]。
應(yīng)用局部皮瓣一期修復(fù)保乳術(shù)后缺損,可使切除范圍擴(kuò)大,減少局部復(fù)發(fā)率,同時也擴(kuò)大了保乳治療的適應(yīng)證。局部切除不徹底是保乳術(shù)后局部復(fù)發(fā)的首要危險因素[17]。常規(guī)保乳手術(shù)為達(dá)到保乳術(shù)后的美容效果,常不自覺地縮小切除范圍以保留較多的乳腺組織,但這違反了腫瘤外科的原則,導(dǎo)致局部復(fù)發(fā)率增加。應(yīng)用局部皮瓣一期修復(fù)乳腺組織缺損,可使乳腺作更大范圍的切除,以保證切緣陰性,從而降低局部復(fù)發(fā)率[2,9]。為保證保乳術(shù)后保留乳房的良好外形,達(dá)到保乳的目的,一般要求患者乳房足夠大,腫瘤大小與乳房大小存在一定的比例,因此乳房小的患者不適合進(jìn)行保乳治療,這就限制了保乳手術(shù)的范圍。應(yīng)用局部皮瓣一期修復(fù)乳腺部分切除術(shù)后的組織缺損,可最大程度恢復(fù)乳房外形,乳房小的早期乳癌患者也可接受保乳手術(shù)。國內(nèi)部分報道將距離乳頭乳暈區(qū)2.0 cm以上的乳腺癌作為保乳治療的入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。我們對于距離小于2.0 cm患者,仍按常規(guī)行腫塊切除,雖然乳頭乳暈已切除,但通過局部皮瓣移植修復(fù)局部缺損,保留了乳房的形態(tài),而且外觀優(yōu)于一般乳房再造。因此,應(yīng)用此項技術(shù),中央?yún)^(qū)的早期乳腺癌也可進(jìn)行保乳治療。
應(yīng)用局部皮瓣修復(fù)保乳術(shù)后乳房缺損的優(yōu)點在于皮瓣的顏色、質(zhì)地與乳房相近,術(shù)后美容效果好,手術(shù)簡便,創(chuàng)傷小,術(shù)后恢復(fù)快,因而不影響術(shù)后放療和化療。應(yīng)用局部皮瓣,不改變殘存乳房的結(jié)構(gòu)和原腫瘤的位置。因此,一旦術(shù)后病理結(jié)果顯示腫瘤邊緣未切凈需再切時,定位較易。本方法的缺點是組織缺損較大時,局部皮瓣組織量不足,供區(qū)遺留瘢痕,以及隨意皮瓣血供差、長寬比例受到限制。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]Petit JY,Rietjen s M,Garusi M,et al.Integration of plastic surgery in the course of breast conserving surgery for cancer to improve cosmetic results and radicality of tumor excision[J]. Recent Results Cancer Res,1998,152:202-211.
[2]Clough KB,Lewis JS,Couturaud B,et al.Oncoplastic techniques allow extensive resections for breast conserving therapy in breast carcinomas[J].Ann Surg,2003,237(1):26-34.
[3]Rose MA,Olivotto I,Cady B,et al.Conservative surgery and radiation therapy for early breast cancer.Long-term cosmetic results[J].Arch Surgery,1989,124(2):153-157.
[4]Fisher B,Andrson S,Bryant J,et al.Twenty-year follow-up of a randomized trial comparing total mastectomy,lumpectomy,and lumpectomy plus irradiation for the treatment of invasive breast cancer[J].N Engl J Med,2002,347(16):1233-1241.
[5]Veronesi U,Cascinelli N,Mariani L,et al.Twenty-year follow-up of a randomized study comparing breast cancer-conserving surgery with radical mastectomy for early breast cancer[J].N Engl J Med,2002,347(16):1227-1232.
[6]Matory WE Jr,Wertheimer M,Fitzgerald TJ,et al.Aesthetic results following partial mastectomy and radiation therapy[J]. Plast Reconstr Surg,1990,85(5):739-746.
