楊 爽,趙慧婷,宋文菲,孟 嬌,楊珊珊,杜亞麗,潘建芳,王樹杰,姜玉鎖*
(1. 云南省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院蠶桑蜜蜂研究所,云南蒙自 661101; 2. 山西農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)動(dòng)物科技學(xué)院,太谷 030801;3. 山西農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)生命科學(xué)學(xué)院,太谷 030801)
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大蠟螟氣味受體基因Gmel/Orco的克隆與序列分析
楊爽1,2,趙慧婷3,宋文菲1,孟嬌2,楊珊珊2,杜亞麗2,潘建芳2,王樹杰2,姜玉鎖2*
(1. 云南省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院蠶桑蜜蜂研究所,云南蒙自 661101; 2. 山西農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)動(dòng)物科技學(xué)院,太谷 030801;3. 山西農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)生命科學(xué)學(xué)院,太谷 030801)
為進(jìn)一步研究大蠟螟嗅覺通訊分子機(jī)制和尋求新的大蠟螟防治技術(shù),本研究克隆了大蠟螟GalleriamellonellaL.的氣味受體基因Gmel/Orco,并對(duì)其序列進(jìn)行生物信息學(xué)分析。根據(jù)GenBank中已發(fā)表的鱗翅目昆蟲非典型氣味受體家族基因的氨基酸保守序列設(shè)計(jì)簡(jiǎn)并引物,采用RT-PCR方法擴(kuò)增目的基因,將其克隆至T載體并測(cè)序??寺~@得大蠟螟氣味受體Orco的cDNA序列,命名為Gmel/Orco(GenBank登錄號(hào):KT020861),序列分析結(jié)果顯示,Gmel/Orco開放閱讀框長(zhǎng)1425 bp,編碼474個(gè)氨基酸,分子量為53.36 kD,等電點(diǎn)為8.44,序列中有7個(gè)跨膜區(qū),N-端在細(xì)胞膜內(nèi),C-端在細(xì)胞膜外。通過在GenBank中進(jìn)行序列的同源性比較,該基因與已公布的鱗翅目螟蛾科、夜蛾科昆蟲的非典型氣味受體基因序列有較高的同源性??寺∷@得的基因?qū)儆诜堑湫蜌馕妒荏w家族基因。
大蠟螟;氣味受體;基因克隆;序列對(duì)比
大蠟螟GalleriamellonellaL.屬鱗翅目Lepidoptera螟蛾科Pyralidae蠟螟亞科Galleriinae蠟螟屬GalleriaFabricius昆蟲,其幼蟲(又叫巢蟲)吞食巢脾,在巢脾上吐絲作繭,是蜜蜂尤其是中華蜜蜂的重要敵害之一(代平禮等, 2005)。在養(yǎng)蜂生產(chǎn)中,蜂農(nóng)多采用藥物熏蒸的方法來貯存巢脾(吳艷艷等, 2009),會(huì)導(dǎo)致巢脾上藥物殘留,不符合蜂產(chǎn)品無公害生產(chǎn)的要求,因此迫切需要尋求新的大蠟螟防治技術(shù)。
嗅覺在昆蟲尋找食物、配偶、產(chǎn)卵和發(fā)育場(chǎng)所、躲避敵害等方面具有至關(guān)重要的作用,直接影響著昆蟲的生存和繁衍(Bruceetal.,2005; Songetal.,2008)。近年來,解密媒介昆蟲和農(nóng)業(yè)害蟲嗅覺的分子機(jī)制,對(duì)害蟲嗅覺識(shí)別進(jìn)行有效干擾,是害蟲生物防治中的一個(gè)重要組成部分。氣味受體(odorant receptor)是嗅覺系統(tǒng)的關(guān)鍵成分之一,是了解昆蟲化學(xué)信號(hào)分子識(shí)別機(jī)制的重要基礎(chǔ)(Clyneetal., 1999;Mombaerts, 1999; Stortkuhl and Kettler, 2001),對(duì)氣味受體的研究可為大蠟螟的防治提供新的思路和途徑。
