王利麗,王 心,劉 云,尚麗新,王麗梅,蔡桂舉,顧玉嬋
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復(fù)雜性雙胎妊娠對(duì)母體、胎兒或新生兒并發(fā)癥的影響
王利麗1,2,王心1,劉云1,尚麗新1,王麗梅1,蔡桂舉2,顧玉嬋2
目的探討復(fù)雜性雙胎妊娠對(duì)母體、胎兒或新生兒并發(fā)癥的影響。方法回顧性分析2000-01至2014-12終止妊娠的雙胎妊娠319例,其中57例復(fù)雜性雙胎作為復(fù)雜組,262例非復(fù)雜性雙胎作為非復(fù)雜組,比較兩組母體、胎兒或新生兒并發(fā)癥的差別。結(jié)果(1)復(fù)雜組的分娩孕周(35.0周)早于非復(fù)雜組(36.0周),羊水過(guò)多或羊水過(guò)少的發(fā)生率(12.3%)明顯高于非復(fù)雜組(1.5%),差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組孕產(chǎn)婦的年齡、孕次、受孕方式、胎兒性別等一般情況,妊娠期高血壓、妊娠期糖尿病、前置胎盤或胎盤早剝、胎膜早破、產(chǎn)后出血、產(chǎn)后貧血、妊娠期肝內(nèi)膽汁淤積癥等并發(fā)癥均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05)。(2)復(fù)雜組胎兒丟失率(18.4%)、早產(chǎn)或流產(chǎn)率(87.7%)、新生兒顱腦損傷發(fā)生率(12.3%)、新生兒窒息率(8.8%)等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率均高于非復(fù)雜組,新生兒出生體重(2113±574) g明顯低于非復(fù)雜組(2332±471)g,復(fù)雜組新生兒住院率(32.5%)明顯高于非復(fù)雜組(20.4%),差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論復(fù)雜性雙胎對(duì)孕產(chǎn)婦的并發(fā)癥無(wú)明顯影響;對(duì)胎兒或新生兒的影響明顯,不僅異常胎兒本身預(yù)后不良,而且一胎兒異常也影響另一胎兒的預(yù)后。
復(fù)雜性雙胎妊娠;雙胎輸血綜合征;胎兒畸形;并發(fā)癥
隨著促排卵藥、輔助生殖技術(shù)的廣泛開(kāi)展,近年雙胎妊娠的發(fā)生率呈明顯上升趨勢(shì)。復(fù)雜性雙胎是雙胎妊娠導(dǎo)致的特殊并發(fā)癥,指雙胎的胚胎分化、胎兒發(fā)育的相互影響,使一部分雙胎出現(xiàn)雙胎輸血綜合征(twin-twin transfusion syndrome,TTTS),雙胎反向動(dòng)脈灌注,雙胎之一胎死宮內(nèi)(single intrauterine fetal death,sIUFD),雙胎之一胎兒畸形,選擇性胎兒宮內(nèi)生長(zhǎng)受限(selective intrauterine growth restriction,sILLGR)或雙胎發(fā)育不一致,雙胎貧血紅細(xì)胞增多癥等復(fù)雜情況[1]。由于其特殊性,尤其是異常胎兒對(duì)另一胎兒及母體是否會(huì)產(chǎn)生不良影響,越來(lái)越受關(guān)注。筆者回顧性分析319例雙胎妊娠臨床資料,旨在探討復(fù)雜性雙胎對(duì)母體、胎兒或新生兒并發(fā)癥的影響。
1.1對(duì)象以2000-01至2014-12于北京軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院終止妊娠的319例雙胎妊娠為研究對(duì)象,均于妊娠12周建產(chǎn)前檔案,規(guī)律產(chǎn)檢,具有完整的臨床資料。其中57例復(fù)雜性雙胎作為復(fù)雜組,262例非復(fù)雜性雙胎作為非復(fù)雜組。
1.2方法比較兩組的年齡、孕次、分娩孕周、受孕方式、妊娠期并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率、新生兒出生體重、早產(chǎn)率、胎兒丟失率、新生兒窒息率、新生兒顱腦損傷率及新生兒住院率。分娩孕周通過(guò)末次月經(jīng)和孕早期超聲核對(duì)后確定。選擇性胎兒宮內(nèi)生長(zhǎng)受限為單絨毛膜雙胎妊娠中一胎生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育正常,而另一胎生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育受限且兩個(gè)胎兒體重相差大于25%[2]。雙胎生長(zhǎng)不一致,國(guó)內(nèi)診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為產(chǎn)前根據(jù)超聲認(rèn)為兩胎腹圍相差≥20 mm,出生后兩胎兒體重相差≥20%[3]。胎兒丟失個(gè)數(shù)以流產(chǎn)胎兒個(gè)數(shù)+引產(chǎn)胎兒個(gè)數(shù)+新生兒死亡個(gè)數(shù)計(jì)算[4]。新生兒顱腦損傷定義為新生兒出生后超聲或MR提示腦白質(zhì)損傷或顱內(nèi)出血[1]。
2.1一般情況57例復(fù)雜性雙胎中,單純雙胎輸血綜合征5例,單純雙胎之一胎死宮內(nèi)6例,單純雙胎之一胎兒畸形7例,單純選擇性胎兒宮內(nèi)生長(zhǎng)受限和(或)雙胎生長(zhǎng)不一致35例;雙胎輸血綜合征+雙胎之一胎兒畸形1例,雙胎之一胎兒畸形+選擇性胎兒宮內(nèi)生長(zhǎng)受限和(或)雙胎生長(zhǎng)不一致3例。復(fù)雜組流產(chǎn)8例,早產(chǎn)42例,足月產(chǎn)7例,得嬰93個(gè);非復(fù)雜組流產(chǎn)8例,早產(chǎn)187例,足月產(chǎn)67例,得嬰504個(gè)。
