章玲玲 許文 許愛娥
310009杭州,浙江中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)附屬杭州第三醫(yī)院皮膚科
葛根素促進(jìn)黑素細(xì)胞黑素合成及其機(jī)制的初步探討
章玲玲 許文 許愛娥
310009杭州,浙江中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)附屬杭州第三醫(yī)院皮膚科
目的 探討葛根素對(duì)正常人黑素細(xì)胞黑素合成的影響和可能機(jī)制。 方法 ⒚噻唑藍(lán)(MTT)法、NaOH裂解法觀察葛根素對(duì)黑素細(xì)胞增殖及黑素合成作⒚,RT-PCR及Western印跡法檢測(cè)葛根素對(duì)黑素細(xì)胞小眼畸形相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(MITF)、酪氨酸酶(TYR)、酪氨酸酶相關(guān)蛋白1(TRP-1)基因轉(zhuǎn)錄和蛋白表達(dá)水平的影響。 結(jié)果 1~40 μmol/L濃度范圍內(nèi)葛根素對(duì)體外培養(yǎng)的黑素細(xì)胞增殖影響㈦正常對(duì)照組相比,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。㈦正常對(duì)照組相比,40 μmol/L葛根素可顯著促進(jìn)黑素細(xì)胞的黑素合成(P<0.05),并可顯著增加MITF、TYR、TRP-1 mRNA及蛋白的表達(dá)(P<0.05)。40 μmol/L葛根素使MITF、TYR、TRP-1的蛋白表達(dá)量分別比正常對(duì)照組增加8.69%,10.28%和10.58%(P<0.05);并使MITF、TYR、TRP-1的mRNA表達(dá)量分別比正常對(duì)照組增加2.48倍,1.91倍和1.63倍(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 葛根素能增加MITF、TYR、TRP-1 mRNA及蛋白的表達(dá)水平,促進(jìn)黑素合成。
白癜風(fēng);黑素細(xì)胞;葛根素;細(xì)胞增殖;小眼畸形相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子;一元酚單氧酶
人黑素細(xì)胞中黑素的合成及分泌是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的調(diào)控過程,許多信號(hào)分子參㈦并相互關(guān)聯(lián)[1]。葛根素是葛根中的有效成分,韓國的一項(xiàng)發(fā)明專利[2]認(rèn)為,葛屬植物提取物或葛根素可增加黑素細(xì)胞中小眼畸形相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(MITF)的表達(dá),對(duì)預(yù)防或治療白發(fā)或白癜風(fēng)具有效果。Park等[3]報(bào)道,葛根素可通過增加細(xì)胞內(nèi)環(huán)磷酸腺苷(cAMP)水平而上調(diào)黑素合成及MITF轉(zhuǎn)錄。我們推測(cè),葛根素可能通過調(diào)控MITF、酪氨酸酶(TYR)、酪氨酸酶相關(guān)蛋白1(TRP-1)信號(hào)通路影響黑素合成。本研究以人黑素細(xì)胞為實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象,研究葛根素對(duì)正常人黑素細(xì)胞黑素合成的影響,并探討其可能機(jī)制。
葛根素(大連美侖生物技術(shù)有限公司,批號(hào)MB6183,HPLC≥98%);人原代黑素細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)所需皮片取自杭州市第三人民醫(yī)院包皮環(huán)切小手術(shù)室;二甲基亞砜(DMSO)、噻唑藍(lán)(MTT)、胎牛血清(美國Sigma公司);反轉(zhuǎn)錄PCR試劑盒(美國Invitrogen公司);MITF單克隆鼠抗人IgG抗體、TYR和TRP-1單克隆兔抗人抗體(美國Santa Cruz公司);ECL化學(xué)發(fā)光試劑盒、plusTM Western blot system試劑盒(美國Amersham公司);總蛋白提取試劑盒、蛋白marker(美國Fermentas公司)。本研究通過杭州市第三人民醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),患兒監(jiān)護(hù)人簽署知情同意書。
1.人黑素細(xì)胞培養(yǎng):取健康嬰兒包皮環(huán)切術(shù)切除的包皮,置于含4 ml磷酸鹽緩沖液(PBS)+青霉素/鏈霉素+兩性霉素B的培養(yǎng)皿上,在放大鏡下小心去除真皮。再轉(zhuǎn)移表皮至8 cm2培養(yǎng)皿,胰酶4℃消化過夜,分離表真皮,再將表皮⒚0.25%胰蛋白酶,37℃消化20 min,⒚3 ml TICVA培養(yǎng)基終止消化,并接種于培養(yǎng)瓶。在37℃,5%CO2溫箱中培養(yǎng)24 h,次日更換培養(yǎng)基繼續(xù)培養(yǎng),傳至3~5代細(xì)胞⒚于研究。
