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植物多酚通過PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路抗腫瘤作用研究進(jìn)展

2016-11-14 12:38:01肖星凝吳素蕊
食品科學(xué) 2016年15期
關(guān)鍵詞:激酶細(xì)胞周期磷酸化

石 芳,廖 霞,李 瑤,李 謠,肖星凝,吳素蕊,明 建,,3,*

(1.西南大學(xué)食品科學(xué)學(xué)院,重慶 400715;2.中華全國(guó)供銷合作總社昆明食用菌研究所,云南 昆明 650223;3.重慶市特色食品工程技術(shù)研究中心,重慶 400715)

植物多酚通過PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路抗腫瘤作用研究進(jìn)展

石 芳1,廖 霞1,李 瑤1,李 謠1,肖星凝1,吳素蕊2,明 建1,2,3,*

(1.西南大學(xué)食品科學(xué)學(xué)院,重慶 400715;2.中華全國(guó)供銷合作總社昆明食用菌研究所,云南 昆明 650223;3.重慶市特色食品工程技術(shù)研究中心,重慶 400715)

磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/絲氨酸/蘇氨酸激酶B(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/serine/threonine kinase B,PI3K/Akt)信號(hào)通路是一條經(jīng)典的抑制細(xì)胞凋亡、促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路,在腫瘤、心血管疾病、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病和糖尿病等的防治中發(fā)揮重要作用,特別是腫瘤。PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路的異常活化與腫瘤的發(fā)生、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移等過程密切相關(guān),對(duì)該通路的研究已成為當(dāng)今國(guó)內(nèi)外治療腫瘤的焦點(diǎn)。植物多酚因具有抗腫瘤作用而成為預(yù)防腫瘤的天然藥物。本文綜述了PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路的結(jié)構(gòu)、活化機(jī)制以及與腫瘤的關(guān)系,總結(jié)植物多酚通過該信號(hào)通路對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞的作用機(jī)制,以期為研發(fā)植物多酚作為預(yù)防腫瘤的保健食品或藥品提供一定的科學(xué)依據(jù)。

磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/絲氨酸/蘇氨酸激酶B;信號(hào)通路;植物多酚;抗腫瘤

石芳, 廖霞, 李瑤, 等. 植物多酚通過PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路抗腫瘤作用研究進(jìn)展[J]. 食品科學(xué), 2016, 37(15): 259-264.

SHI Fang, LIAO Xia, LI Yao, et al. Plant polyphenols exert anti-tumor activity by the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway: a review[J]. Food Science, 2016, 37(15): 259-264. (in Chinese with English abstract) DOI:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201615044. http://www.spkx.net.cn

惡性腫瘤是全球三大致死原因之一,嚴(yán)重威脅人類健康和生命。統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)顯示,2015年,我國(guó)有281.4萬(wàn)人因惡性腫瘤而死亡,致死率排列前五的分別為肺癌、胃癌、肝癌、食道癌和結(jié)直腸癌[1]。許多研究表明,腫瘤的發(fā)生與發(fā)展是多因素、多基因、多途徑的結(jié)果,而細(xì)胞信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑在腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展、侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移過程中至關(guān)重要。其中磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/絲氨酸/蘇氨酸激酶B(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/serine/threonine kinase B,PI3K/Akt)信號(hào)通路在調(diào)控實(shí)體腫瘤(如肝癌[2]、乳腺癌[3]、結(jié)腸癌[4]、胃癌[5]、黑 色素瘤[6]、神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞瘤[7])和血液腫瘤(如白血?。?])中發(fā)揮著重要作用。PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路是細(xì)胞內(nèi)一條重要的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路,PI3K作為聯(lián)系胞外信號(hào)與細(xì)胞應(yīng)答效應(yīng)的橋梁分子,在一系列上游或旁路信號(hào)分子的影響下,作用于下游的多種效應(yīng)分子,從而促進(jìn)細(xì)胞侵襲遷移、抑制細(xì)胞凋亡、加速細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)程、促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖。明確該信號(hào)通路在體內(nèi)的作用機(jī)制,尋找阻斷該信號(hào)通路的靶向藥物是國(guó)內(nèi)外研究熱點(diǎn)之一。