氣味受體可以分成兩大類:一類是典型的氣味受體ORs,在不同昆蟲中高度分化,在同種昆蟲中也表現(xiàn)出很低的序列相似性(Larssonetal., 2004);另一類是非典型氣味受體,最早在果蠅Drosophilamelanogaster中發(fā)現(xiàn),命名為Or83b,后來在蚊子Culicidae(OR7)中和鱗翅目(OR2)中陸續(xù)被鑒別,現(xiàn)統(tǒng)一命名為olfactory coreceptor (Orco),在不同昆蟲中高度保守,同源性在50%-99%(Kriegeretal., 2003; Jonesetal., 2005)。研究表明,Orco本身并無感受氣味的功能,通常與ORs共同作用,形成異源二聚體,充當(dāng)配體門控性離子通道,幫助ORs準(zhǔn)確定位到嗅覺神經(jīng)元樹突膜上面(Larssonetal.,2004; Wanneretal.,2007)。果蠅、岡比亞按蚊Anophelesgambiae和煙芽夜蛾Helicoverpavirescens等昆蟲缺失表達(dá)Orco后變得對(duì)氣味刺激不再敏感,而通過轉(zhuǎn)基因營(yíng)救重新獲得Orco后,又恢復(fù)了對(duì)氣味分子的敏感性,表明Orco在昆蟲的嗅覺識(shí)別中的不可或缺性(Wetzeletal., 2001; Larssonetal., 2004; Jonesetal.,2005; Wanneretal., 2007) 。本研究采用RT-PCR技術(shù),克隆獲得大蠟螟的Gmel/Orco基因,利用生物信息學(xué)對(duì)其序列進(jìn)行分析,并與其它昆蟲Orco基因同源性進(jìn)行了比較,以期為進(jìn)一步研究大蠟螟嗅覺通訊分子機(jī)制和尋求新的大蠟螟防治技術(shù)提供理論依據(jù)。
1.1供試樣本與試劑
大蠟螟于山西農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)動(dòng)物科技學(xué)院養(yǎng)蜂學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室人工飼養(yǎng)所得。將剛交配后雌蛾(5 頭)分裝于1.5 mL的離心管中(頂端開口),待其產(chǎn)卵后,將同一批卵(約200粒)轉(zhuǎn)入已配好的人工飼料中,置于人工氣候箱(溫度為30℃、濕度為60%)中飼養(yǎng),待其羽化后,取1 d雌蛾80頭,用鑷子將其頭和觸角一同夾下,立刻置于液氮中研磨至粉狀,轉(zhuǎn)入裝有1 mL Trizol的EP管中,-70℃ 保存至RNA提取。
總RNA提取試劑Trizol購自Invitrogen公司;PrimeScript 1 st Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit為TaKaRa公司產(chǎn)品,PCR試劑、普通瓊脂糖膠回收試劑盒、感受態(tài)細(xì)胞購自康為公司;pMD19-T Vector為TIANGEN公司產(chǎn)品;抗生素類、X-gal、IPTG購自Sigma公司;其余試劑均為國產(chǎn)或進(jìn)口分析純?cè)噭?;引物合成、測(cè)序由華大基因生物技術(shù)公司完成。
1.2引物設(shè)計(jì)
根據(jù)GenBank中已發(fā)表的鱗翅目昆蟲亞洲玉米螟Ostriniafurnacalis(OfurOR2)、二化螟ChilosuppressalisWalker(CsupOR2)、稻縱卷葉螟CnaphalocrocismedinalisGuenee(CmedOR2)、棉鈴蟲HelicoverpazeaBoddie(HzeaOR83b)、家蠶BombyxmoriLinnaeus(BmorOR2)、甜菜夜蛾SpodopteraexiguaHübner(SexiOR2)、煙芽夜蛾Heliothisvirescens(HvirOR2)、小菜蛾P(guān)lutellaxyllostellaLinnaeus(Pxyl/Orco)和甘藍(lán)夜蛾MamestrabrassicaeLinnaeus(MbraOR83b)等非典型氣味受體家族基因的氨基酸保守序列,設(shè)計(jì)擴(kuò)增大蠟螟Gmel/Orco片段基因的簡(jiǎn)并引物,上游引物:5′-ATGATGACCAAR GTGAARGC-3′;下游引物:5′-TTAYTTGAGY TGTAYCAAYACCATG-3′。
1.3RNA的提取和cDNA第一鏈的合成