復(fù)雜組的分娩孕周(35.0周)早于非復(fù)雜組(36.0周),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.004);孕產(chǎn)婦年齡、孕次、受孕方式及胎兒或新生兒性別均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05,表1)。復(fù)雜組新生兒出生體重為(2113±574)g,非復(fù)雜組新生兒出生體重為(2332±471)g,兩組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t′=3.474,P=0.001)。
表1 兩組雙胎妊娠孕產(chǎn)婦一般情況比較 ±s;(n;%)]
注:①表示偏態(tài)資料
2.2孕產(chǎn)婦并發(fā)癥復(fù)雜組羊水過(guò)多或羊水過(guò)少的發(fā)生率(12.3%)明顯高于非復(fù)雜組(1.5%),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.000)。兩組孕產(chǎn)婦妊娠期高血壓疾病、妊娠期糖尿病、前置胎盤或胎盤早剝、胎膜早破、產(chǎn)后出血、產(chǎn)后貧血、妊娠期肝內(nèi)膽汁淤積癥發(fā)生率比較,均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05,表2)。
表2 兩組雙胎妊娠孕產(chǎn)婦并發(fā)癥比較 (n;%)
2.3胎兒或新生兒并發(fā)癥復(fù)雜組新生兒住院率(32.5%)高于非復(fù)雜組(20.4%),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=7.762,P=0.005)。復(fù)雜組胎兒丟失率、早產(chǎn)或流產(chǎn)率、新生兒顱腦損傷率、新生兒窒息率均高于非復(fù)雜組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,表3)。
表3 兩組雙胎妊娠胎兒或新生兒并發(fā)癥比較 (n;%)
復(fù)雜性雙胎由于其特殊性,近年來(lái)受到國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者的關(guān)注。本研究中,復(fù)雜性雙胎妊娠的構(gòu)成比為17.9%,其中TTTS在單卵雙胎中的構(gòu)成比為5.6%,sIUFD、雙胎之一胎兒畸形、sIUGR和(或)雙胎生長(zhǎng)不一致在雙胎妊娠中的構(gòu)成比分別為2.2%、3.8%、11.9%,與文獻(xiàn)[5-7]報(bào)道接近。
本研究提示,復(fù)雜組羊水過(guò)多或羊水過(guò)少的發(fā)生率為12.3%,高于非復(fù)雜組的1.5%,可能與TTTS或雙胎之一胎兒畸形(消化系統(tǒng)或泌尿系統(tǒng)畸形)有關(guān);兩組間妊娠期高血壓疾病、妊娠期糖尿病、前置胎盤或胎盤早剝、胎膜早破、產(chǎn)后出血、產(chǎn)后貧血、妊娠期肝內(nèi)膽汁淤積癥等并發(fā)癥均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,與文獻(xiàn)[4,7]報(bào)道接近。
本研究表明,復(fù)雜性雙胎妊娠的胎兒丟失率、早產(chǎn)或流產(chǎn)率、新生兒顱腦損傷率、新生兒窒息率等新生兒并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率均高于非復(fù)雜性雙胎妊娠。文獻(xiàn)[8]報(bào)道,復(fù)雜性雙胎,尤其是單絨毛膜的不良妊娠結(jié)局發(fā)生率明顯增高,除了異常胎兒有不良的結(jié)局,另一胎兒器官損傷也很常見(jiàn),尤其是在宮內(nèi)就已發(fā)生腦損傷。復(fù)雜組新生兒出生體重低于非復(fù)雜組,而新生兒低出生體重與胎兒或新生兒不良預(yù)后密切相關(guān)[4]。
TTTS是單卵雙胎單絨毛膜特有,對(duì)母胎威脅最大,圍生兒病死率高達(dá)90%[9]。TTTS發(fā)生在胎盤動(dòng)靜脈之間,其嚴(yán)重程度取決于胎盤內(nèi)血管發(fā)生分流的時(shí)間、范圍和方式,單絨毛膜胎盤大部分血管相吻合,并存在血壓差,即受血胎兒接受供血胎兒的大量血液,兩者出現(xiàn)選擇性胎兒宮內(nèi)生長(zhǎng)受限。其診斷主要靠產(chǎn)前超聲,單卵單絨毛膜雙胎中出現(xiàn)羊水過(guò)多或羊水過(guò)少,最大羊水深度>8 cm或<2 cm[10]。早期診斷和治療可提高雙胎兒的存活率,目前最佳的治療方法為胎兒鏡下胎盤血管交通支凝固術(shù),由于其技術(shù)和設(shè)備要求高,很難推廣。
綜上所述,復(fù)雜性雙胎對(duì)孕產(chǎn)婦的并發(fā)癥無(wú)明顯影響;復(fù)雜性雙胎圍生兒預(yù)后更差。其原因:(1)早產(chǎn)發(fā)生率高;(2)新生兒低出生體重與胎兒或新生兒不良預(yù)后相關(guān);(3)新生兒顱腦損傷率、新生兒窒息率、新生兒住院率均高;(4)不僅異常胎兒預(yù)后不良,也影響另一胎兒的預(yù)后。因此,加強(qiáng)孕期雙胎妊娠的產(chǎn)檢,早發(fā)現(xiàn)并及時(shí)治療復(fù)雜性雙胎是改善胎兒或新生兒預(yù)后的關(guān)鍵措施。
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(2015-08-25收稿2015-11-30修回)
