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持續(xù)口服華法林和肝素橋接對(duì)心房顫動(dòng)消融術(shù)后并發(fā)癥影響的Meta分析

2016-08-18 09:36吳慧婷錢(qián)成丁進(jìn)葉魏寶柱皮陽(yáng)王揚(yáng)淦
關(guān)鍵詞:橋接華法林腦缺血

吳慧婷,錢(qián)成,丁進(jìn)葉,魏寶柱,皮陽(yáng),王揚(yáng)淦

? 循證理論與實(shí)踐 ? 論著 ?

持續(xù)口服華法林和肝素橋接對(duì)心房顫動(dòng)消融術(shù)后并發(fā)癥影響的Meta分析

吳慧婷1,錢(qián)成1,丁進(jìn)葉1,魏寶柱1,皮陽(yáng)1,王揚(yáng)淦1

目的 比較持續(xù)口服華法林和肝素橋接兩種不同的抗凝方案對(duì)心房顫動(dòng)(房顫)消融術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的影響。方法 系統(tǒng)檢索Pubmed、The Cochrane Library、Embase、中國(guó)生物醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(CBM)、中國(guó)知網(wǎng)(CNKI)及萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),并查閱相關(guān)綜述的參考文獻(xiàn),時(shí)間截至2015年6月31日,納入滿(mǎn)足入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的研究。結(jié)果 最終納入文獻(xiàn)共14篇,包括觀察性研究13篇及隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)1篇??倶颖玖繛?7 496例,其中持續(xù)華法林組7909例,肝素橋接組9587例。總體結(jié)果顯示,與肝素橋接治療相比,持續(xù)華法林治療能減少?lài)中g(shù)期卒中或短暫腦缺血事件(RR=0.29,95%CI:0.16~0.69,P<0.01)。在出血并發(fā)癥發(fā)面,持續(xù)華法林治療相比肝素橋接可降低大出血(RR=0.15,95%CI:0.08~0.29,P<0.01)和小出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(RR=0.70,95%CI:0.55~0.88,P<0.01)。結(jié)論 相比肝素橋接而言,房顫消融圍手術(shù)期持續(xù)口服華法林可減少血栓栓塞事件,同時(shí)降低出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

心房顫動(dòng);消融;抗凝;Meta分析

[Key words]Atrial fibrillation; Ablation; Anticoagulation; Meta-analysis

心房顫動(dòng)(簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)房顫)是臨床上最常見(jiàn)的心律失常,其癥狀及栓塞并發(fā)癥嚴(yán)重影響患者的生活質(zhì)量。臨床證據(jù)表明,導(dǎo)管消融術(shù)是房顫安全有效的治療方式,尤其適用于藥物療效不佳、癥狀反復(fù)發(fā)作者[1]。房顫消融圍手術(shù)期需充分考慮栓塞和出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn),因此選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)目鼓桨钢陵P(guān)重要。目前臨床上多采用圍手術(shù)期停用華法林并加以肝素橋接(HB)的抗凝策略,然而,近幾年有研究表明,導(dǎo)管消融圍手術(shù)期持續(xù)華法林(CW)的抗凝方案相對(duì)更安全[2]。鑒于各研究的結(jié)果各異,因此有必要采用Meta分析的方法匯總相關(guān)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果,為房顫導(dǎo)管消融圍手術(shù)期抗凝方案的選擇提供更多的依據(jù)。

1 資料與方法

1.1納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 納入研究需滿(mǎn)足以下條件:①對(duì)比CW和HB抗凝方案對(duì)房顫導(dǎo)管消融圍手術(shù)期并發(fā)癥影響的臨床試驗(yàn);②樣本量不少于60例;③提供以下至少一項(xiàng)臨床終點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù),包括卒中或短暫腦缺血的復(fù)合終點(diǎn)、大出血事件、卒中、短暫腦缺血、小出血事件(本研究以前兩者為主要終點(diǎn))。排除聯(lián)合其他藥物抗凝的臨床研究。

1.2文獻(xiàn)檢索 該Meta分析遵循PRISMA聲明[3],以“atrial fibrillation”、“ablation”、 “warfarin”or“heparin”or“anticoagulation”為英文檢索詞檢索PubMed、The Cochrane Library及Embase數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),以“華法林”或“肝素”或“抗凝”、“心房顫動(dòng)”及“消融”為中文檢索詞,檢索中國(guó)生物醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(CBM)、中國(guó)知網(wǎng)(CNKI)及萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),并查閱相關(guān)綜述的參考文獻(xiàn),時(shí)間截至2015年6月31日。

