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鬃異源棘尾蟲(chóng)的形態(tài)學(xué)及細(xì)胞發(fā)生學(xué)研究*

2016-11-17 09:55羅曉甜李俐瓊馬洪鋼胡曉鐘
關(guān)鍵詞:原基箭頭種群

羅曉甜, 李俐瓊,2, 馬洪鋼, 胡曉鐘**

(1.中國(guó)海洋大學(xué)水產(chǎn)學(xué)院,山東 青島 266003; 2.中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)煙臺(tái)研究院海洋學(xué)院,山東 煙臺(tái) 264670)

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鬃異源棘尾蟲(chóng)的形態(tài)學(xué)及細(xì)胞發(fā)生學(xué)研究*

羅曉甜1, 李俐瓊1,2, 馬洪鋼1, 胡曉鐘1**

(1.中國(guó)海洋大學(xué)水產(chǎn)學(xué)院,山東 青島 266003; 2.中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)煙臺(tái)研究院海洋學(xué)院,山東 煙臺(tái) 264670)

利用活體觀察和蛋白銀染色技術(shù)對(duì)鬃異源棘尾蟲(chóng)(Tetmemenapustulata(Müller, 1786) Eigner, 1999)漠河種群的形態(tài)學(xué)及細(xì)胞發(fā)生學(xué)進(jìn)行了詳盡的研究。研究表明:本種群與其他種群在活體形態(tài)和纖毛圖式特征方面十分吻合。無(wú)性生殖期間細(xì)胞發(fā)生學(xué)表現(xiàn)出的主要特征如下:1)老口圍帶為前仔蟲(chóng)所繼承,老波動(dòng)膜僅在前部發(fā)生更新;2)后仔蟲(chóng)口原基為表層獨(dú)立發(fā)生;3)老棘毛I(xiàn)I/2、III/2與IV/3、IV/2、V/4分別參與前、后仔蟲(chóng)額-腹-橫棘毛原基的構(gòu)建;4)前、后仔蟲(chóng)額-腹-橫棘毛原基I-VI以“1∶3∶3∶3∶4∶4”的方式分化形成棘毛;5)前、后仔蟲(chóng)的緣棘毛原基分別由老結(jié)構(gòu)反分化形成;6)背觸毛發(fā)生為尖毛蟲(chóng)模式,但2列背緣觸毛原基源于右緣棘毛原基前端斷裂。本研究為該種背緣觸毛原基起源的首次揭示。

纖毛蟲(chóng); 腹毛亞綱; 散毛目; 尖毛蟲(chóng)科; 細(xì)胞發(fā)生

尖毛蟲(chóng)科(Oxytrichidae)纖毛蟲(chóng)廣泛分布在海洋、淡水、土壤及高鹽高堿等極端生境中,目前已知近50屬200余種,是腹毛亞綱(Hypotrichia)中包含種數(shù)最多的階元之一[1-5]。尖毛類纖毛蟲(chóng)因?qū)?、種間具有極相似的形態(tài)特征(例如體形、大小、纖毛圖式、皮層結(jié)構(gòu)等)而導(dǎo)致種類劃分相當(dāng)困難。然而,許多諸如額-腹-橫棘毛的產(chǎn)生方式、口原基的發(fā)生位置,緣棘毛的演化方式,特別是背觸毛的發(fā)生模式等細(xì)胞發(fā)生學(xué)特征在不同屬種間存在差異,而成為階元?jiǎng)澐帧⒎N類區(qū)分的重要依據(jù)[1,5-6]。