根據(jù)Trizol試劑說明書提取大蠟螟頭和觸角的總RNA,以總RNA為模板,按照PrimeScript 1 st Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit說明書進(jìn)行兩步法反轉(zhuǎn)錄,合成cDNA第一鏈。具體步驟為:
第一步,將5 × gDNA Exaser Buffer 5 μL,gDNA Exaser 2.5 μL,Total RNA 2500 ng混合,加RNase-Free H2O(up to 25 μL),在PCR儀上,42℃反應(yīng)2 min;第二步,向上面所得溶液中加入5 × Prime Script Buffer 10 μL,Prime Script RT Enzyme MTK 2.5 μL,RT Prime MTK 2.5 μL,RNase-Free H2O 10 μL,37℃反應(yīng)15 min,85℃反應(yīng)5 s,4℃保存。
1.4PCR擴(kuò)增
以合成的cDNA為模板,進(jìn)行PCR反應(yīng),反應(yīng)體系為20 μL:dNTPs Mix 10 μL,cDNA模板2 μL,RNase-Free H2O 6.4 μL,上、下游引物各0.8 μL;反應(yīng)條件:94℃預(yù)變性4 min;接著進(jìn)行33個(gè)循環(huán),循環(huán)條件為94℃ 30 s,52℃30 s,72℃ 1 min;最后72℃延伸8 min。將產(chǎn)物于1%的瓊脂糖凝膠上進(jìn)行電泳檢測(cè)。
1.5PCR產(chǎn)物的回收、克隆及序列測(cè)定
按照膠回收試劑盒說明對(duì)PCR產(chǎn)物進(jìn)行割膠回收,將回收產(chǎn)物連接到pMD19-T Vector上(按試劑盒說明操作),轉(zhuǎn)化到DH5α感受態(tài)細(xì)胞中,進(jìn)行藍(lán)白斑和氨芐青霉素篩選,挑取白色單克隆菌斑,搖菌培養(yǎng)后送公司進(jìn)行測(cè)序。
1.6序列分析
通過DNAMAN、EditSeq等軟件將測(cè)序后獲得的大蠟螟Gmel/Orco基因核苷酸序列及其編碼的氨基酸序列進(jìn)行分析;利用NCBI上BLAST工具進(jìn)行同源性比對(duì);用在線工具TMHMM進(jìn)行跨膜區(qū)域預(yù)測(cè);利用Mega 4.1軟件中Neighbor-Joining方法進(jìn)行昆蟲氣味受體進(jìn)化樹的構(gòu)建。
2.1大蠟螟氣味受體基因Gmel/Orco序列分析
通過基因克隆,獲得大蠟螟氣味受體Orco的cDNA序列,命名為Gmel/Orco(GenBank登錄號(hào):KT020861)。如圖1所示,Gmel/Orco開放閱讀框長(zhǎng)1425 bp,編碼474個(gè)氨基酸。根據(jù)網(wǎng)站http://www.expasy.ch/tools/protparam.html. 預(yù)測(cè)其分子量為53.36 kD,等電點(diǎn)為8.44。
圖1 大蠟螟Gmel/Orco核苷酸序列及推導(dǎo)的氨基酸序列Fig.1 Nucleotide and amino acid sequence of the gene Gmel/Orco in Galleria mellonella L.
利用TMHMM 2.0蛋白跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)預(yù)測(cè)軟件分析,獲得的序列具有7個(gè)α螺旋跨膜區(qū)(圖2),跨膜區(qū)氨基酸的位置是46-65,75-97,136-158,195-217,335-357,377-399和448-470,是一個(gè)典型的G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體,序列N-端在細(xì)胞膜內(nèi),C-端在細(xì)胞膜外。
圖2 大蠟螟氣味受體Orco的跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)預(yù)測(cè)Fig. 2 The predicted transmembrane domain of the olfactory co-receptor (Orco) from Galleria mellonella L.