1.3數(shù)據(jù)提取與質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià) 由兩位評(píng)論員獨(dú)立提取數(shù)據(jù)資料,包括研究作者、年份、分組、樣本量、患者基本特征(年齡、性別、陣發(fā)性房顫比例及CHADS2評(píng)分)、CW組國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化比值(INR)靶值、HB組低分子肝素(LMWH)劑量及隨訪時(shí)間等。觀察性研究采用NOS評(píng)分[4]進(jìn)行質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià),大于6分者視為高質(zhì)量研究;隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)采用Jadad評(píng)分[5]評(píng)估方法學(xué)質(zhì)量,3分以上提示質(zhì)量較高。數(shù)據(jù)提取與質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)的過(guò)程中若有分歧,則通過(guò)與第三位評(píng)論員討論解決。

1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析 采用STATA 12.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。因臨床終點(diǎn)均為二分類(lèi)變量,故以相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度(RR)及其95%置信區(qū)間(CI)作為效應(yīng)指標(biāo)。評(píng)估研究間的異質(zhì)性采用χ2檢驗(yàn),其P <0.1考慮存在異質(zhì)性。以I2值代表異質(zhì)性大小,當(dāng)I2<50%時(shí),用固定效應(yīng)模型合并效應(yīng)量,否則用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型合并效應(yīng)量,并以Meta回歸方法探究異質(zhì)性來(lái)源。根據(jù)導(dǎo)致異質(zhì)性的因素、明顯不同的基線特征進(jìn)行亞組分析,亞組間差異采用Altman-Bland檢驗(yàn)(Pab)[6];對(duì)主要終點(diǎn)進(jìn)行敏感性分析,采取單次排除一個(gè)研究、排除低質(zhì)量研究等兩種方式。通過(guò)漏斗圖直觀判斷是否存在發(fā)表偏倚,并采用Egger檢驗(yàn)定量分析。當(dāng)P <0.05時(shí),認(rèn)為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1納入研究基本信息 最初檢索文獻(xiàn)1201篇,閱讀題目或摘要后,排除無(wú)關(guān)研究1035篇,重復(fù)文獻(xiàn)108篇,動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)15篇。進(jìn)一步閱讀全文后排除文獻(xiàn)29篇,最終納入14項(xiàng)臨床研究[7-20],包括觀察性研究13項(xiàng)及隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)1項(xiàng)(圖1)。總樣本為1 7496例,其中7909例分布在CW組,9587例分布在HB組?;颊叩钠骄挲g范圍為54~77歲,其中男性約占75.6%,陣發(fā)性房顫占47.8%。除1項(xiàng)研究[13]采用普通肝素外,其余研究均采用LMWH橋接抗凝。研究的隨訪時(shí)間為2天~12個(gè)月。觀察性研究除2項(xiàng)外[12,14]其余NOS評(píng)分均大于6分,COMPARE隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)Jadad評(píng)分為3分,表明納入研究的整體質(zhì)量較好(表1)。

2.2血栓栓塞事件Meta分析結(jié)果 11項(xiàng)研究提供了CW組和HB組卒中或短暫腦缺血事件的數(shù)據(jù),共計(jì)患者17,054例,其中CW組7701例,HB 組9353例。研究間存在明顯異質(zhì)性(I2=54%,P <0.1),故采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型合并數(shù)據(jù)。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,圍手術(shù)期CW方案相比HB能減少卒中或短暫腦缺血發(fā)作事件(RR=0.29,95%CI:0.16~0.69,P<0.01;圖2)。此外,對(duì)比HB方案,CW抗凝治療還可分別降低卒中(RR=0.15,95%CI:0.08~0.29, P<0.01)和短暫腦缺血(RR=0.32,95%CI:0.12~0.80,P<0.05)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