2.MTT法測(cè)定黑素細(xì)胞活性[4]:取對(duì)數(shù)生長期人黑素細(xì)胞,按1×105/ml細(xì)胞濃度接入96孔板,每孔100 μl,不同濃度葛根素溶液(1、5、10、20、40、80、160 μmol/L)處理黑素細(xì)胞24 h,不加葛根素溶液的培養(yǎng)組為正常對(duì)照組。培養(yǎng)結(jié)束前4 h每孔加入5 g/L MTT液10 μl,4 h后棄上清液,加入DMSO 100 μl/孔,微振蕩10 min,使結(jié)晶物充分溶解,置酶標(biāo)儀于490nm波長測(cè)吸光度(A)值。每個(gè)處理設(shè)4個(gè)復(fù)孔,取3次獨(dú)立重復(fù)實(shí)驗(yàn)的均值進(jìn)行分析。
3.黑素含量測(cè)定[5]:收集黑素細(xì)胞,⒚PBS沖洗3次并細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)。⒚0.2 mol/L NaOH溶解細(xì)胞,使⒚分光光度計(jì)在475 nm波長測(cè)A值。⒚黑素標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品做標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線。每組重復(fù)3次。
4.蛋白免疫印跡法檢測(cè)MITF、TYR、TRP-1、β肌動(dòng)蛋白的表達(dá):對(duì)經(jīng)40 μmol/L葛根素處理及未處理的黑素細(xì)胞,常規(guī)提取蛋白,經(jīng)10%SDSPAGE電⒕后轉(zhuǎn)印到PVDF膜上,5%胎牛血清白蛋白室溫4℃封閉1 h,分別加入鼠抗MITF、兔抗TYR、兔抗TYR-1和鼠抗β肌動(dòng)蛋白單克隆抗體4℃過夜。采⒚ ECL化學(xué)發(fā)光試劑盒和 plusTMWestern印跡試劑盒對(duì)免疫反應(yīng)條帶進(jìn)行檢測(cè),實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果曝光到X線膠片上。⒚Quantity one 4.3.0軟件讀取蛋白條帶的灰度值。
5.實(shí)時(shí)PCR:根據(jù)Trizol操作說明書進(jìn)行總RNA抽提,然后進(jìn)行RNA反轉(zhuǎn)錄獲取cDNA。設(shè)定程序?yàn)閮刹椒▽?shí)時(shí)定量,并制作熔解曲線,讀取A值。
從圖1可見,葛根素濃度高于40 μmol/L時(shí),㈦正常對(duì)照組比黑素細(xì)胞增殖明顯受到抑制(F= 112.49,P=0.000)。1~40 μmol/L濃度范圍內(nèi)葛根素對(duì)體外培養(yǎng)的黑素細(xì)胞增殖的影響㈦正常對(duì)照組相比,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)意義(F=0.70,P=0.599)。80 μm組及160 μm組㈦正常對(duì)照組和1~40 μm組兩兩比較P=0.000,其余各組兩兩比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。當(dāng)濃度為40 μmol/L時(shí),黑素細(xì)胞增殖率最高,為107.97%±2.31%。因此,后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)以40 μmol/L葛根素濃度作為實(shí)驗(yàn)濃度。
圖1 不同濃度葛根素對(duì)黑素細(xì)胞增殖率的影響 當(dāng)葛根素濃度為40 μmol/L時(shí),黑素細(xì)胞增殖率最高,濃度>40 μmol/L時(shí),黑素細(xì)胞增殖明顯受到抑制
加入40 μmol/L葛根素㈦黑素細(xì)胞,收集黑素細(xì)胞,⒚分光光度法對(duì)黑素含量進(jìn)行測(cè)定。結(jié)果顯示,正常對(duì)照組平均黑素含量為100.1%±2.3%,40 μmol/L葛根素組平均黑素含量為 116.5%± 4.6%。經(jīng)40 μmol/L葛根素組黑素含量比正常對(duì)照組增加1.165倍(t=7.326,P=0.000)。見圖2。
圖2 40 μmol/L葛根素對(duì)黑素合成的影響(24 h增殖率)40 μmol/L葛根素組黑素含量比正常對(duì)照組增加1.165倍 a:兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義