其中棘尾蟲(chóng)屬Stylonychia由Ehrenberg于1830年建立,模式種為貽貝棘尾蟲(chóng)Stylonychiamytilus(Müller, 1773) Ehrenberg, 1830。在Berger有關(guān)尖毛蟲(chóng)科的專著中,該屬包含11個(gè)種[1]。21世紀(jì)以來(lái),又有4個(gè)新的物種:安默曼棘尾蟲(chóng)StylonychiaammermanniGupta et al., 2001,哈爾濱棘尾蟲(chóng)StylonychiaharbinensisShi and Ammermann, 2004,雙峰棘尾蟲(chóng)StylonychiagibberaFoissner and heber, 2016和類南方棘尾蟲(chóng)StylonychianotophoridesFoissner, 2016先后被報(bào)道, Foissner 的研究認(rèn)為哈爾濱棘尾蟲(chóng)Stylonychiaharbinensis可能與安默曼棘尾蟲(chóng)Stylonychiaammermanni同物異名[3, 7-8]。Eigner根據(jù)細(xì)胞發(fā)生學(xué)特征及分子系統(tǒng)學(xué)信息為其中的2個(gè)種建立了新屬,異源棘尾蟲(chóng)屬TetmemenaEigner, 1999,包括模式種鬃異源棘尾蟲(chóng)Tetmemenapustulata(基原異名:Keronapustulata)和貪食異源棘尾蟲(chóng)Tetmemenavorax(基原異名:Stylonychiavorax)[9-10]。棘尾蟲(chóng)屬與異源棘尾蟲(chóng)屬的主要區(qū)別就在于:前者體前端較體后端明顯寬闊,蟲(chóng)體堅(jiān)硬且橫棘毛明顯分為2組;而后者蟲(chóng)體橢圓形或卵圓形,蟲(chóng)體半堅(jiān)硬,橫棘毛不分組呈“J”形排布。鬃異源棘尾蟲(chóng)最早由 Müller于1786年報(bào)道;隨后,國(guó)外多位學(xué)者對(duì)該種進(jìn)行了研究,其中Wirnsberger等.對(duì)奧地利薩爾斯堡月亮湖種群的研究因具有詳細(xì)的活體形態(tài)和纖毛圖式及細(xì)胞發(fā)生學(xué)特征、統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)而最為可靠[11]。國(guó)內(nèi)對(duì)該種有過(guò)3次報(bào)道:珠江種群、武漢東湖種群及哈爾濱種群,其中珠江種群有詳細(xì)的活體形態(tài)、纖毛圖式及統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)但無(wú)細(xì)胞發(fā)生學(xué)信息,哈爾濱種群有發(fā)生學(xué)信息,但是形態(tài)描述十分簡(jiǎn)單,武漢東湖種群形態(tài)特征描述簡(jiǎn)單且無(wú)發(fā)生學(xué)信息[12-14]。

本文為該種在黑龍江省漠河縣的首次報(bào)道,給出無(wú)性生殖期間皮層纖毛器和核器的演化過(guò)程進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的跟蹤觀察,以期為纖毛蟲(chóng)的地理分布等研究提供信息支持。

1 材料與方法

纖毛蟲(chóng)樣品于2007年8月17日采自黑龍江省漠河縣一淡水池塘,分離后成功建立了實(shí)驗(yàn)室純培養(yǎng),培養(yǎng)方法詳見(jiàn)文獻(xiàn)[15]。顯微鏡明視野及微分干涉下進(jìn)行活體觀察及顯微拍照。蛋白銀制片方法詳見(jiàn)文獻(xiàn)[16]。在40~1 000×放大倍數(shù)下測(cè)量活體大小,在1 000×放大倍數(shù)下測(cè)量蛋白銀制片后的細(xì)胞并繪圖。細(xì)胞發(fā)生過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)的新結(jié)構(gòu)在線條圖中用黑色陰影代表,老結(jié)構(gòu)則用輪廓線表示。文中所用名詞術(shù)語(yǔ)參照了詳細(xì)的活體形態(tài)和纖毛圖式特征及統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)并對(duì)其文獻(xiàn)[1]。

2 實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果

2.1 形態(tài)學(xué)(見(jiàn)圖1和表1)