植物化 學(xué)物質(zhì)的抗腫瘤活性已被廣泛認(rèn)可,尤其是植物多酚,具有安全有效、來源廣泛的特點(diǎn),是一類極具應(yīng)用前景的天然抗 腫瘤藥物。因此,通過PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路抗腫瘤的作用機(jī)制來了解植物多酚,有助于開發(fā)植物多酚類抗腫瘤保健食品或藥物。

1 PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路概述

1.1PI3K/Akt的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能

PI3K為脂質(zhì)激酶家族成員,是一種可特異性催化磷脂酰肌醇磷酸化產(chǎn)生3,4,5-三磷酸磷脂酰肌醇的激酶,分為3 個(gè)亞型(I、II、III)。I型PI3K是由催化亞基與調(diào)節(jié)亞基組成的異二聚體,催化亞基由p110α、p110β、p110γ和p110δ組成,基因編碼分別是PIK3CA、PIK3CB、PIK3CG和PIK3CD。調(diào)節(jié)亞基由p85α、p85β和p55γ組成,基因編碼分別是PIK3R1、PIK3R2、PIK3R3[9]。II型PI3K以磷脂酰肌醇(phosphatid ylinositol,PI)及磷脂酰肌醇磷酸(phosphatidylinositol phosphate,PIP)為底物,從N端到C端依次排列著富含脯氨酸區(qū)、Ras結(jié)合區(qū)、HR區(qū)、PX結(jié)構(gòu)域和C2結(jié)構(gòu)域[10]。III型PI3K為酵母空泡蛋白分選同源物,由調(diào)節(jié)亞基pl50和豆蔻?;拇呋瘉喕鵳100組成異二聚體,在細(xì)胞內(nèi)以PI為底物,并與自噬、吞噬、溶酶體分類和細(xì)胞信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)作用密切相關(guān)[11]。PI3K參與細(xì)胞增殖、抑制細(xì)胞凋亡、細(xì)胞遷移、膜泡轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)、血管生成、細(xì)胞癌性轉(zhuǎn)化等過程,并通過由其催化形成的3-磷酸肌醇脂分子(PIP、PIP2、PIP3)起作用。

Akt為蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,PKB),是分子質(zhì)量為57 kD的絲/蘇氨酸蛋白激酶,含有480 個(gè)氨基酸殘基,與蛋白激酶A(68%的同源性)和蛋白激酶C(73%的同源性)具有同源性。Akt激酶與腺苷酸/鳥苷酸(adenosine monophosphate/guanosine monophosphate,AMP/GMP)激酶和蛋白激酶C同屬于ACG蛋白激酶家族。PKB家族已分離出三個(gè)成員,分別為PKBα(Akt1)、PKBβ(Akt2)和PKBγ(Akt3)。它們的氨基酸同源性達(dá)80%以上,而且都具有3 個(gè)相同的結(jié)構(gòu)區(qū)域:氨基末端的血小板-白細(xì)胞C激酶底物同源(pleckstrin homology,PH)結(jié)構(gòu)區(qū)域、Akt分子中心區(qū)的激酶活性區(qū)和羧基末端的調(diào)節(jié)區(qū)。PH區(qū)域廣泛存在于信號(hào)蛋白和細(xì)胞骨架相關(guān)蛋白中,可以介導(dǎo)蛋白質(zhì)和脂質(zhì)、蛋白質(zhì)和蛋白質(zhì)之間的相互作用。

1.2PI3K/Akt的活化與調(diào)節(jié)

