詹 青,王麗晶
上海中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)附屬上海市第七人民醫(yī)院 1. 神經(jīng)內(nèi)科;2. 神經(jīng)康復(fù)科,上海 200137
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述評(píng)Editorial
急性缺血性腦卒中早期康復(fù)的時(shí)機(jī)與策略
詹 青1, 2,王麗晶1, 2
上海中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)附屬上海市第七人民醫(yī)院 1. 神經(jīng)內(nèi)科;2. 神經(jīng)康復(fù)科,上海 200137
摘要
關(guān)鍵詞:急性缺血性卒中;早期管理;康復(fù);指南
詹 青, 王麗晶. 急性缺血性腦卒中早期康復(fù)的時(shí)機(jī)與策略[J]. 神經(jīng)病學(xué)與神經(jīng)康復(fù)學(xué)雜志, 2016, 12(1):1–7.
FUNDlNG/SUPPORT: Foundation of Shanghai Disabled Persons’ Federation (No. K2014015); Shanghai Three–year Action Planning for Further Accelerating Development of Chinese Medicine (No. ZY3–FWMS–2–1012); Construction Project of Specialty of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Pudong New Area of Shanghai (No. PDZYXK–1–2014001)
CONFLlCT OF lNTEREST: The authors have indicated they have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
Received Feb. 1, 2016; accepted for publication Mar. 1, 2016
Copyright ? 2016 by Journal of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation
ZHAN Qing
E-MAIL ADDRESS
zhanqing@#edu.cn
ABSTRACT
Rehabilitation of stroke is an indispensable process in the management of stroke; however,there is no consensus on timing and the specific strategies for early rehabilitation intervention. During 1994-2013, American Heart Association/American Stroke Association (AHA/ASA) successively released six versions of guideline for the early managementof patients with acute ischemic stroke. The recommendation on early rehabilitation intervention was first proposed in the guideline of 2003, recommending that the patients with acute ischemic stroke should be managed in comprehensive specialized stroke care units which incorporates rehabilitation personnels. Moreover, the prevention of subacute complications through early rehabilitation intervention was emphasized, and the passive and full-range-of-motion exercises for paralyzed limbs can be started during the first 24 hours, while avoiding falls. The enteral nutrition through nasogastric gavage and the use of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) to sustain nutrition in patients with swallowing dysfunction were also primarily mentioned in the guideline. In the guideline of 2007, assessment of swallowing before starting eating or drinking was recommended, and the patients who cannot take food and fluids orally should receive nasogastric gavage or PEG. Early mobilization for less severely affected patients and measures to prevent subacute complications of stroke in specialized stroke care units were recommended in the guideline of 2013, and the assessment of swallowing and the appropriate choice to sustain nutrition were stressed on again. However, the final results of a very early rehabilitation trial (AVERT),which was a randomised controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of very early mobilization within 24 h of stroke onset, could not give a definite conclusion on the benefits in very early rehabilitation for patients with acute ischemic stroke. No similar large-sample clinical trials have been done in China. Therefore, there is no consensus on the optimal timing of rehabilitation intervention for ischemic stroke, and how soon should it begin is still unknown. In principle, the timing of rehabilitation should be based on the premise that not to aggravate the underlying conditions, and the early rehabilitation for acute ischemic stroke is recommended to implement in specialized stroke units.
To cite: ZHAN Q, WANG L J. Timing and strategies for early management and rehabilitation of acute ischemic stroke. J Neurol and Neurorehabil, 2016, 12(1):1–7.