鬃異源棘尾蟲(chóng)Tetmemenapustulata(Müller, 1786) Eigner, 1999屬于(腹毛亞綱 Hypotrichia Stein, 1859)(尖毛蟲(chóng)科 Oxytrichidae Ehrenberg, 1838)(異源棘尾蟲(chóng)屬TetmemenaEigner, 1999)

蟲(chóng)體活體大小的變化幅度較大,約(45~125) μm×(25~85) μm,通常為闊橢圓形或卵圓形,前后兩端鈍圓(見(jiàn)圖1A,G)。蟲(chóng)體背腹扁平,厚度:體寬比率約為2∶3~1∶2(見(jiàn)圖1F)。皮膜薄而堅(jiān)實(shí),不具伸縮性。表膜下未見(jiàn)皮層顆粒。蟲(chóng)體內(nèi)質(zhì)透明,充滿大小不等(直徑2~6 μm)的食物泡及內(nèi)儲(chǔ)顆粒。伸縮泡單一,直徑約為10 μm,位于蟲(chóng)體左側(cè)中部靠前部位(見(jiàn)圖1A、G,短箭頭)。包囊直徑約40~55 μm,皮膜表面多棘刺狀突起(圖1D、E、I)。

(A.典型個(gè)體腹面觀,長(zhǎng)箭頭示尾棘毛,短箭頭示伸縮泡;B、C.纖毛圖式腹面觀及背面觀,長(zhǎng)箭頭示橫前腹棘毛,短箭頭示小核;D、E.包囊,短箭頭示皮膜表面棘刺狀突起;F.側(cè)面觀,示厚幅比例;G.典型個(gè)體腹面觀,短箭頭示伸縮泡;H.稍受擠壓個(gè)體背面觀;I.包囊內(nèi)質(zhì)。AZM:口圍帶;BC:口棘毛;CC:尾棘毛;DK1-6:背觸毛列1-6;EM:口內(nèi)膜;FC:額棘毛;FVC:額腹棘毛;LMR:左緣棘毛列;Ma:大核;PM:口側(cè)膜;PVC:口后腹棘毛;RMR:右緣棘毛列;TC:橫棘毛;圖B中I1-VI4,每列額-腹-橫棘毛原基產(chǎn)生的棘毛。比例尺:40 μm(A-C,F(xiàn),G);30 μm(E)。A. Ventral view of a representative individual, arrows indicate the stiff caudal cirri, arrowhead shows the contractile vacuole; B, C. Ventral and dorsal view of infraciliature, arrows indicate pretransverse ventral cirri, arrowheads indicate micronuclei; D, E. Resting cysts, arrowheads mark the spiky surface; F. Lateral view, to show the dorsal-ventrally flattened ratio; G. Ventral view of a typical individual, arrowhead indicates the contractile vacuole; H. Dorsal view of a slightly squeezed specimen; I. Cytoplasm of the resting cyst. AZM: Adoral zone of membranelles; BC: Buccal cirrus; CC: Caudal cirri; DK1-6: Dorsal kineties 1-6; EM: Endoral membrane; FC: Frontal cirri; FVC: Frontoventral cirri; LMR: Left marginal row; Ma: Macronuclear nodules; PM: Paroral membrane; PVC: Postoral ventral cirri; RMR: Right marginal row; TC: Transverse cirri; I-VI: Frontal-ventral-transverse cirral anlagen I-VI, 1-4 (in B), cirri within each anlage. Scale bars = 40 μm (in A-C, F, G); 30 μm (in E).)

圖1 鬃異源棘尾蟲(chóng)的活體形態(tài)(A、D~I(xiàn))和纖毛圖式(B、C)

注:所有數(shù)據(jù)均自蛋白銀制片。All data are based on protargol impregnated specimens.

