彭晴 劉濤 余昌胤
淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ?qū)Υ笫笞巧窠?jīng)損傷后功能恢復(fù)
和神經(jīng)再生的影響
彭 晴1 劉 濤1 余昌胤1 李國艷1 龔其海2
1.遵義醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科,貴州遵義 563000;
2.遵義醫(yī)學(xué)院基礎(chǔ)藥理省部共建教育部重點實驗室,貴州遵義 563099
[摘要] 目的 觀察淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ(IcsⅡ)對大鼠坐骨神經(jīng)鉗夾損傷后功能恢復(fù)和神經(jīng)再生的影響。 方法 將64只雄性SD大鼠隨機分為正常組、假手術(shù)組、模型組和IcsⅡ治療組,每組16只,觀察時間點為4、8周,每個時間點8只。取右側(cè)臀部斜切口、距梨狀肌5 mm處鉗夾5 min損傷坐骨神經(jīng),損傷寬度為3 mm。IcsⅡ治療組在建模后即日起予以IcsⅡ 4 mg/(kg·d)連續(xù)灌胃。采用坐骨神經(jīng)指數(shù)(SFI)觀察坐骨神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)情況,蘇木精-伊紅(HE)染色觀察腓腸肌形態(tài)學(xué)變化,Masson染色觀察坐骨神經(jīng)組織學(xué)變化,免疫組織化學(xué)法檢測坐骨神經(jīng)生長相關(guān)蛋白(GAP-43)表達。 結(jié)果 在4周和8周時:①神經(jīng)功能:IcsⅡ治療組大鼠神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)更快,SFI指數(shù)(分)均高于模型組[(-56.77±3.42)比(-79.07±14.44),(-19.52±17.85)比(-75.37±7.23)](P < 0.05);②腓腸肌形態(tài)學(xué):IcsⅡ治療組腓腸肌肌纖維截面積(μm2)明顯高于模型組[(5201.11±453.44)比(2618.81±514.26),(10 784.99±978.20)比(3222.21±400.01)](P < 0.05),腓腸肌濕質(zhì)量殘存率(%)高于模型組[(53.86±7.76)比(39.88±9.07),(71.67±15.18)比(48.86±6.71)](P < 0.05);③坐骨神經(jīng)組織學(xué):IcsⅡ治療組坐骨神經(jīng)軸突數(shù)目(個)高于模型組[(394.50±12.02)比(160.50±9.19),(474.50±33.24)比(289.50±6.36)](P < 0.05),平均光密度高于模型組[(0.462±0.036)比(0.455±0.004),(0.484±0.011)比(0.462±0.016)](P < 0.05);④免疫組織化學(xué)法:IcsⅡ治療組坐骨神經(jīng)GAP-43蛋白平均光密度值比模型組高[(0.175±0.012)比(0.166±0.006),(0.196±0.010)比(0.169±0.006)](P < 0.05)。以上各項指標,模型組和治療組均低于正常組和假手術(shù)組(P < 0.05),正常組和假手術(shù)組比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。 結(jié)論 IcsⅡ能促進坐骨神經(jīng)鉗夾損傷后的功能恢復(fù),促進神經(jīng)再生。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ;坐骨神經(jīng);神經(jīng)再生
[中圖分類號] R745.4 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2016)02(b)-0012-05
Effects of Icarisid Ⅱ on functional recovery and nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve injury in rats
PENG Qing1 LIU Tao1 YU Changyin1 LI Guoyan1 GONG Qihai2