急性缺血性腦卒中具有發(fā)病率高及致殘率高的特點(diǎn)。中國(guó)每年新發(fā)腦卒中患者約200萬(wàn)人,其中70%~80%的腦卒中患者因殘疾而無(wú)法獨(dú)立生活[1]。腦卒中康復(fù)是腦卒中組織化管理模式中不可或缺的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié),有效的康復(fù)訓(xùn)練能夠減輕患者功能的殘疾、提高患者的滿意度、加速患者的康復(fù)進(jìn)程,并能節(jié)約社會(huì)資源[2]。然而,對(duì)于早期康復(fù)介入的時(shí)間與具體的康復(fù)措施,目前尚無(wú)統(tǒng)一意見。1994—2013年,美國(guó)心臟協(xié)會(huì)/美國(guó)卒中協(xié)會(huì)(American Heart Association/American Stroke Association,AHA/ASA)先后發(fā)布了6版有關(guān)急性缺血性腦卒中早期管理的指南。其中,2003版首次寫入了康復(fù)治療的推薦意見,2013版除了進(jìn)一步肯定早期適當(dāng)?shù)目祻?fù)治療以外,對(duì)吞咽障礙的評(píng)估與處理進(jìn)行了更新[3]。本文通過總結(jié)并比較這6版AHA/ASA指南中有關(guān)急性缺血性腦卒中早期管理的指導(dǎo)意見,同時(shí)結(jié)合國(guó)際大樣本極早期康復(fù)治療臨床研究的結(jié)果,探討急性缺血性腦卒中早期康復(fù)的時(shí)機(jī)與策略,以期為相關(guān)臨床醫(yī)師以及患者及其家屬提供早期康復(fù)治療的指導(dǎo)意見,為進(jìn)一步規(guī)范和健全腦卒中的三級(jí)康復(fù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)提供依據(jù)。
AHA/ASA急性缺血性腦卒中早期管理指南主要針對(duì)急性缺血性腦卒中的二級(jí)預(yù)防提供了指導(dǎo)意見,其中有關(guān)入院后早期康復(fù)介入的指導(dǎo)意見歸納如下。
1.1早期康復(fù)護(hù)理與早期活動(dòng)
急性缺血性腦卒中患者應(yīng)在完整的專業(yè)腦卒中單元接受診治。急性期腦卒中并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率較高,即使是在專業(yè)腦卒中單元接受診治,也往往難以完全避免并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生??祻?fù)護(hù)理主要以預(yù)防急性腦卒中并發(fā)癥為主,包括急性期疼痛、發(fā)熱、深靜脈血栓和吸入性肺炎等。已開展的極早期康復(fù)試驗(yàn)(a very early rehabilitation trial,AVERT)[4]證實(shí),早期實(shí)施康復(fù)介入是安全且可行的,但須同時(shí)進(jìn)行密切監(jiān)測(cè),以免對(duì)病情帶來(lái)不利影響。早期活動(dòng)對(duì)預(yù)防各類并發(fā)癥極為有利[5];反之,活動(dòng)過少可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致關(guān)節(jié)攣縮和褥瘡等長(zhǎng)期臥床并發(fā)癥[6-8]。指南建議在不影響病情的前提下,盡早開始活動(dòng)。此外,必須加強(qiáng)皮膚護(hù)理及防止跌倒[9]。待患者病情穩(wěn)定后,及時(shí)制定完整的康復(fù)計(jì)劃與措施,包括對(duì)患者進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的家庭教育。
1.2吞咽障礙的評(píng)估及處理
腦卒中急性期如果水分?jǐn)z入不足可導(dǎo)致深靜脈血栓形成。由于大多數(shù)患者可有不同程度的吞咽功能障礙,因此面臨發(fā)生吸入性肺炎的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),從而增加腦卒中急性期的死亡率[10-11]。在監(jiān)護(hù)過程中,如果患者出現(xiàn)言語(yǔ)不清、自主咳嗽減弱,且美國(guó)國(guó)立衛(wèi)生研究院卒中量表(National Institutes of Health stroke scale,NIHSS)評(píng)分較高,均提示可能存在吞咽困難[12]。有研究證實(shí),完整的吞咽功能評(píng)價(jià)工具有助于減少吸入性肺炎的發(fā)生率[13]。