PI3K的激活(圖1)可通過與受體酪氨酸激酶(receptor tyrosine kinase,RTK)和G蛋白連接受體相互作用,也可通過Ras蛋白與其p110亞基直接結(jié)合而被激活[12-13]。結(jié)果是在質(zhì)膜上產(chǎn)生PIP3,PIP3招募具有PH結(jié)構(gòu)域的信號(hào)蛋白到質(zhì)膜上,包括磷酸肌醇依賴性蛋白激酶1(phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1,PDK1)和Akt,使得Akt構(gòu)象發(fā)生變化,導(dǎo)致激活A(yù)kt所必需的兩個(gè)重要磷酸化位點(diǎn)(蘇氨酸(threonine,Thr)308和絲氨酸(serine,Ser)473)暴露。這樣就可由整合素偶聯(lián)激酶(integrin linked kinase,ILK)、DNA依賴蛋白激酶(DNA-dependent protein kinase,DNA-PK)、哺乳動(dòng)物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(the mammalian target of rapamyein,mTOR)或Akt本身所激活[14]?;罨驛kt離開細(xì)胞膜進(jìn)入細(xì)胞核發(fā)揮作用,進(jìn)一步引起其他蛋白磷酸 化,包括雷帕霉素靶蛋白復(fù)合體1(mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1,mTORC1)、糖原合成激酶3(glycogen synthase kinase 3,GSK3)、叉頭轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(forkhead transcription factors,F(xiàn)OXO)、腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK)等,從而調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞蛋白的合成、細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)、增殖擴(kuò)散、存活 以及新陳代謝等活動(dòng)[15-20]。

PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路受多種因子的調(diào)節(jié),參與PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路的調(diào)節(jié)因子主要有類脂磷酸酶(如,phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten,(PTEN))、SHIP2(SH2-containing inositol 5-phosphatase,SHIP2)和C末端調(diào)節(jié)蛋白(carboxylterminal modulator protein,CTMP)等負(fù)調(diào)節(jié)因子。PTEN是多種細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)、分化和維持生存的抑制物,具有蛋白磷酸酶活性和脂質(zhì)磷酸酶活性,從PIP3的3位脫磷酸而將其轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)镻I(4,5)P2,使PIP3維持在較低的水平,從而阻斷Akt及其下游效應(yīng)分子的有效活化[21],PTEN活性喪失可導(dǎo)致PI3K/Akt通路永久激活。Akca等[22]發(fā)現(xiàn)PTEN的失活可促進(jìn)PI3K/Ak t/核因子κB(nuclear factor κB,NF-κB)通路活化,并進(jìn)一步導(dǎo)致肺癌細(xì)胞的侵襲能力增強(qiáng)。CTMP是一種線粒體蛋白,在線粒體內(nèi)裂解后轉(zhuǎn)化為功能蛋白,與Akt羧基端調(diào)節(jié)區(qū)結(jié)合,抑制Akt的磷酸化,從而阻斷下游信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)。SHIP2是一種磷酸酯酶,可對(duì)PIP3進(jìn)行5位去除磷酸,將其轉(zhuǎn)變成PI(3,4)P2而降解,進(jìn)而使其喪失功能[21]。

圖1 PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路激活機(jī)制[1133]Fig. 1 Mechanism of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway activation[13]

