王新新,陸欽池
上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬仁濟(jì)醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科,上海 200127
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綜述Review
王新新,陸欽池
上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬仁濟(jì)醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科,上海 200127
摘要
陸欽池
qinchilu@yahoo.com
CONFLlCT OF lNTEREST: The authors have indicated they have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
Received Jan. 18, 2016; accepted for publication 1. March, 2016
Copyright ? 2016 by Journal of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation
To
cite: WANG X X, LU Q C. Antiepileptic drugs and risk factors of cardiovascular disease. J Neurol and Neurorehabil, 2016, 12(1):36–40.
LU Qinchi
E-MAIL ADDRESS
qinchilu@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
There is a reciprocal causal relationship between epilepsy and cardiovascular disease (CVD),which means that epilepsy may increase the incidence rate and mortality of CVD, while the CVD may induce the sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Different antiepileptic drugs have different effects on the risk factors of CVD including body weight, insulin resistance,metabolic syndrome, serum uric acid level, carotid artery intima-media thickness and markers of oxidative stress. In view of the fact that some antiepileptic drugs may increase or reduce the risk of occurrence of CVD, therefore, in individualized antiepileptic therapy,appropriate antiepileptic drugs should be selected for patients with high risk of CVD,meanwhile, the rational use of drugs which can reduce the risk of CVD is recommended.
3.1 受抗癲癇藥物影響的心血管疾病危險(xiǎn)因素
心血管疾病危險(xiǎn)因素是指能夠增加心血管疾病發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的因素。某些抗癲藥物可增加心血管疾病的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),提高心血管疾病的發(fā)生率及死亡率??拱d藥物影響的心血管疾病危險(xiǎn)因素主要包括體質(zhì)量、胰島素抵抗、代謝綜合征(metabolic syndrome,MetS)、頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜中層厚 度(carotid intima-media thickness,CIMT)、血清尿酸水平和氧化應(yīng)激標(biāo)志物等。
體質(zhì)量增加、胰島素抵抗及MetS是常見(jiàn)的血管危險(xiǎn)因素,3者相互伴隨且互為因果。體質(zhì)量增加常伴隨胰島素抵抗及MetS,使血清膽固醇水平升高,繼而引發(fā)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化。此外,體質(zhì)量增加、胰島素抵抗及MetS可通過(guò)擴(kuò)血管物質(zhì)(一氧化氮)、縮血管物質(zhì)(內(nèi)皮素)及凝血因子(纖溶酶原激活物抑制因子1)的合成失平衡而導(dǎo)致血管內(nèi)皮功能障礙[10]。伴胰島素抵抗的MetS患者的一氧化氮合成減少,而內(nèi)皮素及纖溶酶原激活物抑制因子1合成增加,從而使血管過(guò)度收縮且抗凝能力下降,繼而導(dǎo)致血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞受損,加速血栓及動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊的發(fā)生進(jìn)程,進(jìn)而增加心血管疾病發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[10]。
血清尿酸水平與心血管疾病的發(fā)生率和死亡率均密切相關(guān)。血清尿酸水平升高可增加心血管疾病發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。已有研究表明,尿酸具有致炎及促進(jìn)氧化應(yīng)激的作用[11],可作為MetS的提示因素,參與動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化過(guò)程[12],增加動(dòng)脈纖維化患者的卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。血清尿酸水平與冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化患者10年生存率密切相關(guān)。此外,血清尿酸水平還可作為CIMT的預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)。CIMT是預(yù)測(cè)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化程度的標(biāo)志,并且是獨(dú)立于其他心血管疾病危險(xiǎn)因素(例如:年齡、性別、舒張壓、高密度脂蛋白和低密度脂蛋白等)的一項(xiàng)預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)。CIMT已被作為心血管疾病危險(xiǎn)因素預(yù)測(cè)的重要檢測(cè)指標(biāo)之一。
基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶9(matrix metalloproteinase-9,MMP-9)作為氧化應(yīng)激標(biāo)志物,參與了動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化、動(dòng)脈瘤形成(斑塊的發(fā)展及不穩(wěn)定脫落)及血管成形術(shù)中的內(nèi)膜增生。在血管再生過(guò)程中,伴隨炎性反應(yīng),細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)增生;MMP-9分泌增加可使細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)過(guò)度增生,繼而引發(fā)動(dòng)脈瘤形成、血管重塑、動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化以及心力衰竭等[13]。
3.2 不同的抗癲藥物對(duì)心血管疾病危險(xiǎn)因素的影響
CIMT既是心血管疾病危險(xiǎn)因素,又是一項(xiàng)預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)。除拉莫三嗪以外,卡馬西平、丙戊酸和苯妥英鈉單藥治療均可導(dǎo)致CIMT的增加[27]。更重要的是,在罹患癲的個(gè)體中,男性患者的CIMT大于女性患者。除年齡、性別和氧化應(yīng)激因素以外,使用抗癲藥物的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度也與CIMT存在一定的相關(guān)性。上述研究結(jié)果提示,長(zhǎng)期使用抗癲藥物在一定程度上參與了勁動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的進(jìn)展。
表1 不同的抗癲癇藥物對(duì)心血管疾病的危險(xiǎn)因素的影響[14–18, 27–29]
已有研究表明,卡馬西平、丙戊酸鈉和苯巴比妥鈉治療均可導(dǎo)致氧化應(yīng)激標(biāo)志物(氧化低密度脂蛋白、丙二醛、硫代巴比妥酸反應(yīng)物、過(guò)氧化氫脂質(zhì)、非對(duì)稱性二甲基精氨酸)水平的升高,并導(dǎo)致總的抗氧化能力的下降[28-29]。然而,目前有關(guān)抗癲藥物對(duì)氧化應(yīng)激標(biāo)志物的影響的研究還很少,因此尚無(wú)法得出較為肯定的結(jié)論。
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DOI:10.12022/jnnr.2016-0021
通信作者
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Antiepileptic drugs and risk factors of cardiovascular disease
WANG Xinxin, LU Qinchi
Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
KEy WORDS:Epilepsy; Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy; Antiepileptic drugs; Cardiovascular disease;Risk factors