①M(fèi)inimum;②maximum;③arithmetic mean; ④median value;⑤standard deviation;⑥coefficient of variation in; ⑦number of specimens examined

口區(qū)約占體長(zhǎng)的50%,口圍帶遠(yuǎn)端繞至蟲(chóng)體頂端右側(cè),含小膜30~34片。波動(dòng)膜包括口內(nèi)膜和口側(cè)膜,兩者直且平行排布,近等長(zhǎng),前者略前置。額-腹-橫棘毛數(shù)目及排布十分穩(wěn)定:額棘毛(FC)恒為3根(I/1,II/3,III/3),較粗壯,其中右側(cè)額棘毛鄰近口圍帶遠(yuǎn)端;單一口棘毛(BC,II/2)位于波動(dòng)膜頂端,額腹棘毛(FVC)4根(III/2,IV/3,VI/3,VI/4),呈“V”形排布,且III/2與IV/3之間的距離比IV/3與VI/3之間的距離?。豢诤蟾辜?PVC)3根(IV/2,V/3,V/4),略呈“>”形排列,且IV/2與V/4之間距離較?。粰M前腹棘毛2根(V/2,VI/2);橫棘毛(TC)5根(II/1-VI/1),呈“J”形排布。左、右緣棘毛各一列,分別包含16~19根和22~27根棘毛,其后端幾聯(lián)合。背觸毛為“4+2”模式,即包含完整的第1~4列背觸毛和體右上方的2列短的背緣觸毛列。針狀尾棘毛(CC)3根,位于蟲(chóng)體尾端,活體長(zhǎng)約25 μm因而在200 ×放大倍數(shù)下明顯可見(jiàn)。大核橢球狀,恒為2枚,大小約22 μm × 12 μm,位于體中部,呈前后排布;每一枚大核旁伴隨一枚球形小核,直徑約2 μm(見(jiàn)圖1B、C)。

2.2 細(xì)胞發(fā)生(見(jiàn)圖2~5)

2.2.1 口器 發(fā)生早期,口后腹棘毛左側(cè)與左緣棘毛列右側(cè)獨(dú)立出現(xiàn)了一列小的無(wú)序排列的毛基粒群,即后仔蟲(chóng)的口原基(見(jiàn)圖2A、B;圖4A-C;長(zhǎng)箭頭)。隨后,此原基因毛基粒的增殖而擴(kuò)大并開(kāi)始由前至后、由右至左組裝形成新的小膜(見(jiàn)圖2C,長(zhǎng)箭頭)。進(jìn)一步發(fā)育,新小膜逐漸增多,新的口圍帶前端逐漸向右彎曲(見(jiàn)圖2D、E、G;圖3A)。至發(fā)生中期,小膜組裝完畢(見(jiàn)圖3C)。最終,后仔蟲(chóng)新形成的口圍帶遷移到既定位置(見(jiàn)圖3E、G)。

在整個(gè)細(xì)胞發(fā)生過(guò)程中,老口圍帶小膜不發(fā)生變化,由前仔蟲(chóng)完全繼承(見(jiàn)圖2A~E、G;圖3A、C、E、G)。

在后仔蟲(chóng)口原基發(fā)生不久,其右前方分化出波動(dòng)膜原基(額-腹-橫棘毛原基I)(見(jiàn)圖4E,長(zhǎng)箭頭)。伴隨著毛基粒的增殖,波動(dòng)膜原基逐漸拉長(zhǎng),并在原基前端產(chǎn)生1根額棘毛(見(jiàn)圖2E,G;圖3A)。隨后,波動(dòng)膜原基逐漸縱裂形成口內(nèi)膜和口側(cè)膜(見(jiàn)圖3C、E、G)。