2 PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路與腫瘤的發(fā)生

2.1PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞停滯和凋亡

目前認(rèn)為PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路調(diào)控細(xì)胞凋亡主要通過以下幾個(gè)途徑[13,23]:1)B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤/白血病-2基因(B-cell lymphoma-2,Bcl-2)家族中磷酸化的促凋亡分子蛋白(Bcl-2/ Bcl-xl associated death promoter,Bad)與抗凋亡因子Bcl-xl或Bcl-2解聚,Bad與 抗凋亡結(jié)合蛋白14-3-3相結(jié)合,而Bcl-xl或Bcl-2發(fā)揮抑制細(xì)胞凋亡的作用;此外,PI3K/Akt通路的激活也可以使Bcl-2相關(guān)X蛋白(Bcl-2 associated X protein,Bax)的Ser184殘基磷酸化而使其失活,從而抑制細(xì)胞凋亡;2)通過磷酸化蛋白水解酶Caspase-9的Ser196位點(diǎn)而使之失活,進(jìn)一步抑制線粒體釋放細(xì)胞色素c及凋亡因子,抑制細(xì)胞凋亡;3)調(diào)控轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的表達(dá)。叉頭轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(forkhead-type transcription factors,F(xiàn)KHR)可被Akt直接磷酸化,不能進(jìn)入細(xì)胞核抑制抗凋亡因子Fas-L的轉(zhuǎn)錄,從而抑制細(xì)胞凋亡;4)磷酸化鼠雙微染色體2(murine double mimute2,MDM2)。Akt磷酸化MDM2的Ser166和Ser188位點(diǎn)后,下調(diào)凋亡蛋白p53,抑制細(xì)胞周期停滯和細(xì)胞凋亡。

2.2PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞生存和增殖

活化的Akt可調(diào)節(jié)多種與細(xì)胞增殖相關(guān)的蛋白(如mTOR、原癌基因等),促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖,具體如下:1)磷酸化mTOR。mTOR是Akt信號(hào)最重要的下游因子,可調(diào)節(jié)翻譯過程中關(guān)鍵因子的表達(dá),如核糖體蛋白S6激酶(ribosomal S6 kinase,RSK)和翻譯抑制因子4E-結(jié)合蛋白1(4E-binding protein1, 4E-BP1)等,促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖。2)Akt能夠直接或間接調(diào)節(jié)磷酸化激活κB激酶(inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase,IKK)的活性,導(dǎo)致NF-κB的抑制劑IκB發(fā)生降解,使NF-κB從細(xì)胞質(zhì)中釋放出來轉(zhuǎn)移至核內(nèi),激活其靶基因而促進(jìn)細(xì)胞的存活;3)Akt通過使GSK3激酶磷酸化失活,阻止細(xì)胞周期蛋白D1和腫瘤蛋白Myc的降解,上調(diào)細(xì)胞周期素依賴性激酶-4(cyclin dependent kinase 4,CDK4),或者磷酸化細(xì)胞周期素依賴性激酶(cyclin dependent kinase,CDK)的抑制因子P21和P27,從而失去對(duì)細(xì)胞周期的抑制性調(diào)控作用,加速細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)程,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖[24]。

2.3PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移

PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路在腫瘤細(xì)胞遷移中起著重要作用。腫瘤上皮細(xì)胞間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)分化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)與腫瘤細(xì)胞侵襲、遷移等生物學(xué)行為密切相關(guān)。PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路通過上調(diào)核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Snail、Slug等,抑制細(xì)胞內(nèi)E-鈣黏蛋白的表達(dá)[25]或通過上調(diào)基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinase,MMP),促進(jìn)MMP對(duì)E-鈣黏蛋白的降解,直接誘導(dǎo)EMT,增強(qiáng)細(xì)胞的運(yùn)動(dòng)能力和侵襲能力[26]。在對(duì)鱗狀細(xì)胞癌(head and neck squamous cell carcinoma,HNSCC)的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),表皮生長(zhǎng)因子(epidermal growth factor,EGF)激活表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體(epithelial growth factor receptor,EGFR)后,誘導(dǎo)EMT表型改變以及MMP9介導(dǎo)的E-鈣黏蛋白的降解,激活PI3K信號(hào)通路,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞侵襲、遷移[27]。