2.2大蠟螟Gmel/Orco基因氨基酸同源性比較
選取大蠟螟近緣種螟蛾科的亞洲玉米螟(OfurOR2)、二化螟(CsupOR2),夜蛾科的棉鈴蟲Hubner(HarmOr83b)、煙芽夜蛾(HassOr83b),蠶蛾科的家蠶(BmorOR2),以及雙翅目具有代表性的黑腹果蠅Drosophilamelanogaster(Dmel/Orco)、桔小實(shí)蠅BactroceradorsalisHendel(Bdor/Orco)和埃及伊蚊Aedesaegypti(AaegOR7)與大蠟螟(Gmel/Orco)基因進(jìn)行序列聯(lián)配,結(jié)果顯示,這9種昆蟲的Orco受體的C端序列具有高度的保守性(圖3)。
為研究大蠟螟Gmel/Orco與其它物種之間的進(jìn)化關(guān)系,利用Mega 4.1軟件鄰位相連法構(gòu)建鱗翅目、膜翅目、鞘翅目、雙翅目部分昆蟲非典型氣味受體的系統(tǒng)進(jìn)化樹(圖4);結(jié)果顯示,25個(gè)非典型嗅覺受體基因分成2個(gè)大的分支,不同目之間氨基酸序列差異較大,同一目昆蟲之間差異較?。淮笙灻鳪mel/Orco與鱗翅目螟蛾科、夜蛾科、蠶蛾科、菜蛾科聚為一類,通過同源對(duì)比,大蠟螟Gmel/Orco與螟蛾科二化螟OfurOR2、亞洲玉米螟OfurOR2、瓜絹野螟DindOR2,稻縱卷葉螟CmedOR2等氨基酸同源性相對(duì)較高,為90%-92%;與甜菜夜蛾SexiOR2、斜紋夜蛾SlitOR2、苜蓿葉蛾HvirOr83b、煙夜蛾HassOr83b、棉鈴蟲HarmOr83b等夜蛾科氨基酸同源性在80%-90%之間;與家蠶BmorOR2同源性為88%;鱗翅目與雙翅目聚為一大類,大蠟螟Gmel/Orco與埃及伊蚊AaegOR7、白紋伊蚊Aalb/Orco、致倦庫蚊CquiOR7,黑腹果蠅Dmel/Orco、桔小實(shí)蠅Bdor/Orco、地中海實(shí)蠅Ccap/Orco,大頭金蠅Cmeg/Orco等氨基酸同源性為65%-68%;大蠟螟Gmel/Orco與膜翅目(蜜蜂、熊蜂)和鞘翅目(赤擬谷盜、華北大黑鰓金龜)遺傳距離相對(duì)較遠(yuǎn),氨基酸同源性低于60%。
目前,利用昆蟲各物種之間的保守區(qū)域進(jìn)行同源克隆的方法,已從鱗翅目、雙翅目、膜翅目、鞘翅目等8個(gè)目40余種昆蟲中鑒定出Or83b的同源受體(Stengl and Funk., 2013),本研究通過RT-PCR 技術(shù)獲得大蠟螟嗅覺受體Gmel/Orco基因的cDNA序列,該序列與鱗翅目螟蛾科二化螟OfurOR2、亞洲玉米螟OfurOR2、瓜絹野螟DindOR2,稻縱卷葉螟CmedOR2等氨基酸同源性高達(dá)90%-92%,與雙翅目昆蟲氨基酸同源性也達(dá)到65%-68%,這些都與Orco基因在不同昆蟲體內(nèi)的保守性相吻合。
圖3 大蠟螟Gmel/Orco與其它昆蟲氣味受體蛋白的序列比對(duì)Fig.3 Sequence alignment of theGmel/Orco in Galleria mellonella L. with olfactory receptors in other insects
注:AaegOR7,埃及伊蚊(XM_001651376);BdorOrco,桔小實(shí)蠅(EU621792);BmorOR2,家蠶(NM001043595);CsupOR2,二化螟(AFQ94048.1);DmelOrco,黑腹果蠅(AY567998);GmelOrco,大蠟螟(KT020861);HarmOr83b,棉鈴蟲(HQ186284);HassOr83b,煙夜蛾(EU057178);OfurOR2,亞洲玉米螟(BAR43445.1)。Note:AaegOR7,Aedesaegypti(XM_001651376);BdorOrco,BactroceradorsalisHendel(EU621792);BmorOR2,BombyxmoriLinnaeus(NM001043595);CsupOR2,ChilosuppressalisWalker(AFQ94048.1);DmelOrco,Drosophilamelanogaster(AY567998);GmelOrco,GalleriamellonellaLinnaeus(KT020861);HarmOr83b,HelicoverpaarmigeraHübner(HQ186284);HassOr83b,Heliothisassulta(EU057178);OfurOR2,Ostriniafurnacalis(BAR43445.1).