[7]Clough KB,Cuminet J,Fitoussi A,et al.Cosmetic sequelae after conservative treatment of breast cancer:classification and results of surgical correction[J].Ann Plast Surg,1998,41(5):471-481.
[8]Baildam AD.Oncoplastic surgery of the breast[J].Br J Surg, 2002,89(5):532-533.
[9]Clough KB,Kroll SS,Audretsch W.An approach to the repair of partial mastectomy defects[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,1999,104(2): 409-420.
[10]Kronowitz SJ,Feledy JA,Hunt KK,et al.Determining the optimal approach to breast reconstruction after partial mastectomy[J]. Plast Reconstr Surg,2006,117(1):1-11.
[11]Spear SL,Pelletiere CV,Wolfe AJ,et al.Experience with reduction mammaplasty combined with breast conservation therapy in the treatment of breast cancer[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2003,111(3): 1102-1109.
[12]Chang E,Johnson N,Webber B,et al.Bilateral reduction mammoplasty in combination with lumpectomy for treatment of breast cancer in patients with macromastia[J].Am J Surg, 2004,187(5):647-650.
[13]Munhoz AM,Montag E,Arruda EG,et al.The role of the lateral thoracodorsal fasciocutaneous flap in immediate conservative breast surgery reconstruction[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2006,117 (6):1699-1710.
[14]Slavin SA,Halperin T.Reconstruction of the breast conservation deformity[J].Semin Plast Surg,2004,18(2):89-96.
[15]穆蘭花,欒杰,李魏,等.保乳術(shù)后乳房部分缺損的修復(fù)[J].臨床腫瘤學(xué)雜志,2006,11(1):53-54.
[16]Spear SL,Onyewu C.Staged breast reconstruction with salinefilled implants in the irradiated breast:recent trends and therapeutic implications[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2000,105(3): 930-942.
[17]劉君,方志沂,于泳,等.乳腺癌保乳手術(shù)安全范圍的研究[J].中國腫瘤臨床,2005,32(15):856-860.
【中圖分類號】R622
【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼】A
【文章編號】1673-0364(2016)03-0171-03
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-0364.2016.03.007
作者單位:221006江蘇省徐州市徐州醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院整形美容科(袁守勤);100041北京市中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院整形外科醫(yī)院(李發(fā)成);100020北京市首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京朝陽醫(yī)院(蔣宏傳)。
通訊作者:李發(fā)成(E-mail:drlfc@sina.com)。
收稿日期:(2016年4月8日;修回日期:2016年4月30日)
The Application of Local Flap in Immediate Reconstruction after Breast Conserving Surgery for Breast Cancer
YUAN Shouqin1,LI Facheng2,JIANG Hongchuan3.1 Department of Plastic Surgery,The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College,Jiangsu 221006,China;2 Plastic Surgery Hospital,Chinese Academy of Medical Science,Beijing 100041, China;3 Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital,Capital Medical University,Beijing 100020,China.Corresponding author:LI Facheng (E-mail:drlfc@sina.com).
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical outcomes and aesthetic results of immediate reconstruction of partial mastectomy defects by local skin flaps.MethodsFrom July 2004 to January 2013,9 patients with breast cancer of early stage underwent immediate reconstruction of partial mastectomy defects using lateral thoracodorsal fasciocutaneous flap(n=7) and thoracoepigastric flaps(n=2).Flap and donor site complications were evaluated.Information on aesthetic results was collected.ResultsThe final cosmetic result was considered to be excellent in 8 patients and good in one patient.Limited flap necrosis occurred in one patient and was treated by a conservative approach.The one case of donor site infection was treated with oral antibiotics and achieved satisfactory results.Mean time of follow-up was 22 months,no local recurrences were observed.ConclusionImmediate repair of partial mastectomy defects with local skin flap results in a low risk of complications and excellent aesthetic outcomes.The technique facilitates the breast surgeon’s ability to accomplish a widely negative resection margin around tumor,which has the potential to achieve lower rates of local recurrence.
【Key words】Breast cancer;Breast conserving surgery;Local flap