(責(zé)任編輯武建虎)
Effect of complicated twin pregnancy on maternal, fetal and neonatal complications
WANG Lili1,2,WANG Xin1,LIU Yun1,SHANG Lixin1,WANG Limei1,CAI Guiju2,and GU Yuchan2.
1.Department of Obsterics and Gynecology, The Military General Hospital of Beijing,Beijing 100010,China 2.Dalian Medical University,Dalian 116044,China
Objectiveinvestigate the effect of complicated twin pregnancy on maternal, fetal and neonatal complications. Methods319 cases of twin pregnancies were retrospectively studied in this hospital from January 2000 to December 2014. The complicated twin pregnancies (n=57) were taken as the complicated group, and the non-complicated twin pregnancies(n=262)during the same period as the non-complicated group, and the complications between the two groups were compared. Results(1)Delivery gestational weeks of the complicated group(35.0 weeks) was less than that of the non-complicated group(36 .0weeks),and the incidence of polyhydramnios or oligohydramnios of the complicated group(12.3%) was higher than that of the non-complicated group(1.5%).Boththe differences were statistically significant (P<0.05).The maternal age, pregnancy, fertilization way,fetal sex, gestational period hypertension, pregnancy diabetes, placenta previa or abruption, premature rupture of membranes, postpartum hemorrhage, postpartum anemia, pregnancy intrahepatic cholestasis and other complications had no significant differences (P>0.05).(2)The fetal loss rate(18.4%), preterm birth or abortion rate(87.7%), neonatal brain injury rate(12.3%), neonatal asphyxia rate(8.8%)and the incidence of other complications of the complicated group were higher than the non-complicated group.The birth weight of the complicated group(2113±574)g was significantly less than the non-complicated group(2332±471)g, neonatal hospitalization rate of the complicated group(32.5%) was higher than the non-complicated group(20.4%).All the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). ConclusionsComplicated twinpregnancy has no significant effect on the maternal complications. It has a worse outcome for the fetus or neonate, not only the abnormal fetal prognosis is bad, but also the prognosis of the other is affected by the abnormal fetus.
complicated twin pregnancy; twin-twin transfusion syndrome;fetal malformation;neonatal complications
王利麗,碩士研究生,主治醫(yī)師。
1.100010,北京軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科;2.116044,大連醫(yī)科大學(xué)臨床醫(yī)學(xué)系
尚麗新, E-mail:19932003@163.com
R714.23