圖4 大蠟螟與其它昆蟲Orco氨基酸的系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹Fig.4 Phylogenetic tree of the Orcos of the Galleria mellone L. and other insects based on amino acid sequence
注:HassOr83b,煙夜蛾;HarmOr83b,棉鈴蟲;HvirOr83b,苜蓿夜蛾;AsegOrco,黃地老虎;SexiOR2,甜菜夜蛾;SlitOR2,斜紋夜蛾;PxylOrco,小菜蛾;CsupOR2,二化螟;OfurOR2,亞洲玉米螟;CmedOR2,稻縱卷葉螟;DindOR2,瓜絹野螟;GmelOrco,大蠟螟;BmorOR2,家蠶;AaegOR7,埃及伊蚊;AalbOrco,白紋伊蚊;CquiOR7,致倦庫蚊;DmelOr83b,黑腹果蠅;ScalOr83b,廄螯蠅;BdorOrco,桔小實(shí)蠅;CcapOrco,地中海實(shí)蠅;TcasOrco,赤擬谷盜;HbolOr83b,華北大黑鰓金龜;BimpOrco,熊蜂;AcerOR2,中華蜜蜂;AmelOR2,西方蜜蜂。Note:HassOr83b,Heliothisassulta;HarmOr83b,HelicoverpaarmigeraHübner;HvirOr83b,Heliothisdipsacea;AsegOrco,Agrotissegetum;SexiOR2,SpodopteraexiguaHübner;SlitOR2,SpodopteralituraFabricius;PxylOrco,PlutellaxyllostellaLinnaeus;CsupOR2,ChilosuppressalisWalker;OfurOR2,Ostriniafurnacalis;CmedOR2,CnaphalocrocismedinalisGuenee;DindOR2,Diaphaniaindica;GmelOrco,GalleriamellonellaLinnaeus;BmorOR2,BombyxmoriLinnaeus;AaegOR7,Aedesaegypti;AalbOrco,Aedesalbopictus;CquiOR7,Culexquinquefasciatus;DmelOr83b,Drosophilamelanogaster;ScalOr83b,StomoxyscalcitransLinnaeus;BdorOrco,BactroceradorsalisHendel;CcapOrco,CeratitiscapitataWiedemann;TcasOrco,TriboliumcastaneumHerbst;HoblOr83b,HolotrichiaoblitaFald;BimpOrco,bumble-bee;AcerOR2,ApisceranaceranaFabricius;AmelOR2,ApismelliferaLinnaeus.