發(fā)生早中期,老的波動(dòng)膜前端1/5~1/4的部分開(kāi)始反分化形成前仔蟲(chóng)的波動(dòng)膜原基(額-腹-橫棘毛原基I)(見(jiàn)圖2C、D,短箭頭)。伴隨著毛基粒的增殖,波動(dòng)膜原基逐漸拉長(zhǎng)并縱裂形成前仔蟲(chóng)口內(nèi)膜和口側(cè)膜的前段,并在原基的前端產(chǎn)生1根額棘毛(見(jiàn)圖2G;3A)。隨后,新形成的波動(dòng)膜前端與未發(fā)生變化的下端的老結(jié)構(gòu)拼接形成前仔蟲(chóng)完整的波動(dòng)膜(見(jiàn)圖3C、E、G)。

2.2.2 腹面棘毛 發(fā)生早中期,后仔蟲(chóng)口原基右前方形成額-腹-橫棘毛原基(FVTA)I-III,老口后腹棘毛I(xiàn)V/2和V/4分別反分化形成原基IV和V-VI;前仔蟲(chóng)中,口棘毛(II/2)反分化形成FVTA II,最左側(cè)額腹棘毛(III/2)反分化形成FVTA III,最下方額腹棘毛(IV/3)參與形成FVTA IV-VI(見(jiàn)圖2D、E)。隨后,F(xiàn)VTA伸長(zhǎng)為長(zhǎng)條帶狀并分段化(見(jiàn)圖2E、G;4H~J;5C~F)。隨著進(jìn)一步分化,F(xiàn)VTA I-VI最終按1∶3∶3∶3∶4∶4的方式分化為18根棘毛并遷移到既定位置:FVTA I,II,III的前端各貢獻(xiàn)出1根棘毛,并向前遷移至口圍帶頂端附近而形成額棘毛。原基II中部分化出1根棘毛,在發(fā)生的后期會(huì)沿著波動(dòng)膜原基遷移至波動(dòng)膜前端形成口棘毛。原基III,IV和VI分別貢獻(xiàn)1、1、2根棘毛(III/2,IV/3,VI/3,VI/4),最終遷移到額區(qū)形成額腹棘毛。原基IV和V分別貢獻(xiàn)1、2根棘毛(IV/2,V/3,V/4)而形成口后腹棘毛。原基V和VI各貢獻(xiàn)1根棘毛(V/2,VI/2)形成橫前腹棘毛。原基II-VI最下端各貢獻(xiàn)出1根粗壯的橫棘毛(II/1-VI/1),定位于蟲(chóng)體亞尾端(見(jiàn)圖3A、C、E、G;5I~L)。原基發(fā)育期間,未參與形成原基的老棘毛逐漸被重吸收(見(jiàn)圖3A、C、E、G)。

(A~C.早期發(fā)生個(gè)體腹面觀,長(zhǎng)箭頭示后仔蟲(chóng)口原基;D.早中期發(fā)生個(gè)體腹面觀,長(zhǎng)箭頭示前后仔蟲(chóng)額-腹-橫棘毛原基,短箭頭示反分化的老波動(dòng)膜;E、F.同一早中期發(fā)生個(gè)體腹面及背面觀,示反分化的棘毛(見(jiàn)圖E長(zhǎng)箭頭)及背觸毛原基(見(jiàn)圖F長(zhǎng)箭頭);G、H.同一發(fā)生個(gè)體腹面及背面觀,示左(見(jiàn)圖G短箭頭)右(見(jiàn)圖G長(zhǎng)箭頭)緣棘毛原基及大核復(fù)制帶(見(jiàn)圖H長(zhǎng)箭頭)。圖G中I-VI表示額-腹-橫棘毛原基I-VI。比例尺:50 μm。A-C. Ventral views of early dividers, arrows indicate oral primordium of the opisthe; D. Ventral view of an early-middle divider, arrows mark the fronto-ventral-transverse cirral anlagen, arrowhead indicates the dedifferentiating undulating membranes; E, F. Ventral and dorsal view of an early-middle divider, showing the dedifferentiating cirri (arrows in E) and the dorsal kinety anlagen (arrows in F); G, H. Ventral and dorsal view of the same divider, to show the left (arrowheads in G) and right (arrows in G) marginal row anlagen and the replication bands of macronuclear segments (arrows in H). I-VI in G, fronto-ventral-transverse cirral anlagen I-VI. Scale bar=50 μm.)

