王希寶++王琢玨
【摘 要】為了傳承傳統(tǒng)文化和傳播京劇,本文以程硯秋的代表作京劇《聶隱娘》為例,研究傳統(tǒng)文化典籍的英譯,重點(diǎn)研究了該劇的唱詞英譯,即以“閨怨”【西皮慢板】、“夜行”【西皮快板】和“舞劍”【西皮二六】為例,進(jìn)行漢英對(duì)照分析。
【關(guān)鍵詞】京劇典籍《聶隱娘》;英文說(shuō)明書(shū);英譯價(jià)值;唱詞漢英對(duì)照分析
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):H059 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1007-0125(2016)07-0008-03
一、京劇典籍《聶隱娘》的故事梗概
京劇《聶隱娘》由金仲蓀任編劇,本事見(jiàn)唐代段成式的《聶隱娘》傳奇、清代尤侗的《黑白衛(wèi)》。魏博大將聶鋒之女聶隱娘,為老尼攝去,傳以劍術(shù),學(xué)成,令刺殺太原太守胡藩,為民除害。聶隱娘回家,父母代選女婿,皆不中意,獨(dú)屬意一磨鏡少年?;楹螅欕[娘夫婦受魏博節(jié)度使田季安之聘,前往刺殺陳許節(jié)度使劉昌裔,聶隱娘知道劉為人正直,變計(jì)反護(hù)劉,田知其事,怒遣精精兒、空空兒往刺。精精兒為聶隱娘所殺,空空兒一擊不中,羞憤而去。聶隱娘免夫事劉,已則回山謁師。京劇《聶隱娘》于1925年4月18日,在北京三慶園首演,程硯秋飾演聶隱娘,該劇是程派的早期代表劇目之一,文武并重。
二、京劇典籍《聶隱娘》的英文說(shuō)明書(shū)
Peking Opera Nie Yingniang composed by Jin Zhongsun in 1920s, was first put on in SanQing Theatre in Beijing on April 18th,1925 .It was Cheng Yanqius earlier famous works that was both singing and dancing.Its original came from legend of Nie Yinninang by Duan Chengshi in Tang Dynasty and Black and White Guard by You Tong in Qing Dynasty. It is told that Nie Yinniang whose father was NieFeng ,a minister of Weibo ,was snatched by an old Buddhist nun to learn skills of swords in Tang dynasty. After mastering some skills, she was ordered to murder Hu Fan who acted as chief in Taiyuan to remove Mr .Hu Fan ,the evil for people. When she got home, she was discontent with his boyfriend who has already been selected by her parents, on the contrary, she liked another handsome young man who worked at grinding mirrors. After their marriage, the couple of Nie Yinniangs was sent by Tian Jian to murder Liu Shiyi ,a Jiedushi of Chenxu, but Madam Nie knew that Mr. Liu was a just man, in turn, protecting him from being hurt. Hearing about that, Mr.Tian forced Kongkonger and Jingjinger to kill Madam Nie with anger. As a result, Nie Yingniang killed Jingjinger,and Kongkonger ran away for Nie Yingniangs missing shot.And then, Nie Yingniang told her husband that she would work for Liu Changyi, saying goodbye to her husband, at last she returned to the mountain nunnery where her teacher lived , worshiping for her teacher, the old Buddhist nun,and went on learning the art of swordsmanship.