圖1 文獻(xiàn)納入流程

2.3出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)Meta分析結(jié)果 13項(xiàng)研究報(bào)道了CW組和HB組大出血的發(fā)生率,共計(jì)患者17202例,其中CW組7763例,HB組9439例。研究間無(wú)明顯異質(zhì)性(I2=0.2%,P=0.44),故采用固定效應(yīng)模型合并數(shù)據(jù)。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,對(duì)比HB治療,CW抗凝策略可降低房顫導(dǎo)管消融圍手術(shù)期大出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(RR=0.70,95%CI:0.55~0.88,P <0.01;圖3);同時(shí),CW治療相比HB抗凝方案也能降低小出血事件的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(RR=0.42, 95%CI:0.24~0.74,P<0.01)。

2.4Meta回歸及亞組分析 對(duì)卒中或短暫腦缺血的復(fù)合終點(diǎn)進(jìn)行Meta回歸分析,結(jié)果表明研究類(lèi)型是異質(zhì)性的來(lái)源(P<0.05),而樣本量、平均年齡、性別、陣發(fā)性發(fā)顫比例、INR靶值、肝素橋接劑量、隨訪時(shí)間等均不是異質(zhì)性來(lái)源。根據(jù)研究類(lèi)型進(jìn)行亞組分析發(fā)現(xiàn),該指標(biāo)在前瞻性和回顧性研究中都具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(前瞻性:I2=43%,RR=0.12,95%CI:0.03~0.54,P <0.01;回顧性:I2=0%,RR=0.51,95%CI:0.27~0.96,P<0.05;Pab=0.07)??紤]隨訪時(shí)間差異較大,以3個(gè)月為界點(diǎn)進(jìn)行亞組分析,結(jié)果表明主要終點(diǎn)在各亞組間無(wú)明顯差異(卒中或短暫腦缺血:Pab=0.98; 大出血:Pab=0.86)。

2.5敏感性分析 單次排除一個(gè)研究后,剩余研究的合并RR值未見(jiàn)明顯變化;排除低質(zhì)量研究后,主要終點(diǎn)仍具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(卒中或短暫腦缺血:RR=0.25,95%CI:0.10~0.62,P<0.01;大出血:RR=0.67,95%CI:0.53~0.85,P<0.01)。

表1 納入研究基本信息

圖2 卒中或短暫腦缺血發(fā)作的森林圖(CI:置信區(qū)間;CW:持續(xù)華法林;HB:肝素橋接;RR:風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比)

圖3 大出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的森林圖

2.6發(fā)表偏倚 因報(bào)道小出血事件、短暫腦缺血發(fā)作的研究個(gè)數(shù)較少,故未對(duì)其進(jìn)行發(fā)表偏倚檢測(cè)。對(duì)于卒中或短暫腦缺血發(fā)作、大出血、卒中等三個(gè)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行發(fā)表偏倚檢測(cè),所有漏斗圖直觀對(duì)稱(chēng),經(jīng)Egger檢驗(yàn)表明均不存在明顯的發(fā)表偏倚(卒中或短暫性腦缺血:PEgger=0.61;大出血:PEgger=0.96;卒中:PEgger=0.85)。

3 討論

房顫導(dǎo)管消融圍手術(shù)期抗凝方案的合理選擇對(duì)預(yù)防其并發(fā)癥極其重要,本研究采用Meta分析的方法對(duì)納入的14項(xiàng)臨床研究進(jìn)行匯總分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)比HB治療,CW抗凝方案可減少?lài)中g(shù)期卒中或短暫腦缺血事件,同時(shí)降低大出血和小出血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Santangeli等[21]的Meta分析也得出類(lèi)似結(jié)果,但未觀察到CW治療能降低大出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。其研究中納入的部分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)是通過(guò)與大型隊(duì)列研究相比較而得出的,并非原始研究直接提供。而我們的Meta分析額外納入了多項(xiàng)其后進(jìn)行的CW對(duì)比HB的臨床試驗(yàn)[7,8,10,13,15,17-19],其結(jié)果更為可靠。

以下幾點(diǎn)可能解釋本研究的結(jié)果:①術(shù)前停用華法林期間肝素橋接劑量不足,易發(fā)生血栓栓塞事件;②LMWH橋接抗凝時(shí)INR常比預(yù)期高,增加潛在出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn);③華法林恢復(fù)使用的早期存在短暫的高凝狀態(tài);④術(shù)后LMWH和華法林合用也會(huì)增加出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。然而,橋接治療相對(duì)較高的大出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也可能導(dǎo)致輸血或外科止血的概率增加,從而增加血栓栓塞的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