因此,建議所有患者均應(yīng)在進(jìn)食前接受吞咽功能評(píng)估。在吞咽功能評(píng)估完成前,建議患者禁食。評(píng)估方法包括簡(jiǎn)單的床邊飲水試驗(yàn)、電視透視下吞咽功能研究(video-fluoroscopic swallowing study,VFSS)或纖維光學(xué)內(nèi)鏡吞咽功能檢查(fiberoptic endoscopic examination of swallowing,F(xiàn)EES)[14-16]。對(duì)于大多數(shù)患者而言,早期可采用外周靜脈營(yíng)養(yǎng)療法,但不建議將此作為常規(guī)的營(yíng)養(yǎng)供給方式;此外,可通過留置鼻飼胃管進(jìn)行腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)[17];對(duì)于需要接受長(zhǎng)期腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)的患者,可實(shí)施內(nèi)鏡下經(jīng)皮胃造瘺術(shù)(percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy,PEG)[18]。有研究證實(shí),與PEG相比,留置鼻飼胃管可以更好地改善吞咽功能[19-20]。
1.3防治并發(fā)癥
肺部感染是急性腦卒中致死的重要原因,可顯著增加發(fā)病后的死亡率[21],其預(yù)防措施包括維持呼吸道通暢、及時(shí)吸痰以及早期活動(dòng)[22],而進(jìn)行呼吸訓(xùn)練可以防止肺泡塌陷。當(dāng)患者出現(xiàn)體溫升高,可適當(dāng)使用抗生素治療。此外,泌尿系統(tǒng)感染也很常見。當(dāng)疑有尿路感染時(shí),應(yīng)常規(guī)進(jìn)行尿常規(guī)檢查及尿培養(yǎng)以明確診斷;但應(yīng)盡量避免使用導(dǎo)尿管,即使必須使用,也應(yīng)在患者恢復(fù)排尿功能后,盡早予以拔除。當(dāng)患者出現(xiàn)明確的感染證據(jù)時(shí),應(yīng)及時(shí)使用抗生素治療,但不建議預(yù)防性使用抗生素。深靜脈血栓及肺栓塞也是急性期腦卒中的常見致死原因,在活動(dòng)過少的患者中,其發(fā)生率最高[23-24]。盡早活動(dòng)以及抗凝藥物的合理使用可以降低腦卒中死亡率。
1.4 1994—2013年AHA/ASA急性缺血性腦卒中早期管理指南的對(duì)比
1994—2013年,AHA/ASA先后發(fā)布了6版有關(guān)急性缺血性腦卒中早期管理的指南。1994年發(fā)布了第1版急性缺血性腦卒中管理指南[25]。1996年重組組織型纖溶酶原激活劑(recombinant tissue plasminogen activator,rtPA)獲批使用后,AHA/ASA又發(fā)布了針對(duì)第1版指南的補(bǔ)充意見[26],主要是對(duì)急性缺血性腦卒中的早期診斷治療提出指導(dǎo)意見。2003年版指南[27]則首次給出了急性缺血性腦卒中早期康復(fù)介入的指導(dǎo)意見,認(rèn)為急性缺血性腦卒中患者應(yīng)在專門規(guī)范的腦卒中單元接受診治,而完整的腦卒中單元除了配備專業(yè)的醫(yī)師和護(hù)士以外,還應(yīng)配備康復(fù)人員。該版指南還指出,早期活動(dòng)能夠顯著預(yù)防并發(fā)癥,發(fā)病后24 h內(nèi)即可開展被動(dòng)關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度訓(xùn)練,但應(yīng)注意預(yù)防跌倒事件的發(fā)生;在吞咽功能障礙方面,初步探討了腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)的供給方式,并初次提及了PEG的臨床應(yīng)用。2005年版指南[28]并未針對(duì)急性缺血性腦卒中的康復(fù)治療給出指導(dǎo)意見。2007年版指南[29]首次指出,所有患者均應(yīng)在進(jìn)食前接受吞咽功能的評(píng)估,并明確建議對(duì)于存在吞咽功能障礙的患者,應(yīng)常規(guī)留置鼻飼胃管或者實(shí)施PEG,但未確定胃造瘺的時(shí)限。2013年版指南[3]進(jìn)一步肯定了早期應(yīng)給予適當(dāng)強(qiáng)度的康復(fù)治療介入,同時(shí)對(duì)吞咽障礙的評(píng)估與處理意見進(jìn)行了更新。這些更新包括:(1)吞咽功能的評(píng)估手段除常規(guī)床邊飲水試驗(yàn)及VFSS外,有條件者還可進(jìn)行FEES;(2)在留置鼻飼胃管與PEG之間,應(yīng)首選留置鼻飼胃管,除非患者發(fā)病2~3周后仍需要接受腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)。AHA/ASA各版指南中康復(fù)治療推薦意見的簡(jiǎn)要總結(jié)見表1。