三、京劇典籍《聶隱娘》的英譯價(jià)值
京劇《聶隱娘》的英譯價(jià)值在于挖掘它的鮮明主題、人物形象和藝術(shù)特色。“聶隱娘自己做主嫁給了一個(gè)沒(méi)有半點(diǎn)英雄氣概的磨鏡郎,是給《紅拂傳》的一個(gè)答復(fù)?!雹龠@段話表面說(shuō)明她丈夫很窩囊,實(shí)則突出了聶隱娘的女權(quán)意識(shí),她想要主宰自己的幸福,對(duì)封建包辦婚姻進(jìn)行了堅(jiān)決反抗,說(shuō)明她有強(qiáng)烈的抗?fàn)幰庠?,這種主題的京劇作品在中國(guó)上世紀(jì)二十年代實(shí)屬罕見(jiàn)。
聶隱娘的人物形象是豐滿的,她的性格堅(jiān)強(qiáng)、勇敢、富有同情心,俠義仗膽的氣質(zhì)個(gè)性決定了她決心懲罰奸佞,為民除害,這樣的行為和舉動(dòng)依然值得我們當(dāng)代人思考,有助于重新審視和評(píng)價(jià)婚姻觀、價(jià)值觀和女權(quán)主義。
如果說(shuō)在羅癭公的筆下,聶隱娘能躍然紙上,栩栩如生,那么通過(guò)程硯秋的舞臺(tái)表演,這一人物形象就更加熠熠生輝、光彩照人了。京劇《聶隱娘》的藝術(shù)特色主要體現(xiàn)在“閨怨”、“夜行”和“舞劍”中?!伴|怨”有大段【西皮慢板】,整段唱腔的基調(diào)是抑郁、幽怨和無(wú)奈,富有程派的唱腔特色,有四句大腔,落音分別落在6(院),1(鸞),2(患),5(顏)上,絕不雷同,很新穎。一般傳統(tǒng)青衣唱法的上下句末尾字的落音分別是6,5;6,5,而程先生首先突破了這種傳統(tǒng)?!耙剐小焙汀拔鑴Α薄耙剐小边叧疚髌た彀濉窟吪堋扌写髨A場(chǎng);“舞劍”是邊唱二六邊與李十二娘雙舞單劍,吳富琴回憶道:“《聶隱娘》里,他扮聶隱娘,我扮李十二娘,我們有一套‘雙舞單劍,與老路子不同,這就是根據(jù)武術(shù)中的劍法編制設(shè)計(jì)的。”②這是很吃功夫的,最后的“虎氣龍身”中,程先生使用了一個(gè)多達(dá)16拍的回龍腔結(jié)束全句,顯示了極強(qiáng)的吞吐收放和氣息控制力。
愨廠以題為《觀黃金劇后什談》一文評(píng)硯秋于是日演出的《聶隱娘》一劇,文曰:休息后,硯秋之《聶隱娘》即登場(chǎng),此戲?yàn)槌幥锍跫t時(shí)所排,因彼時(shí)北平盛行舞劍戲,故梅程尚諸伶,均紛排武俠戲,以相號(hào)召,《聶隱娘》亦其一也。硯秋飾聶隱娘,道白均用京白,聽(tīng)之清晰異常,扮相并不因其體胖而減色,聶既為俠女,且為有根基者,其行動(dòng)當(dāng)與常女子異,程硯秋頗能體會(huì)于此,故演時(shí)行動(dòng),均以輕快爽利出之,頗為合度。末場(chǎng)舞劍,與吳富琴之李十二娘合舞,二人同唱二六,邊唱邊舞,極動(dòng)聽(tīng)悅耳……③
節(jié)度跳梁日月昏,古今之貉總難論。奸人頭腦知多少,誰(shuí)試于闐玉上痕。
第一臺(tái)前夜欲闌,公孫劍器動(dòng)千官。而今重顧當(dāng)時(shí)曲,已在康猧局后看。乙丑夏初,某當(dāng)局盛時(shí),曾張樂(lè)第一舞臺(tái),煩玉霜演。此時(shí)已深夜,冠蓋盈庭,掌聲雷動(dòng)。當(dāng)時(shí)達(dá)官今星散盡矣?!?④
這些評(píng)價(jià)還原了程硯秋當(dāng)年演出京劇《聶隱娘》的盛況?!堵欕[娘》繼承了程硯秋載歌載舞的戲路,如果說(shuō)《紅拂傳》奠定了程硯秋俠女戲的基礎(chǔ),那么《聶隱娘》無(wú)疑是在此基礎(chǔ)上的拓展與擴(kuò)充,極大地豐富了早期程派劇目。從挖掘?yàn)l臨失傳的傳統(tǒng)劇目和傳承傳統(tǒng)文化的層面來(lái)看,英譯這部典籍還是有深刻意義的,另外,傳播以京劇為代表的傳統(tǒng)文化始終是我們堅(jiān)持改革開(kāi)放、對(duì)外進(jìn)行文化交流的重要方式之一,不僅中國(guó)人要研究它,還要讓世界各國(guó)人民來(lái)參與研究,因此研究這部京劇典籍的英譯價(jià)值意義重大。
四、京劇典籍《聶隱娘》唱詞的漢英對(duì)照分析
京劇《聶隱娘》的重點(diǎn)場(chǎng)次有三個(gè):“閨怨”【西皮慢板】、“夜行”【西皮快板】和“舞劍”【西皮二六】,現(xiàn)將唱詞翻譯如下并進(jìn)行對(duì)照分析:
1.“閨怨”【西皮慢板】"Complaint in Boudoir" 【Xipi Slow Style 4/4】
月昏黃又照那落花庭院,At dusk the moonlight is shining the courtyard where the flowers have been fallen down.(落花庭院用一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句表示當(dāng)時(shí)的環(huán)境描寫(xiě),以表達(dá)聶隱娘的抑郁心情,shining與fallen形成對(duì)比。)