盡管在Meta回歸分析中,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)研究類(lèi)型是卒中或短暫腦缺血發(fā)作的研究間異質(zhì)性的主要來(lái)源。但進(jìn)一步亞組分析發(fā)現(xiàn)該終點(diǎn)在兩類(lèi)研究中均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,證明異質(zhì)性的存在對(duì)研究結(jié)果影響較小。各研究間隨訪時(shí)間差異過(guò)大,但通過(guò)亞組分析發(fā)現(xiàn)不同的隨訪時(shí)間對(duì)結(jié)果并無(wú)影響。CHADS2評(píng)分可能是一潛在偏倚因素,因相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)道不一致,我們無(wú)法根據(jù)其進(jìn)行分層分析。但仔細(xì)觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),CW組整體的CHADS2評(píng)分并不低于HB組。此外,通過(guò)敏感性分析也未發(fā)現(xiàn)單個(gè)研究或低質(zhì)量研究能影響主要終點(diǎn)的Meta分析結(jié)果,說(shuō)明該研究的結(jié)論可靠。

華法林是臨床上最為常用的口服抗凝藥,其半衰期長(zhǎng),符合導(dǎo)管消融圍手術(shù)期的抗凝要求??诜A法林價(jià)格便宜,且避免了低分子肝素皮下注射帶來(lái)的疼痛和淤血,患者依從性較高。然而,應(yīng)用華法林需常監(jiān)測(cè)INR值,且易受食物、藥物影響,因此新型口服抗凝藥如利伐沙班、達(dá)比加群酯等藥可能在這方面具有一定優(yōu)勢(shì)。

本研究存在以下不足:①納入的研究中絕大多數(shù)均為觀察性研究,存在潛在的偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但本研究的結(jié)果和COMPARE隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)一致;②各研究小出血事件的定義不統(tǒng)一,可能會(huì)對(duì)結(jié)果造成一定的影響;③無(wú)法根據(jù)消融術(shù)式等因素進(jìn)行分層分析,探究這些因素對(duì)結(jié)局的影響。

綜上所述,本Meta分析結(jié)果表明:對(duì)于房顫接受導(dǎo)管消融的患者,圍手術(shù)期采取持續(xù)華法林抗凝方案相比肝素橋接能降低血栓栓塞和出血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。鑒于本研究的局限性,結(jié)論仍需更多高質(zhì)量的大型臨床隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)來(lái)證明。

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本文編輯:張超,姚雪莉

Meta-analysis of postoperative complications effect comparison between continuous warfarin and heparin bridging after ablation of atrial fibrillation

WU Hui-ting*, QIAN Cheng, DING Jin-ye, WEI Bao-zhu, PI Yang,WANG Yang-gan.*Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.

WANG Yang-gan, E-mail: ygwang2013@163.com

Objective To compare the influence of postoperative complications after ablation of atrial fibrillation between two different anticoagulation strategies: continuous warfarin and heparin bridging. Methods Pubmed, The Cochrane Library, Embase, CBM, CNKI and Wanfang database were systematically searched for eligible studies. We also searched the references of relevant reviews for more trials. Only studies that met our pre-defined included criteria up to 31 June, 2015 were enrolled in our Meta-analysis. Results Fourteen studies,including 13 observational studies and 1 randomized controlled trial, were finally included in our study with a total of 17 496 subjects. There were 7909 patients in continuous warfarin group and 9587 patients in heparin bridging group. Compared to heparin bridging, continuous warfarin was associated with fewer stroke or transient ischemic attacks events [RR=0.29, 95%CI:(0.16,0.69), P《0.01]. For bleeding complications, continuous warfarin administration could reduce the risk of major bleeding [RR=0.15, 95%CI:(0.08, 0.29), P《0.01] and minor bleeding [RR=0.70, 95%CI:(0.55, 0.88), P《0.01]. Conclusion Compared with heparin bridging, postoperative continuous warfarin was associated with reduced risks of thromboembolism and bleeding in ablation of atrial fibrillation.

R541.75

A

1674-4055(2016)05-0520-04

1430071 武漢,武漢大學(xué)中南醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科

王揚(yáng)淦,E-mail:ygwang2013@163.com

10.3969/j.issn.1674-4055.2016.05.03

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