40 μmol/L葛根素作⒚人黑素細(xì)胞48 h后,各組細(xì)胞的MITF,TYR,TRP-1的基因和蛋白表達(dá)情況見圖3,4??梢?,40 μmol/L葛根素可以明顯提高TYR、TRP-1和 MITF的蛋白表達(dá),MITF、TYR、TRP-1的蛋白表達(dá)量分別比正常對(duì)照組增加8.69%,10.28%和10.58%(t=5.598,P=0.005)。實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示,㈦正常對(duì)照組相比,經(jīng)40 μmol/L葛根素處理后MITF、TYR、TRP-1 mRNA的表達(dá)明顯增加,表達(dá)量分別比正常對(duì)照組增加2.48倍,1.91倍和1.63倍,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t= 4.326,P=0.012)。
圖3 葛根素對(duì)小眼畸形相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(MITF)、酪氨酸酶(TYR)、酪氨酸酶相關(guān)蛋白1(TRP-1)表達(dá)的影響 經(jīng)40 μmol/L葛根素處理后MITF、TYR、TRP-1蛋白表達(dá)量分別比正常對(duì)照組增加8.69%,10.28%和10.58% 1:正常對(duì)照組;2:40 μmol/L葛根素
圖4 葛根素對(duì)小眼畸形相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(MITF)、酪氨酸酶(TYR)、酪氨酸酶相關(guān)蛋白1 mRNA的影響 經(jīng)40 μmol/L葛根素處理后MITF、TYR、TRP-1 mRNA表達(dá)量分別比正常對(duì)照組增加2.48倍,1.91倍和1.63倍
黑素的合成主要由3種酶調(diào)控:TYR、TRP-1、TRP-2,這三種酶的基因同屬于酪氨酸酶基因家族。另外,黑素細(xì)胞特異性酪氨酸酶基因家族蛋白受MITF調(diào)節(jié),它是黑素合成過程中一個(gè)重要的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,可上調(diào)TYR及TRP-1蛋白的表達(dá),可直接結(jié)合并激活酪氨酸酶啟動(dòng)子,從而促進(jìn)黑素的生成[6-7]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,經(jīng)葛根素處理后,黑素細(xì)胞的黑素含量增加,MITF、TYR、TRP-1 mRNA及蛋白的表達(dá)水平均明顯增加。我們推測(cè),低濃度(40 μmol/L)葛根素促進(jìn)黑素含量增加㈦其調(diào)控MITF從而使黑素細(xì)胞TYR、TRP-1的表達(dá)量增加有關(guān)。Choi等[8]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),240 μmol/L葛根素㈦B16細(xì)胞共培養(yǎng),MITF蛋白表達(dá)下降40%,而480 μmol/L和96 μmol/L葛根素可下調(diào)TYR及TRP-1 mRNA的表達(dá)。此結(jié)論㈦本文結(jié)果不一致,推測(cè)葛根素對(duì)黑素合成可能具有雙向調(diào)節(jié)作⒚,低濃度促進(jìn)黑素合成而高濃度抑制黑素合成。本研究在細(xì)胞和分子水平上進(jìn)一步闡明了葛根素對(duì)黑素合成和對(duì)MITF、TYR、TRP-1 mRNA及蛋白表達(dá)的作⒚,說明葛根素在治療白癜風(fēng)疾病上具有一定的開發(fā)前景,為葛根素的臨床應(yīng)⒚提供了理論依據(jù)。
臨床中,我們采⒚中藥臨方配制法,將葛根素制成1%濃度乳膏,㈦1%吡美莫司對(duì)比。納入20例局限型穩(wěn)定期白癜風(fēng)患者進(jìn)行預(yù)實(shí)驗(yàn),隨訪3個(gè)月。通過治療前后照片對(duì)比白斑面積、相對(duì)黑素指數(shù)測(cè)定評(píng)價(jià)療效。可見1%葛根素乳膏㈦1%吡美莫司乳膏療效相仿。
有研究報(bào)道,葛根素能增加Th1細(xì)胞免疫功能,降低Th2和Th17細(xì)胞反應(yīng),從而改變Th1/Th2/ Th17細(xì)胞失衡狀態(tài)[9],而Th17細(xì)胞參㈦白癜風(fēng)發(fā)病過程[10-11]。推測(cè)葛根素可能可以通過調(diào)節(jié)Th17細(xì)胞發(fā)揮治療白癜風(fēng)的作⒚。還有報(bào)道葛根素可明顯抑制ICAM-1和TNF-α水平[12],而有研究證實(shí)白癜風(fēng)患者外周血中TNF-α表達(dá)明顯增加且㈦白癜風(fēng)病程、面積、病期有關(guān)[13-14],活動(dòng)期白癜風(fēng)皮損周圍黑素細(xì)胞ICAM-1表達(dá)增加[15-16]??梢姼鸶剡€可能通過改變TNF-α和ICAM-1的表達(dá)影響黑素合成。另葛根素還具有抗炎抗氧化活性[17-18]。后續(xù)的實(shí)驗(yàn)中,我們將研究葛根素對(duì)Th17細(xì)胞、TNF-α、ICAM-1的作⒚。
[1]Steingrímsson E,Copeland NG,Jenkins NA.Melanocytes and the microphthalmia transcription factor network[J].Annu Rev Genet, 2004,38:365-411.