Orco受體與傳統(tǒng)嗅覺受體的區(qū)別體現(xiàn)在其功能方面,Orco能夠幫助傳統(tǒng)嗅覺受體定位到嗅覺神經(jīng)樹突膜上的正確位點(diǎn),增強(qiáng)傳統(tǒng)嗅覺受體對(duì)氣味的識(shí)別(Larsson MC, 2004)。在爪蟾Xenopus的卵母細(xì)胞中對(duì)家蠶氣味受體的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),BmOR2能增強(qiáng)BmOR1的表達(dá)和功能(Takaoetal., 2005)。最近研究結(jié)果表明,果蠅ORs/OR83b形成一個(gè)配體門控陽離子通道(ligand-gated cation channels),完全不同于線蟲和脊椎動(dòng)物依靠第二信使激活的GPCRs(Kojietal., 2008)。如通過削弱或破壞Orco及其類似蛋白的功能,就可以同時(shí)影響多個(gè)嗅覺受體的功能,并對(duì)多種近緣害蟲起到控制作用,是害蟲治理潛在的分子靶標(biāo)。
Jones等(2011)首次發(fā)現(xiàn)了Orco的興奮劑VUAAI,通過Orco受體能夠激活幾乎所有的嗅覺神經(jīng)元,從而使嗅覺喪失對(duì)氣味物質(zhì)的識(shí)別,阻斷昆蟲嗅覺驅(qū)動(dòng)的行為。進(jìn)一步的研究證實(shí)VUAAI能夠激活雙翅目、鱗翅目和膜翅目昆蟲的Orco,被認(rèn)為是廣譜的激動(dòng)劑(Katzetal., 2008; Carey and Carlson., 2011)。此后,又發(fā)現(xiàn)了幾種Orco的抑制劑(Sisi and Luetje,2012; Jonesetal., 2012),為以O(shè)rco為靶標(biāo)的害蟲防治提供了基礎(chǔ)。鑒于大蠟螟氣味受體Gmel/Orco基因氨基酸序列同中華蜜蜂AcerOR2、西方蜜蜂AmelOR2同源性分別為65%和64%,可以設(shè)計(jì)針對(duì)大蠟螟Gmel/Orco的行為調(diào)節(jié)劑,在不傷害蜜蜂的前提下,達(dá)到防治大蠟螟的目的。本研究對(duì)大蠟螟氣味受體Gmel/Orco基因的成功克隆,為大蠟螟的防控提供新的理論基礎(chǔ),具有重要的實(shí)踐意義。
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Gene cloning and sequence analysis of (greater wax moth) the odorant receptor geneGmel/OrcoinGalleriamellonellaL.
YANG Shuang1,2, ZHAO Hui-Ting3, SONG Wen-Fei1, MENG Jiao2, YANG Shan-Shan2, DU Ya-Li2, PAN Jian-Fang2, WANG Shu-Jie2, JIANG Yu-Suo2*
(1. Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Mengzi 661101, Yunnan Province, China; 2. College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi Province, China; 3. College of Life Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi Province,China)
For further study the mechanism of olfactory communication and seek new prevention technology inGalleriamellonellaL. (greater wax moth), the olfactory receptor gene (Gmel/Orco) was cloned, and analysed by bioinformatics analysis. According to the conserved amino acid sequences of the Lepidoptera insects olfactory receptor gene family published in GenBank, the degenerate primer were designed for RT-PCR. The cDNA sequence of wax moth olfactory receptor gene was cloned, and namedGmel/Orco(GenBank accession number: KT020861), the results of sequence analysis showed that the open reading frame ofGmel/Orcoconsisted of 1425 nucleotides, encoding 474 amino acid with a molecular weight of 53.36 kD, an isoelectric point of 8.44 and 7 putative transmembrane domains in the sequence,with an intracellular N-terminal and extracellular C-terminus. By comparing the homology of the sequences in GenBank, the sequence shared high identy with Orco orthologue chemoreceptor sequences from other previously reported insects. The result indicated that the gene belongs to atypical olfactory receptor gene family.
GalleriamellonellaL.; odorant receptors; gene cloning; sequence alignment
云南省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院蠶桑蜜蜂研究所青年創(chuàng)新基金(QC2013003)
楊爽,男,湖北仙桃人,研究實(shí)習(xí)員,在讀博士,主要從事蜜蜂病蟲害防治研究,E-mail: yangshuang19860724@163.com
Author for correspondence,E-mail: jiangys-001@163.com
2015-10-14;接受日期Accepted:2015-11-24
Q963;S895.2
A
1674-0858(2016)04-0798-07