1.Department of Neurology Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou Province, Zunyi 563000, China; 2.Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou Province, Zunyi 563099, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the effects of Icarisid Ⅱ (IcsⅡ) on functional recovery and nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve crush injury in rats. Methods A total of 64 male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal group, sham operation group, model group and IcsⅡ group, with 16 rats in each group. There were 2 observation time points in every group: 4 and 8 weeks with 8 rats in each time point. The injuries of sciatic nerve were created through an oblique incision (3 mm in width) in right buttock at the inferior boarder 5 mm below the piriformis for 5 min. IcsⅡ group was administered by IcsⅡ at a dose of 4 mg/(kg·d) by gavage on 1st day after modeling. The functional recovery was evaluated by sciatic functional index (SFI). Morphological change in gastrocnemius was observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining after the rats were sacrificed. Histological change in sciatic nerve was observed by Masson staining. Immunohistostaining was used to detect the expression of growth associated protein-43 (GAP-43). Results At 4 weeks and 8 weeks, ①nerve function: the functional recovery after the use of IcsⅡ was faster than that of model group, the scores of SFI (points) in IcsⅡ group were higher than those of model group [(-56.77±3.42) vs (-79.07±14.44), (-19.52±17.85) vs (-75.37±7.23)] (P < 0.05); ②morphological change in gastrocnemius: the transverse areas of muscle fiber (μm2) were significantly higher than those of model group [(5201.11±453.44) vs (2618.81±514.26), (10 784.99±978.20) vs (3222.21±400.01)] (P < 0.05), so as the recovery rate of gastrocnemius muscle's wet weight (%) [(53.86±7.76) vs (39.88±9.07), (71.67±15.18) vs (48.86±6.71)] (P < 0.05); ③histological change in sciatic nerve: the number of sciatic axons in IcsⅡ group was higher than that of model group [(394.50±12.02) vs (160.50±9.19), (474.50±33.24) vs (289.50±6.36)] (P < 0.05), the same as its average optical density [(0.462±0.036) vs (0.455±0.004), (0.484±0.011) vs (0.462±0.016)] (P < 0.05); ④immunohistostaining: the average optical density of GAP-43 protein in IcsⅡ group was higher than that of model group [(0.175±0.012) vs (0.166±0.006), (0.196±0.010) vs (0.169±0.006)] (P < 0.05). The indexes above of model group and IcsⅡ group were lower than those of normal group and sham operation group(P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the normal group and the sham operation group (P > 0.05). Conclusion IcsⅡ can effectively improve the functional recovery, promote nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve crush injury in rats.