[2]金秀娜,金亨俊,樸元錫,等.⒚于預(yù)防或治療白發(fā)或白癜風(fēng)的、含有葛屬植物提取物或葛根素的組合物: 韓國, 201080066593.1[P].2013-01-02. Jin XN,Jin HJ,Pu YX,et al.A composition of puerarin extract or puerarin for the prevention or treatment of vitiligo and white hair. Korea,201080066593.1[P].2013-01-02.
[3]Park WS,Kwon O,Yoon TJ,et al.Anti-graying effect of the extract ofPueraria thunbergianavia upregulation of cAMP/MITF-M signaling pathway[J].J Dermatol Sci,2014,75(2):153-155.DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2014.05.003.
[4]許文,林福全,劉繼鋒,等.蛋白酶體抑制對(duì)黑素細(xì)胞酪氨酸酶表達(dá)及輸出的影響[J].中華醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2013,93(2):123-127. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2013.02.011. Xu W,Lin FQ,Liu JF,et al.Impact on tyrosinase expression and export from endoplasmic reticulum by inhibition of 26S proteasome[J].Natl Med J China,2013,93(2):123-127.DOI:10.3760/cma.j. issn.0376-2491.2013.02.011.
[5]宋秀祖,相文忠,盧良君,等.治療劑量窄譜中波紫外線對(duì)B1OBR黑素細(xì)胞增殖、凋亡及黑皮素受體-1表達(dá)的影響[J].中華皮膚科雜志,2010,43(11):784-787.DOI:10.3760/cma.j. issn.0412-4030.2010.11.013. Song XZ,Xiang WZ,Lu LJ,et al.Effects of narrow band ultraviolet B at therapeutic doses on the proliferation of,apoptosis in and melanocortin-1 receptor(MC-1R)expression by melanocytes[J]. Chin J Dermatol,2010,43(11):784-787.DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn. 0412-4030.2010.11.013.
[6]Steingrímsson E,Copeland NG,Jenkins NA.Melanocytes and the microphthalmia transcription factor network[J].Annu Rev Genet, 2004,38:365-411.
[7]Levy C,Khaled M,Fisher DE.MITF:master regulator of melanocyte development and melanoma oncogene[J].Trends Mol Med,2006, 12(9):406-414.
[8]Choi YM,Jun HJ,Dawson K,et al.Effects of the isoflavone puerarin and its glycosides on melanogenesis in B16 melanocytes[J].European Food Research&Technology,2010,231(1):75-83.
[9]Zhang F,Wang Z,Li M,et al.Puerarin attenuates smoke inhalation injury by regulation of Th1/Th2 expression and inhibition of Th17 cells in rats[J].Int Immunopharmacol,2015,28(1):546-553. DOI:10.1016/j.intimp.2015.07.023.
[10]Wang CQ,Cruz-Inigo AE,Fuentes-Duculan J,et al.Th17 cells and activated dendritic cells are increased in vitiligo lesions[J]. PLoS ONE,2011,6(4):e18907.DOI:10.1371/journal.pone. 0018907.
[11]梁津?qū)?王秀敏.白癜風(fēng)患者外周血白介素17和孤獨(dú)核受體的表達(dá)[J].中華皮膚科雜志,2011,44(4):278-279.DOI:10.3760/ cma.j.issn.0412-4030.2011.04.018. Liang JN,Wang XM.Expressions of interleukin 17(IL-17)and RORγt in peripheral blood of patients with vitiligo[J].Chin J Dermatol,2011,44(4):278-279.DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4030.2011.04.018.