表1 1994—2013年美國(guó)心臟協(xié)會(huì)/美國(guó)卒中協(xié)會(huì)急性缺血性腦卒中早期管理指南康復(fù)治療推薦意見的對(duì)比
2.1腦卒中早期康復(fù)治療意見總結(jié)
腦卒中早期康復(fù)治療一直是康復(fù)領(lǐng)域?qū)<宜瞥绲睦砟?。除本文中提及的AHA/ASA指南,既往也有專家明確建議急性腦卒中患者應(yīng)在卒中單元開展包括下床活動(dòng)、站立及步行方面的康復(fù)訓(xùn)練[30-31]。規(guī)范的卒中單元監(jiān)護(hù)能夠極大地降低死亡率及致殘率,其中包括預(yù)防常見并發(fā)癥及進(jìn)行正確的護(hù)理。近年來(lái),有系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)[32]及Meta分析[33]肯定了腦卒中后早期活動(dòng)的作用,認(rèn)為早期開始康復(fù)訓(xùn)練對(duì)預(yù)后的改善作用較好。然而,目前尚不明確早期康復(fù)介入的時(shí)間及強(qiáng)度,甚至有研究認(rèn)為早期開展康復(fù)治療缺乏強(qiáng)有力的證據(jù)[34],認(rèn)為在急性腦卒中發(fā)作后24 h內(nèi)進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練可能對(duì)機(jī)體產(chǎn)生不利影響[35]。一方面,早期及一定強(qiáng)度的活動(dòng)可以大大減少由長(zhǎng)期臥床引起的一系列并發(fā)癥;另一方面,過分強(qiáng)調(diào)活動(dòng)訓(xùn)練可能引發(fā)跌倒風(fēng)險(xiǎn),降低腦血流灌注[36],導(dǎo)致血壓波動(dòng)[37],從而使病情發(fā)生惡化。2014年,AHA/ASA發(fā)布的有關(guān)腦卒中后期康復(fù)的推薦意見[38]指出,目前一致認(rèn)為腦卒中后應(yīng)盡早開始活動(dòng),但對(duì)于具體的開始時(shí)間仍存在爭(zhēng)議。迄今為止,尚無(wú)指南明確針對(duì)康復(fù)介入時(shí)間點(diǎn)給出具體的指導(dǎo)意見。
2.2極早期康復(fù)治療試驗(yàn)的研究進(jìn)展
較早開展的有關(guān)卒中極早期康復(fù)治療的臨床試驗(yàn)是由BERNHARDT等[39]于2008年實(shí)施的,當(dāng)時(shí)共入組71例患者,隨機(jī)分入常規(guī)治療組和極早期康復(fù)介入組(極早期康復(fù)介入組患者在發(fā)病后24 h內(nèi)即開始康復(fù)訓(xùn)練,包括床上坐起訓(xùn)練以及站立和步行訓(xùn)練);結(jié)果顯示,2組的死亡率無(wú)顯著差異,由此認(rèn)為早期開展康復(fù)治療是安全且可行的。2009年開展的一項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn)[40]首次完成了有關(guān)腦卒中后48 h開始康復(fù)介入的研究,肯定了早期康復(fù)介入的臨床價(jià)值。此后,2011年又有一項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn)證實(shí),腦卒中后24 h內(nèi)接受康復(fù)治療的患者于發(fā)病后3個(gè)月,其Barthel指數(shù)及改良Rankin量表評(píng)分均有顯著改善,且可能有利于日后步行功能的恢復(fù)[41]。