鎖春愁好一似奴鳳囚鸞;My gloomy feeling is oppressed and Im imprisoned just like a prisoner( in prison).(意譯,明喻);My gloomy feeling is locked and Im closed in cage just like a phoenix.(直譯,明喻)(春愁,(清)丘逢甲 春愁難遣強(qiáng)看山,往事驚心欲潸然。四百萬(wàn)人同一哭,去年今日割臺(tái)灣。這里借鑒了清代詩(shī)人丘逢甲的“春愁”,突出愛(ài)國(guó)情懷,抵抗《馬關(guān)條約》,此處表達(dá)聶隱娘想要?dú)⒓槌┑脑竿?,以示聶隱娘的俠女氣概。)
恨不能效男兒殺奸除患,Im very anxious to kill the treacherous court officials and eliminate the men who make troubles, just like a man.(直譯,反說(shuō)正譯,漢語(yǔ)否定句“不能”,譯成英語(yǔ)后變?yōu)榭隙ň淞?。?/p>
I intend to kill the men who make trouble or break faith with like a man.(意譯)
(殺奸除患:搗亂,make trouble,背信棄義 break faith with,用限制性定語(yǔ)從句表示,突出聶隱娘的女丈夫形象。)
早有心替女流一洗羞顏;
I made up my own mind to wash down the shames for the feminism long before.
(替女流一洗羞顏,用“西方女權(quán)主義”feminism表示。)
只是我困樊籠未從所愿,But Im now in a cage just like a bird and I cant do what I want,
沒(méi)耐何掩香閨空度流年。So I have no choice but to kill time in my boudoir, weeping.
(掩香閨指在閨房掩面哭泣,分詞做伴隨情況狀語(yǔ)。)
2.“夜行”【西皮快板】“Sneaking at Night”【Xipi Fast Style 1/1】
正春宵好一派空明夜景,滿天中都映著淡月疏星;
It is a good spring night when it is full of scenes reflected by a mirror , with the stars and moonlight scattered in the empty sky.
(合句,“春宵”一詞源自蘇軾“春宵一刻值千金”詩(shī)句,表示美好時(shí)光的短暫。)
正春宵good spring night后面帶了一個(gè)由when引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,兩個(gè)with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)修飾從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,“淡”月“疏”星,用一個(gè)scattered表示,避免重復(fù);隱喻,把天空比作明亮的鏡子。)
看眼底萬(wàn)人家寂無(wú)動(dòng)靜,笑癡愚正做他好夢(mèng)昏騰;
With my own eyes I find lamps and candles of a myriad families lighted, still and at the same time I make a joke about their dreaming at good night.
(合句,lamps and candles of a myriad families 表示萬(wàn)家燈火,lighted 作賓補(bǔ),still adj.表示寂靜,作伴隨情況狀語(yǔ)修飾前面的謂語(yǔ)find。)
他哪知半空中有人清醒,
The people who are sleeping in their dreams dont know who is all awakened in the air.
(增詞,他指睡夢(mèng)中的人們,哪知,正說(shuō)反譯,dont know)
這才是旁觀者看得分明。It is the onlookers who can see something clearly.(使用It is……who的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型)
急忙忙也不怕天寒風(fēng)冷,我便來(lái)掀動(dòng)他足底風(fēng)云。
At the risk of cold wind, I adventure in a hurry so that I can make a tremendous stir in a heavenly palace .