圖2 鬃異源棘尾蟲(chóng)發(fā)生早期(A~C)至早中期(D~H)纖毛圖式

Fig.2 Morphogenesis ofTetmemenapustulataafter protargol impregnation from early to early-middle stages

(A、B.同一發(fā)生個(gè)體腹面及背面觀,示右緣棘毛原基向前分裂出的小片斷(見(jiàn)圖A長(zhǎng)箭頭),左緣棘毛原基(短箭頭)及第3列背觸毛原基的斷裂(見(jiàn)圖B長(zhǎng)箭頭);C、D.中期發(fā)生個(gè)體腹面及背面觀,示新產(chǎn)生的背緣觸毛原基(見(jiàn)圖C長(zhǎng)箭頭)及新的尾棘毛(見(jiàn)圖D長(zhǎng)箭頭);E、F.同一晚期發(fā)生個(gè)體腹面及背面觀,示背緣觸毛列(見(jiàn)圖E長(zhǎng)箭頭);G、H.即將分裂的末期發(fā)生個(gè)體腹面及背面觀,示新棘毛的遷移及遷移到背面的背緣觸毛(長(zhǎng)箭頭)。BC:口棘毛;FC:額棘毛;FVC:額腹棘毛;PTVC:橫前腹棘毛;PVC:口后腹棘毛; TC:橫棘毛。比例尺:30 μm(A,B);50 μm(G,H)。A, B. Ventral and dorsal view of the same divider, showing the small segments split anteriorly from right marginal row anlagen (arrows in A), left marginal row anlagen (arrowheads), and the fragmentation of 3rd dorsal kinety anlagen (arrows in B); C, D. Ventral and dorsal view of a middle divider, to show the newly formed dorsomarginal kinety anlagen (arrows in C) and the new caudal cirri (arrows in D); E, F. Ventral and dorsal view of a late divider, to show the newly formed dorsomarginal kineties (arrowheads in E); G, H. Ventral and dorsal view of the same divider which is about to separate, to show the migration of new cirri and the dorsomarginal kineties migrated to the dorsal side (arrows). BC: Buccal cirri; FC: Frontal cirri; FVC: Frontoventral cirri; PTVC: Pretransverse ventral cirri; PVC: Postoral ventral cirri; TC: Transverse cirri. Scale bars=30 μm (in A, B); 50 μm (in G, H).)

圖3 鬃異源棘尾蟲(chóng)發(fā)生早中期至末期纖毛圖式

Fig.3 Morphogenesis ofTetmemenapustulataafter protargol impregnation from early-middle to late stages

2.2.3 緣棘毛 發(fā)生早中期,右緣棘毛列前端1根棘毛反分化形成前仔蟲(chóng)右緣棘毛原基(見(jiàn)圖2E;圖4G)。隨后,前、后仔蟲(chóng)的左、右緣棘毛原基均由老結(jié)構(gòu)反分化形成,且右緣棘毛原基(見(jiàn)圖2G;圖5E,長(zhǎng)箭頭)發(fā)育比左邊(見(jiàn)圖2G,短箭頭;圖5F,長(zhǎng)箭頭)更早更快。緣棘毛原基不斷增殖,分化為棘毛并向兩端延伸從而最終取代老結(jié)構(gòu),成為前、后仔蟲(chóng)新的緣棘毛列(見(jiàn)圖3A、C、E、G)。