[Key words] Icarisid Ⅱ; Sciatic nerve; Nerve regeneration
周圍神經(jīng)病變恢復(fù)時間長、治療難度大,臨床常用有效的藥物主要是神經(jīng)生長因子,但由于副作用及價格因素導(dǎo)致其使用受限。我國傳統(tǒng)中藥淫羊藿提取液、淫羊藿苷、牛膝和銀杏葉提取物具有促進周圍神經(jīng)再生作用,丹參可以促進坐骨神經(jīng)組織神經(jīng)生長因子的表達[1-2]。從傳統(tǒng)中藥中尋找價廉、副作用小、能長期應(yīng)用的藥物促進周圍神經(jīng)損傷后功能恢復(fù)和神經(jīng)再生具有重要的臨床意義。淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ(icarisid Ⅱ,IcsⅡ)是從淫羊藿中提取的一種多羥基黃酮類單體成分,是淫羊藿的有效成分之一,具有治療勃起功能障礙、抗缺血性腦損傷、抗腫瘤等作用[3-5],但其是否能促進周圍神經(jīng)損傷的恢復(fù)鮮見相關(guān)報道。本研究通過鉗夾大鼠坐骨神經(jīng)復(fù)制坐骨神經(jīng)損傷模型,采用IcsⅡ干預(yù)觀察神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)和坐骨神經(jīng)改變,探討IcsⅡ?qū)ψ巧窠?jīng)損傷后功能恢復(fù)和神經(jīng)再生的影響。
1 材料與方法
1.1 實驗動物及分組
健康清潔級SD雄性大鼠64只,2~3月齡,體重(236.47±13.84)g,購于第三軍醫(yī)大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)實驗動物中心,合格證號:SCXK(渝)2012-0005。動物處理方法符合我國科學(xué)技術(shù)部頒發(fā)的《關(guān)于善待實驗動物的指導(dǎo)性意見》。將大鼠按體重遞增順序編號,采用隨機數(shù)字法分為正常組、假手術(shù)組、模型組和IcsⅡ治療組。所有大鼠均在溫度20~25℃、濕度40%~60%的動物飼養(yǎng)室中統(tǒng)一標準喂養(yǎng)。
1.2 主要試劑和儀器
IcsⅡ,純度99.1%,購于南京澤朗醫(yī)藥有限公司;FA2004N電子天平購于上海菁海儀器有限公司;TH4-200倒置相差顯微鏡購于Olympus公司;GAP-43抗體購于proteintech公司;PV6001山羊抗兔IgG/HRP聚合物、山羊血清(ZLI-9022)、濃縮型DAB試劑盒(ZLI-9032)和Harris蘇木精染液(ZLI-9609)均購于北京中杉金橋公司。
1.3 模型制作及給藥方法
參照王維等[6]報道的方法改進并建立大鼠坐骨神經(jīng)鉗夾損傷模型:麻醉大鼠,俯臥固定,脫毛、消毒,沿股后部切開、分離、游離右側(cè)坐骨神經(jīng)主干。在距梨狀肌下緣5 mm處用新17 cm長止血鉗尖端(第二扣)鉗夾5 min,寬度為3 mm,鉗夾后見坐骨神經(jīng)菲薄,于神經(jīng)損傷點處用10-0號顯微縫線標記,逐層縫合。假手術(shù)組只暴露右側(cè)坐骨神經(jīng),不鉗夾;正常組不做任何處理;IcsⅡ治療組在模型組的基礎(chǔ)上予以IcsⅡ 4 mg/(kg·d)連續(xù)灌胃,其余各組予以等體積的雙蒸水連續(xù)灌胃。自實驗開始每只大鼠連續(xù)3 d肌注青霉素鈉80 000 U。
1.4 大鼠一般情況與行為學(xué)觀察
實驗開始后每日觀察各組大鼠右下肢癱瘓及失神經(jīng)性皮膚營養(yǎng)不良表現(xiàn),如足外翻、足趾并攏、展爪反射消失、拖曳行走、足趾紅腫、自噬及皮膚潰瘍形成等。
1.5 坐骨神經(jīng)指數(shù)(SFI)測定
參照文獻[7]的方法,分別于第4、8周采用自制寬8.5 cm、長50 cm、高10 cm的大鼠足印行走箱,一端做一暗箱以便大鼠進入。將白紙裁成行走箱等長等寬,每次測量前墊于箱底。握住大鼠將雙后足置于吸有炭黑墨水的海綿墊上蘸取墨水后放入行走箱一端,讓其自行走入暗室端,每側(cè)3或4個足印留于紙上,各組收集完畢后測量。選右足(E)和左足(N)足印測定以下3個變量:①足印長度(podogram length,PL):從足跟到足尖的距離;②足趾寬度(width between the first and fifth toes,TW):第1趾到第5趾連線距離;③中間足趾距離(inter-toes distance,IT):第2趾到第4趾連線距離。精確到mm,使用最大一組數(shù)據(jù)。將上述三個變量帶入Bain公式計算SFI。SFI=-38.3(EPL-NPL/NPL+109.5(ETW-NTW)/NTW +13.3(EIT-NIT)/NIT-8.8(SFI值在0±11之間為正常,-100為神經(jīng)完全損傷,在-11~-100之間表示坐骨神經(jīng)部分損傷或功能恢復(fù))。