3 植物多酚通過PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路的抗腫瘤作用

隨著人們對(duì)PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路的認(rèn)識(shí)不斷深入,許多研究者試圖利用多種方法尋找阻斷該信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路的靶向藥物,如基因敲除[28]、RNA干擾[29]以及化學(xué)藥物阻斷[30]等,以預(yù)防腫瘤的發(fā)生。而植物多酚的抗腫瘤活性已被廣泛認(rèn)可,大量研究證實(shí),許多植物多酚(如白藜蘆醇、姜黃素、原花青素、表沒食子兒茶素沒食子酸酯、槲皮素等)可以通過干擾PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路(圖2),直接抑制PI3K或阻斷PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路,進(jìn)一步調(diào)節(jié)其下游效應(yīng)分子的表達(dá),從而加速腫瘤細(xì)胞周期、促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡和抑制細(xì)胞增殖,達(dá)到抗腫瘤的作用[31]。

圖2 植物多酚通過PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路抗腫瘤作用機(jī)制[3311]Fig. 2 Anti-tumor mechanism of plant polyphenols through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway[31]

3.1白藜蘆醇

白藜蘆醇是廣泛存在于葡萄等植物中的多酚化合物,對(duì)多種腫瘤細(xì)胞都有一定的抗癌活性。白藜蘆醇通過抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR信號(hào)通路,下調(diào)下游分子p70S6K和4E-BP1的磷酸化,同時(shí)激活Caspase-3,增加細(xì)胞周期蛋白D1表達(dá)水平,加速細(xì)胞周期,抑制人慢性粒細(xì)胞白血病K562細(xì)胞的增殖,誘導(dǎo)其凋亡。進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PI3K和Akt的選擇抑制劑LY294002可與白藜蘆醇發(fā)揮協(xié)同作用[32]。白藜蘆醇還可通過抑制PI3K/Akt/NF-κB信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路,下調(diào)基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶MMP-2表達(dá),阻止惡性膠質(zhì)瘤起始細(xì)胞(glioblastoma-initiating cells,GICs)的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移[33]。Zhang Dequan等[34]用白藜蘆醇處理永生性大鼠肝星狀細(xì)胞(the immortalized rat hepatic stellate cells,t-HSC/CI-6)后,發(fā)現(xiàn)細(xì)胞內(nèi)Toll樣本受體4(toll like receptor 4,TLR4)、PI3K和Akt表達(dá)下降,從而阻斷了TLR4介導(dǎo)的NF-κB的轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),抑制肝星狀細(xì)胞的激活,表明白藜蘆醇通過阻斷PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路而產(chǎn)生抑制癌細(xì)胞作用。

3.2姜黃素

姜黃素是一種從姜黃等根莖中提取的多酚類色素,通過調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞周期,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡,抑制細(xì)胞增殖而發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用,被稱作第三代腫瘤化學(xué)預(yù)防劑。已有研究證實(shí)姜黃素通過調(diào)控PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路而具有抗癌活性,其作用機(jī)制是姜黃素使Akt去磷酸化,抑制叉頭轉(zhuǎn)錄因子FOXO磷酸化,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞周期相關(guān)蛋白p21和p27Kip表達(dá)下降,從而減緩腫瘤的發(fā)展[35]。Zhang Hao等[36]用姜黃素處理腎癌細(xì)胞(the renal cell carcinoma,RCC)-949時(shí)還發(fā)現(xiàn),姜黃素能夠上調(diào)Bcl-2、下調(diào)Bax的表達(dá),降低細(xì)胞周期蛋白B1的表達(dá)量,在G2/M期啟動(dòng)細(xì)胞周期停滯,抑制細(xì)胞增殖,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡。Liu Hao等[37]研究姜黃素衍生物(T63)誘導(dǎo)肺癌細(xì)胞A549的作用機(jī)制時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),T63不僅可以通過阻滯細(xì)胞周期蛋白p21、p27和細(xì)胞周期蛋白D1,使細(xì)胞凋亡,而且還能夠上調(diào)蛋白磷酸酶2A(protein phosphatase 2A,PP2A)蛋白,抑制Akt磷酸化,從而激活FOXO3a和Bad,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞色素c釋放,激活Caspase-3,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡。