(合句,掀動(dòng)他足底風(fēng)云,運(yùn)用了夸張的修辭手法,借鑒了“大鬧天宮”的典故,屬于借代。)
一霎時(shí)度過(guò)了千山萬(wàn)嶺,好比那小游仙御風(fēng)而行。
Ill be flying wind walk just like a fairy the moment (that) I go through thousands of miles.
(合句,明喻,the moment that 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,“小游仙御風(fēng)而行”表現(xiàn)聶隱娘“仙風(fēng)道骨似仙游”的俠女氣度,用fly wind walk, go through來(lái)表達(dá),比較逼真、形象。)
3.“舞劍”【西皮二六】"Performing Swords"【Xipi 1/2 rhythm】
手把龍泉奉師命,Im ordered to dance and perform ,catching a single sword, whose Dragon Spring is, in my hand.(聶隱娘在這場(chǎng)舞的是單劍,所以必須用a single sword 表明。)
山容含笑似歡迎;Mountains all welcome me, performing
a dance ,single sword in hand.
(擬人,山都笑了來(lái)歡迎我,single sword in hand,屬于獨(dú)立主格,相當(dāng)于with a single sword in my hand,作伴隨情況狀語(yǔ)修飾performing,而performing 又作伴隨情況狀語(yǔ)修飾前面的謂語(yǔ)welcome)
初時(shí)作勢(shì)看猱進(jìn),又復(fù)翻身效虎蹲;柔若三眠嬌柳醒,輕如雙燕御風(fēng)行。First of all I make a gesture like a monkey, and then I turn my body ,jumping and squatting like a tiger, finally I fly wind walk like two swallows, swiftly and slightly ,for my body is so tender that it is just a branch of willow.
(四句合成一句,用first of all首先, and then 其次,finally 再次來(lái)銜接,使用三個(gè)明喻,舞劍的三個(gè)舞姿動(dòng)作分別像猴子、老虎和燕子;腰姿像柳樹(shù)枝,而且借鑒了“人柳三眠”的典故,形容聶隱娘舞劍時(shí)的腰肢非常柔軟,像楊柳樹(shù)枝一般婀娜。)
劍光四射迷人影,The sword is shining so much that it is fascinating,(減詞,人影)
寒芒冷照箭流星,The cold gloss of it is reflected, shooting just like a meteor.(減詞,省略“箭”;另外,使用了隱喻,把單劍當(dāng)作弓箭和天上的流星,形成雙重隱喻,說(shuō)明聶隱娘的舞劍動(dòng)作很快,劍光芒四射,使人眼花繚亂,速度之快簡(jiǎn)直就是無(wú)弓之箭、天上的流星那般劃過(guò)。)
我與你舞將來(lái)雪花亂迸,You and I will dance 24 style of Wushu together with the 2 single swords dazzling, just like snowflakes bursting,
(你,指李十二娘,舞將來(lái)表示雙舞單劍24式,用音譯,Wushu)
莫負(fù)他這寶劍虎氣龍身。The treasured swords tiger mind and its dragon body shouldnt be let down/disappointed.(直譯)
We should cherish the treasure sword solemn and sacred.(意譯)
五、結(jié)語(yǔ)
京劇典籍《聶隱娘》的英譯研究雖然是嘗試性的,卻有特殊意義。兩種文化的轉(zhuǎn)換意味著中西方文化差異性的客觀存在,如何解決好這個(gè)矛盾,仍然有待探討。
注釋?zhuān)?/p>
①程硯秋:《程硯秋戲劇文集》[M].北京:文化藝術(shù)出版社,2003年12月第1版,第9頁(yè)。
②程永江:《程硯秋史事長(zhǎng)編》(上)[M].北京:北京出版社,2002年12月第1版,第195頁(yè)。
③程永江:《程硯秋史事長(zhǎng)編》(下)[M].北京:北京出版社,2002年12月第1版,第422頁(yè)。
④程永江:《程硯秋史事長(zhǎng)編》(上)[M].北京:北京出版社,2002年12月第1版,第196頁(yè)。
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