2012年有學(xué)者[42]探討了急性腦卒中早期康復(fù)的理想介入時(shí)間。該研究對(duì)65例急性腦卒中患者分別于發(fā)病后24 h內(nèi)(康復(fù)組)以及發(fā)病后24~48 h(對(duì)照組)開始康復(fù)治療;康復(fù)治療主要由物理治療師、作業(yè)治療師及護(hù)士等共同完成,具體的治療方法及強(qiáng)度均基于患者的功能障礙情況進(jìn)行調(diào)整,并持續(xù)至出院;所有患者均于入院時(shí)及出院后3個(gè)月接受神經(jīng)功能評(píng)估。研究結(jié)果表明,康復(fù)組和對(duì)照組患者出院后3個(gè)月時(shí)的NIHSS評(píng)分、改良Rankin量表評(píng)分及Barthel指數(shù)均有明顯改善;其中,對(duì)照組NIHSS評(píng)分的改善優(yōu)于康復(fù)組(P<0.05),而康復(fù)組改良Rankin量表評(píng)分及Barthel指數(shù)的改善優(yōu)于對(duì)照組,但差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。因此,依據(jù)該研究結(jié)果,尚無(wú)法肯定急性腦卒中后24 h內(nèi)開始康復(fù)治療的臨床價(jià)值。
2015年,Lancet雜志發(fā)表了有關(guān)腦卒中后24 h內(nèi)實(shí)施早期康復(fù)治療的大樣本AVERT[4]的結(jié)果。這項(xiàng)研究共招募了來(lái)自5個(gè)國(guó)家56個(gè)急性腦卒中單元的2 104例急性腦卒中患者,招募病例時(shí)間長(zhǎng)達(dá)8年。將這2 104例患者隨機(jī)分入AVERT組及常規(guī)治療組,其中AVERT組患者于腦卒中后24 h內(nèi)接受康復(fù)介入,并提高康復(fù)訓(xùn)練強(qiáng)度,且與常規(guī)治療組相比,尤其強(qiáng)調(diào)坐、站以及步行訓(xùn)練,并額外規(guī)定了坐起訓(xùn)練頻率;常規(guī)治療組患者于腦卒中后24 h開始活動(dòng)訓(xùn)練,且訓(xùn)練頻率和強(qiáng)度均較低。這項(xiàng)研究假設(shè),早期較高強(qiáng)度的坐起訓(xùn)練可顯著降低3個(gè)月后因活動(dòng)減少所致的各種并發(fā)癥,并促進(jìn)步行功能的恢復(fù),且不增加神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥。鑒于這項(xiàng)大樣本臨床試驗(yàn)的設(shè)計(jì)及實(shí)施情況良好,參與病例分布地域較廣,病例招募時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),且符合入組條件的病例人數(shù)較多,以及最終僅有6例患者被剔除,腦卒中后3個(gè)月時(shí)的死亡率僅為8%,因此其結(jié)果的可信度較高。令人倍感意外的是,這項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果完全推翻了最初的假設(shè)。在步行功能恢復(fù)方面,AVERT組與常規(guī)治療組無(wú)明顯差異,且3個(gè)月后AVERT組的總體功能改善率較低;同時(shí),與常規(guī)治療組相比,AVERT組的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病惡化率更高,其死亡率也更高。據(jù)此,該研究未對(duì)急性腦卒中的極早期康復(fù)介入給出肯定的意見。
中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)神經(jīng)病學(xué)分會(huì)神經(jīng)康復(fù)學(xué)組、中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)神經(jīng)病學(xué)分會(huì)腦血管病學(xué)組及衛(wèi)生部腦卒中篩查與防治工程委員會(huì)辦公室于2011年聯(lián)合制定了第1版中國(guó)腦卒中康復(fù)治療指南[43],結(jié)合中國(guó)的現(xiàn)狀給出了腦卒中康復(fù)治療的指導(dǎo)意見,提出了三級(jí)康復(fù)體系,明確了在開展腦卒中早期康復(fù)即一級(jí)康復(fù)時(shí),應(yīng)對(duì)腦卒中的危險(xiǎn)因素和并發(fā)癥以及患者的意識(shí)、認(rèn)知功能、吞咽功能和深靜脈血栓進(jìn)行全面評(píng)估。建議應(yīng)在腦卒中發(fā)生后14 d內(nèi)開始一級(jí)康復(fù),主要包括良肢位擺放、關(guān)節(jié)被動(dòng)活動(dòng)、早期床邊坐位訓(xùn)練及坐位平衡訓(xùn)練等。對(duì)于早期康復(fù)的具體介入時(shí)間,指南未給出明確的意見。