1.6 腓腸肌濕質(zhì)量殘存率、肌細胞截面積測定
第4、8周,麻醉后完整切取雙側(cè)小腿腓腸肌,吸去附著血液后測量濕體重質(zhì)量,計算腓腸肌濕質(zhì)量殘存率。然后右側(cè)腓腸肌立即用10%甲醛溶液固定、包埋,行橫向石蠟切片,厚度為3 μm行HE染色,在40倍顯微鏡下拍照,通過Image-Pro Plus 6.0分析軟件,計算每張圖片的肌細胞平均截面積。腓腸肌濕質(zhì)量殘存率=右側(cè)手術(shù)側(cè)腓腸肌濕質(zhì)量/左側(cè)健側(cè)腓腸肌濕質(zhì)量×100%。
1.7 坐骨神經(jīng)Masson染色
第4、8周,麻醉各組大鼠暴露手術(shù)側(cè)坐骨神經(jīng),取鉗夾損傷后10-0號線標記處坐骨神經(jīng)標本,放入10%甲醛溶液固定、包埋,橫向石蠟切片,厚度為3 μm行Masson染色;使用倒置顯微鏡,放大40倍光鏡,定標值為20 μm條件下,通過Image-Pro Plus 6.0分析軟件,計數(shù)損傷處橫斷面上所有的神經(jīng)軸突數(shù)目及平均光密度。
1.8 GAP-43免疫組織化學(xué)染色
第4周和8周時,大鼠麻醉后取出鉗夾處坐骨神經(jīng),常規(guī)石蠟包埋,連續(xù)橫切片,切片厚度3 μm,每組選取坐骨神經(jīng)組織切片各4張,行GAP-43免疫組化染色,操作按說明書進行,DAB顯色,蘇木精復(fù)染,1%鹽酸酒精分化后中性樹脂封片保存。GAP-43陽性表達呈棕黃色。染色玻片在40倍顯微鏡下觀察拍照,通過Image-Pro Plus 6.0分析軟件,計算每張圖片的平均光密度值。
1.9 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計量資料以均數(shù)±標準差(x±s)表示,采用方差分析,組間兩兩比較采用q檢驗,以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 大鼠行為學(xué)及SFI值變化
模型組和IcsⅡ治療組大鼠均出現(xiàn)足下垂、足趾并攏、展爪反射消失、拖曳行走等右下肢癱瘓癥狀,SFI值近-100。模型組第2天開始,大部分大鼠右下肢趾間關(guān)節(jié)出現(xiàn)足趾紅腫、潰瘍、肌肉萎縮甚至斷趾等失神經(jīng)性營養(yǎng)不良;而IcsⅡ治療組僅個別大鼠出現(xiàn)。第4周時兩組大鼠跛行改善,足趾腫脹潰瘍大部分恢復(fù),出現(xiàn)展爪反射和后瞪動作;第8周時鼠爪明顯張開,模型組和IcsⅡ治療組均有不同程度改善。各組SFI值結(jié)果顯示,第4、8周模型組和IcsⅡ治療組均較正常組和假手術(shù)組明顯降低(P < 0.05);與模型組比較,IcsⅡ治療組SFI值明顯增高(P < 0.05)。見表1。
表1 各組大鼠坐骨神經(jīng)指數(shù)比較(x±s,n = 8)
注:與正常組比較,*P < 0.05;與假手術(shù)組比較,#P < 0.05;與模型組比較,△P < 0.05
2.2 腓腸肌形態(tài)學(xué)及濕質(zhì)量殘存率
正常組和假手術(shù)組各時間點腓腸肌飽滿,有彈性與光澤。模型組和IcsⅡ治療組右側(cè)腓腸肌較健側(cè)萎縮,第8周時部分恢復(fù),以IcsⅡ治療組恢復(fù)最為明顯。各組大鼠腓腸肌肌細胞截面積和殘存率結(jié)果顯示,在第4周和第8周時,與正常組和假手術(shù)組比較,模型組和IcsⅡ治療組肌細胞截面積減小,殘存率降低(P < 0.05);與模型組比較,IcsⅡ治療組肌細胞截面積增加,殘存率增高(P < 0.05)。見表2、圖1。
2.3 坐骨神經(jīng)Masson染色
髓鞘呈淡紅色,施萬細胞核呈深紅褐色,神經(jīng)膜呈藍色,清晰可靠。正常組、假手術(shù)組神經(jīng)纖維排列規(guī)則、致密;模型組神經(jīng)纖維排列紊亂,缺失、不規(guī)則;IcsⅡ組可見神經(jīng)排列基本規(guī)則,較致密。各組大鼠坐骨神經(jīng)軸突數(shù)目、平均光密度值變化結(jié)果顯示:第4周和第8周時,模型組和IcsⅡ治療組與正常組和假手術(shù)組比較,坐骨神經(jīng)軸突數(shù)目減少,平均光密度值降低(P < 0.05);與模型組比較,IcsⅡ治療組坐骨神經(jīng)軸突數(shù)目增多,平均光密度增高(P < 0.05)。見表3、圖2(封三)。
2.4 GAP-43免疫組織化學(xué)染色
第4周和8周時,GAP-43在各組坐骨神經(jīng)均有表達。各時間點坐骨神經(jīng)GAP-43蛋白平均光密度值結(jié)果顯示,模型組和IcsⅡ治療組表達較正常組和假手術(shù)組高(P < 0.05),而IcsⅡ治療組表達較模型組高(P < 0.05)。見表4、圖3(封三)。
3 討論