3.3原花青素

原花青素是由不同數(shù)量的兒茶素或表兒茶素結(jié)合而成的多酚類物質(zhì),具有抗乳腺癌、前列腺癌、直腸癌等作用。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),原花青素六聚體(hexamer,Hex)可以降低結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)生,hex可以促進(jìn)線粒體中細(xì)胞色素c釋放到細(xì)胞質(zhì),抑制Caco-2細(xì)胞PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路,下調(diào)下游蛋白Bad、GSK-3β的表達(dá),誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡[38]。葡萄籽原花青素(proanthocyanidins from grape seeds,GSPs)也可通過抑制PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路,下調(diào)Bcl-2和Bcl-xl表達(dá),上調(diào)Bax表達(dá),同時(shí)激活Caspase-3,誘導(dǎo)人胰腺癌細(xì)胞(Miapaca-2、PANC-1和AsPC-1))凋亡[39]。Prasad等[40]發(fā)現(xiàn)蔓越莓原花青素(cranberry-derived proanthocyanidin,C-PAC)誘導(dǎo)食管腺癌細(xì)胞(esophageal adenocarcinoma,EAC)的凋亡與PI3K/Akt通路失活有關(guān),也與促凋亡蛋白(Bax、Bak1、脫酰胺Bcl-xl、細(xì)胞色素c)、MAPKs的表達(dá)及G2/M周期阻滯有關(guān)。

3.4表沒食子兒茶素沒食子酸酯(epigallocatechin gallate,EGCG)

EGCG是綠茶中含量最豐富的成分之一。綠茶的抗癌作用大多數(shù)是通過EGCG介導(dǎo)的。EGCG通過磷酸化Akt,抑制Bad磷酸化,上調(diào)Bax和Bad表達(dá),下調(diào)Bcl-2表達(dá),誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞色素c、Caspase-9和細(xì)胞凋亡因子釋放,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)膀胱癌移行性細(xì)胞株凋亡[41]。EGCG還可通過影響PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路的多種效應(yīng)分子發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用,如下調(diào)COX-2、同時(shí)激活Caspase-3和Caspase-9,誘導(dǎo)肝癌細(xì)胞凋亡、抑制MMP-2和MMP-9活性,發(fā)揮抗腫瘤細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移的作用[42-43]、介導(dǎo)PI3K/Akt/mTOR信號(hào)通路,促進(jìn)B淋巴瘤細(xì)胞凋亡[44]、下調(diào)PI3K、Akt、NF-κB的表達(dá)水平,使肝癌細(xì)胞SMMC7721在S期停滯,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡[45]。

3.5槲皮素

槲皮素是一種黃酮類化合物,對(duì)多種惡性腫瘤具有預(yù)防和治療作用。槲皮素的抗癌作用主要是通過結(jié)合PI3K,抑制Akt磷酸化,上調(diào)p53的表達(dá),調(diào)控Bax和Bcl-2的表達(dá)來誘導(dǎo)癌細(xì)胞的凋亡,阻止細(xì)胞的遷移和侵襲,抑制癌細(xì)胞的增殖[46-48]。槲皮素還可通過影響PI3K/Akt通路,并增強(qiáng)NF-κB核轉(zhuǎn)位,降低Bcl-x1/Bal的比值,上調(diào)抑癌基因Bim和凋亡誘導(dǎo)因子(apoptosisinducing factor,AIF)表達(dá),起到抑制黑色素瘤細(xì)胞B16F10的作用[49]。Xiang Tao等[50]研究也證實(shí)槲皮素誘導(dǎo)HeLa細(xì)胞凋亡是通過下調(diào)PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路中PI3K、Akt和Bcl-2表達(dá),上調(diào)Bax表達(dá),使細(xì)胞在G0/G1細(xì)胞周期阻滯。Wang Piwen等[51]的研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)槲皮素和牛蒡子苷元對(duì)抑制前列腺癌細(xì)胞增殖具有協(xié)同作用,也是通過抑制PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路而起作用的。