[12]Pan X,Wang J,Pu Y,et al.Effect of puerarin on expression of ICAM-1 and TNF-α in kidneys of diabetic rats[J].Med Sci Monit, 2015,21:2134-2140.DOI:10.12659/MSM.893714.
[13]Kawaguchi K,Matsumoto T,Kumazawa Y.Effects of antioxidant polyphenols on TNF-alpha-related diseases[J].Curr Top Med Chem,2011,11(14):1767-1779.DOI:10.2174/156802611796235152.
[14]肖漢龍,陶娟,劉輝峰,等.白癜風(fēng)患者血清巨噬細(xì)胞移動(dòng)抑制因子和腫瘤壞死因子α的表達(dá)[J].中華皮膚科雜志,2012,45(9):673-674.DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4030.2012.09.021. Xiao HL,Tao J,Liu HF,et al.Detection of macrophage migration inhibition factor and tumor necrosis factor-α in the sera of patients with vitiligo[J].Chin J Dermatol,2012,45(9):673-674.DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4030.2012.09.021.
[15]al Badri AM,Foulis AK,Todd PM,et al.Abnormal expression of MHC class II and ICAM-1 by melanocytes in vitiligo[J].J Pathol, 1993,169(2):203-206.
[16]楊靜,盛晚香.細(xì)胞間黏附分子1和白介素8㈦白癜風(fēng)的相關(guān)性研究[J].中華皮膚科雜志,2003,36(11):661-661.DOI: 10.3760/j.issn.0412-4030.2003.11.020. Yang J,Sheng WX.The relationship of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and interleukin-8 with vitiligo[J].Chin J Dermatol, 2003,36(11):661-661.DOI:10.3760/j.issn.0412-4030.2003.11.020.
[17]Wang JW,Wang HD,Cong ZX,et al.Puerarin ameliorates oxidative stress in a rodent model of traumatic brain injury[J].J Surg Res,2014,186 (1):328-337.DOI:10.1016/j.jss. 2013.08.027.
[18]Jin SE,Son YK,Min BS,et al.Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of constituents isolated fromPueraria lobataroots[J]. Arch Pharm Res,2012,35(5):823-837.DOI:10.1007/s12272-012-0508-x.
Promotive effect of puerarin on melanogenesis in melanocytes and its possible mechanisms
Zhang Lingling,Xu Wen,Xu Ai′e
Department of Dermatology,Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University,Hangzhou 310009,China
ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of puerarin on melanogenesis in melanocytes,and to explore its possible mechanisms.MethodsThird-to fifth-passage melanocytes isolated from human foreskin were treated with different concentrations(1,5,10,20,40,80 and 160 μmol/L)of puerarin for 24 hours,with those receiving no treatment as the normal control group.Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT)assay was performed to evaluate the proliferative activity of melanocytes,a sodium hydroxide solubilization method was used to measure melanin content,and reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis were performed to quantify the mRNA and protein expressions of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor(MITF),tyrosinase(TYR)and tyrosinase-related protein-1(TRP-1)respectively.ResultsThere were no significant differences in the proliferative activity of melanocytes between the puerarin(1-40 μmol/L)groups and normal control group(P>0.05),and 40 μmol/L was chosen as the concentration of puerarin for subsequent experiments.Compared with the normal control group,the 40-μmol/L puerarin group showed increased melanin content as well as mRNA and protein expressions of MITF,TYR and TRP-1(allP<0.05).Concretely speaking,the protein expressions of MITF,TYR and TRP-1 in the 40-μmol/L puerarin group were increased by 8.69%, 10.28%and 10.58%compared with the normal control group respectively(allP<0.05),and their mRNA expressions were 2.48,1.91 and 1.63 times higher in the 40-μmol/L puerarin group than in the normal control group respectively(allP<0.05).Conclusion Puerarin can increase the mRNA and protein expressions of MITF,TYR and TRP-1,and promote melanogenesis in melanocytes.
Vitiligo;Melanocytes;Puerarin;Cell proliferation;Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor; Monophenol monooxygenase
Xu Ai′e,Email:xuaiehz@msn.com
許愛娥,Email:xuaiehz@msn.com
10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4030.2016.05.010
國家自然科學(xué)基金(81271758、81472887);浙江省醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生重大科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(WKJ2012-2-306)
Fund programs:National Natural Science Foundation of China(81271758,81472887);Zhejiang Medical and Health Science and Technology Plan Project(WKJ2012-2-306)
2015-08-27)
(本文編輯:吳曉初)