大鼠坐骨神經(jīng)損傷模型廣泛用于周圍神經(jīng)再生的實驗研究,鉗夾是一種非離斷性損傷,具有損傷程度較離斷性損傷輕、恢復(fù)較快、觀測周期短等特點。通過免疫組織化學(xué)染色結(jié)果顯示,本研究坐骨神經(jīng)鉗夾損傷后神經(jīng)束斷裂,軸突、神經(jīng)內(nèi)膜、神經(jīng)束膜破壞,僅靠完整的神經(jīng)外膜維持神經(jīng)干的連續(xù)性,相當于Sunderland Ⅳ度損傷。鉗夾傷后坐骨神經(jīng)再生不受修復(fù)方式的影響,因此消除了修復(fù)方法對周圍神經(jīng)損傷后功能恢復(fù)結(jié)果觀察的干擾,保證了實驗結(jié)果的可靠性。
周圍神經(jīng)損傷后神經(jīng)功能的恢復(fù)取決于軸突再生的數(shù)目和質(zhì)量[8-9]。本研究通過觀察失神經(jīng)表現(xiàn)、測定SFI值、腓腸肌濕質(zhì)量殘存率及截面積變化,發(fā)現(xiàn)模型組坐骨神經(jīng)鉗夾損傷后神經(jīng)缺失癥狀嚴重,在第4周和第8周時,有不同程度恢復(fù),表明坐骨神經(jīng)鉗夾損傷后其功能能自發(fā)緩慢部分恢復(fù);而IcsⅡ治療組較模型組恢復(fù)快,表明IcsⅡ能促進大鼠坐骨神經(jīng)鉗夾損傷后功能恢復(fù)。這與國內(nèi)外用淫羊藿苷及淫羊藿提取物促進周圍神經(jīng)損傷后功能恢復(fù)一致[1-2]。在第8周時IcsⅡ治療組仍未完全恢復(fù),尚需更長時間觀察其能否使鉗夾損傷的坐骨神經(jīng)完全恢復(fù)。
神經(jīng)軸突數(shù)目及結(jié)構(gòu)是功能的基礎(chǔ),本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)坐骨神經(jīng)鉗夾損傷后神經(jīng)纖維排列紊亂、缺失、不規(guī)則,IcsⅡ治療組神經(jīng)排列基本規(guī)則,較致密,而正常組、假手術(shù)組神經(jīng)纖維排列規(guī)則、致密。GAP-43與神經(jīng)發(fā)育、軸突再生、突觸可塑性密切相關(guān),主要分布于神經(jīng)元、再生的施萬細胞和神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細胞,參與神經(jīng)元損傷后軸突再生和突觸重構(gòu)過程,當神經(jīng)再生完成后,GAP-43又恢復(fù)到正常水平[9],被認為是神經(jīng)發(fā)育和再生的重要因子和神經(jīng)損傷后再生的標志性蛋白[10-11]。同時GAP-43具有促進神經(jīng)纖維再生作用[12]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)GAP-43蛋白在模型組有一定的表達,進一步表明坐骨神經(jīng)鉗夾損傷后具有自我修復(fù)能力;IcsⅡ治療組GAP-43表達較模型組高,說明神經(jīng)損傷修復(fù)活躍,也提示GAP-43可能是IcsⅡ促進鉗夾損傷后坐骨神經(jīng)恢復(fù)的作用靶點之一。
關(guān)于淫羊藿提取物促進神經(jīng)損傷的機制方面,Tohda等[13]在對脊髓損傷的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),淫羊藿苷促進脊髓損傷后運動功能恢復(fù)可能與其抑制促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38-mitogen activated protein kinase,p38MAPK)有關(guān)。Zeng等[14]發(fā)現(xiàn)淫羊藿苷通過激活磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol-3-knase,PI3K)/Akt通路從而抑制葡萄糖合成激酶-3(glycogen synthase kinase-3,GSK-3)的激活,抑制Tau蛋白過度磷酸化,觸發(fā)細胞骨架結(jié)合蛋白調(diào)節(jié)細胞骨架的延伸。Li等[15]和Gu等[16]發(fā)現(xiàn)IcsⅡ能提高ERK1/2、Akt和JNK1/2磷酸化水平,保護高血糖誘導(dǎo)的人海綿竇內(nèi)皮細胞損傷。Bai等[17]發(fā)現(xiàn)IcsⅡ能改善勃起功能,增加盆腔神經(jīng)節(jié)神經(jīng)生長因子(NGF)和神經(jīng)型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)的表達;NGF具有明確的促進周圍神經(jīng)再生的作用,也可以通過抑制p38MAPK活性促進神經(jīng)再生[18-19]。此外,軸突再生抑制因子以及與之有關(guān)的ROCK信號通路、排斥導(dǎo)向分子等多種機制均參與抑制或促進軸突再生[20]。因此,IcsⅡ促進周圍神經(jīng)修復(fù)的分子機制有待進一步研究。
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(收稿日期:2015-11-04 本文編輯:張瑜杰)