目前,國(guó)內(nèi)外針對(duì)急性腦卒中早期康復(fù)的時(shí)機(jī)與策略的研究結(jié)果不盡相同。AVERT為腦卒中的早期康復(fù)提供了一些啟示,但中國(guó)尚未開展過此類研究。因此,應(yīng)通過進(jìn)一步開展大樣本量的臨床試驗(yàn)以探尋腦卒中早期康復(fù)的時(shí)機(jī)、方法及強(qiáng)度,從而有助于更好地指導(dǎo)和規(guī)范腦卒中三級(jí)康復(fù)體系的運(yùn)行。
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腦卒中康復(fù)是腦卒中組織化管理模式中不可或缺的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié);然而,目前對(duì)于早期康復(fù)介入的時(shí)間與具體的康復(fù)措施,尚無(wú)統(tǒng)一意見。1994—2013年,美國(guó)心臟協(xié)會(huì)/美國(guó)卒中協(xié)會(huì)(American Heart Association/American Stroke Association,AHA/ASA)先后發(fā)布了6版有關(guān)急性缺血性腦卒中早期管理的指南。AHA/ASA 2003年版指南首次提出早期康復(fù)介入的指導(dǎo)意見,認(rèn)為急性缺血性腦卒中患者應(yīng)在專業(yè)規(guī)范的腦卒中單元接受診治,而完整的腦卒中單元應(yīng)包括康復(fù)人員;該版指南同時(shí)關(guān)注了早期康復(fù)對(duì)卒中后并發(fā)癥的預(yù)防作用,提出發(fā)病后24 h內(nèi)開展被動(dòng)關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度訓(xùn)練,同時(shí)須注意防止跌倒事件,并初步探討了鼻飼胃管腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)與經(jīng)皮內(nèi)鏡下胃造瘺術(shù)在有吞咽功能障礙的患者中的應(yīng)用。AHA/ASA 2007年版指南建議所有患者于進(jìn)食前均應(yīng)接受吞咽功能評(píng)估,并明確對(duì)有吞咽功能障礙的患者應(yīng)常規(guī)放置鼻飼胃管或進(jìn)行經(jīng)皮內(nèi)鏡下胃造瘺術(shù)。AHA/ASA 2013年版指南建議在專業(yè)卒中單元中,應(yīng)讓患者盡早且安全地進(jìn)行適當(dāng)活動(dòng)以減少并發(fā)癥,并再次強(qiáng)調(diào)了吞咽功能的評(píng)估及干預(yù)方式的選擇。然而,一項(xiàng)國(guó)際大樣本多中心的極早期康復(fù)治療臨床試驗(yàn)的最終結(jié)果未能對(duì)急性腦卒中的極早期康復(fù)介入給出肯定的意見,而目前中國(guó)還未開展過此類大樣本的臨床研究。因此,目前對(duì)于缺血性腦卒中的康復(fù)介入時(shí)機(jī)尚無(wú)定論,原則上應(yīng)以不加重原有病情為前提,并建議在專業(yè)卒中單元中實(shí)施康復(fù)治療。
DOI:10.12022/jnnr.2016-0014
通信作者
詹 青
zhanqing@#edu.cn
基金項(xiàng)目:上海市殘疾人聯(lián)合會(huì)基金項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):K2014015);上海市進(jìn)一步加快中醫(yī)藥事業(yè)發(fā)展三年行動(dòng)計(jì)劃(編號(hào):ZY3–FWMS–2–1012);上海市浦東新區(qū)中醫(yī)特色??平ㄔO(shè)項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):PDZYXK–1–2014001)
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Timing and strategies for early management and rehabilitation of acute ischemic stroke
ZHAN Qing1, 2, WANG Lijing1, 2
1. Department of Neurology; 2. Department of Neurorehabilitation, Seventh People’s Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, China
KEy WORDS:Acute ischemic stroke; Early management; Rehabilitation; Guideline