3.6其他

還有許多植物多酚類化合物通過調(diào)控PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路而應(yīng)用于腫瘤治療。例如,芹菜素作為ATP競(jìng)爭(zhēng)抑制劑,阻斷PI3K的ATP結(jié)合位點(diǎn),并且抑制與細(xì)胞增殖相關(guān)的Akt及其下游促凋亡蛋白Bad的磷酸化,從而抑制PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路發(fā)揮其抗腫瘤作用[52]。熊果酸通過調(diào)控PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路的Bcl-2、Bcl-xl、凋亡抑制基因Survivin、p-mTOR的表達(dá),激活Caspase-3,抑制細(xì)胞增殖,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡,顯著抑制前列腺腫瘤細(xì)胞LNCaP的生長(zhǎng)[53]。

4 結(jié) 語(yǔ)

PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路是一條經(jīng)典的抑制細(xì)胞凋亡、促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路,與多種腫瘤的發(fā)生、侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移等過程密切相關(guān)。植物多酚是一類廣泛存在于食物中的天然化合物,具有良好的預(yù)防腫瘤的作用。越來越多的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)植物多酚可作用于PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路,調(diào)節(jié)其相應(yīng)基因或蛋白的表達(dá),發(fā)揮抑制細(xì)胞凋亡、促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖的作用從而降低癌癥的發(fā)生。植物多酚除通過PI3K/Akt信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用外,還可以通過MAPK、核轉(zhuǎn)錄相關(guān)因子2(NF-E2-related factor 2,

Nrf2)等細(xì)胞信號(hào)通路達(dá)到抗腫瘤作用。因此,還需深入研究植物多酚抗腫瘤作用機(jī)制,為挖掘植物多酚抗腫瘤活性功能,開發(fā)植物多酚類抗腫瘤保健食品或藥物提供依據(jù)。

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Plant Polyphenols Exert Anti-Tumor Activity by the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway: A Review

SHI Fang1, LIAO Xia1, LI Yao1, LI Yao1, XIAO Xingning1, WU Surui2, MING Jian1,2,3,*
(1. College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; 2. Kunming Edible Fungi Institute, All China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives, Kunming 650223, China; 3. Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Regional Food, Chongqing 400715, China)

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/serine/threonine kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathway is a classical signaling pathway that inhibits apoptosis and promotes proliferation. The PI3K/Akt pathway play an important role in cancer,cardiovascular disease, diabetes and nervous system diseases, especially in cancer. The abnormal activation of PI3K/Akt is closely related to the occurrence, invasion and metastasis of tumors. The research of this pathway has become the focus of the treatment of cancer at home and abroad. Plant polyphenols are becoming natural drugs to prevent cancer because of their anti-tumor effect. This review outlines the structure and activation mechanism of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and its relationship with tumor in order to provide scientific evidence for the development of plant polyphenols into health foods or drugs for cancer prevention.

phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/serine/threonine kinase B (PI3K/Akt); signaling pathway; plant polyphenols; antitumor activity

10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201615044

Q964.8;R151.2

A

1002-6630(2016)15-0259-06

10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201615044. http://www.spkx.net.cn

2016-04-02

國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金面上項(xiàng)目(31471576);重慶市社會(huì)民生科技創(chuàng)新專項(xiàng)(cstc2015shmszx80019);“十二五”國(guó)家科技支撐計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2013BAD16B01)

石芳(1993—),女,碩士研究生,研究方向?yàn)槭称坊瘜W(xué)與營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)。E-mail:1107982769@qq.com

明建(1972—),男,教授,博士,研究方向?yàn)槭称坊瘜W(xué)與營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)。E-mail:mingjian1972@163.com

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