2.2.4 背觸毛 新的背觸毛來(lái)自2組原基:發(fā)生早中期,第1、2、3列老背觸毛中部前后分別出現(xiàn)一小列原基,即前、后仔蟲(chóng)的第1、2、3列背觸毛原基(見(jiàn)圖2F;圖4F;長(zhǎng)箭頭)。這些原基逐步增殖,向前后兩端延伸(見(jiàn)圖2H)。隨著原基的進(jìn)一步增殖,第3列背觸毛原基在末端斷裂形成第4列背觸毛原基(見(jiàn)圖3B;圖4K;圖5G;長(zhǎng)箭頭),同時(shí)前、后仔蟲(chóng)右緣棘毛原基前端分離出來(lái)一小段原基,即背緣觸毛原基(見(jiàn)圖3A;圖5A;長(zhǎng)箭頭)。發(fā)生中期,第1、2、4列背觸毛原基的末端各形成1根尾棘毛,同時(shí)背緣觸毛原基縱向分化成一長(zhǎng)一短2列原基,即背緣觸毛原基5和6(見(jiàn)圖3C、D;圖4L;圖5B)。隨后,背觸毛原基1-4繼續(xù)發(fā)育并向前后兩端延伸,背緣觸毛原基5、6向蟲(chóng)體背部遷移,老背觸毛也逐漸被吸收(見(jiàn)圖3E~H)。

2.2.5 核器 核器的發(fā)生過(guò)程與其他腹毛類纖毛蟲(chóng)非常相似,即在早期2枚大核的遠(yuǎn)端各出現(xiàn)一條DNA復(fù)制帶,并向細(xì)胞的中央移動(dòng)(見(jiàn)圖2H,長(zhǎng)箭頭),至發(fā)生中后期2枚大核融合(見(jiàn)圖3D;圖5H;長(zhǎng)箭頭),后逐漸拉伸,分裂2次后隨著細(xì)胞分裂分配到前、后仔蟲(chóng)中,從而保證2個(gè)新仔蟲(chóng)各有2枚大核(見(jiàn)圖3F、H;圖5I~L)。小核可見(jiàn)有絲分裂(見(jiàn)圖3B、D、F、H)。

(A、B、C.早期發(fā)生個(gè)體腹面觀,示后仔蟲(chóng)口原基(長(zhǎng)箭頭);D.前仔蟲(chóng)腹面觀,示正在反分化的老棘毛(長(zhǎng)箭頭);E.后仔蟲(chóng)腹面觀,示波動(dòng)膜原基(長(zhǎng)箭頭);F.背面觀,示背觸毛原基(長(zhǎng)箭頭);G.前仔蟲(chóng)腹面觀,示老的波動(dòng)膜前端反分化的部分(長(zhǎng)箭頭)及右緣棘毛原基(短箭頭);H.后仔蟲(chóng)腹面觀,示條狀額-腹-橫棘毛原基(長(zhǎng)箭頭);I.前仔蟲(chóng)腹面觀,示新形成的部分波動(dòng)膜(長(zhǎng)箭頭);J.前仔蟲(chóng)腹面觀,示新的額-腹-橫棘毛;K.背面觀,示第3列背觸毛原基的斷裂(長(zhǎng)箭頭);L.背面觀,示新的尾棘毛(短箭頭)。A, B, C. Ventral views of early dividers, showing oral primordium of the opisthe (arrows); D. Ventral view of proter, arrows mark the dedifferentiating parental cirri; E. Ventral view of opisthe, arrow indicates the undulating membranes anlagen; F. Dorsal view, showing dorsal kinety anlagen (arrows); G. Ventral view of proter, arrow marks the dedifferentiating part of the old undulating membranes, arrowhead indicates the right marginal row anlage; H. Ventral view of opisthe, arrows indicate the streak-like fronto-ventral-transverse cirral anlagen; I. Ventral view of proter, arrow indicates the newly formed part of undulating membranes; J. Ventral view of proter, to show the new fronto-ventral-transverse cirri; K. Dorsal view, arrows indicate the fragmentation of the 3rd dorsal kinety anlage; L. Dorsal view, arrowheads mark the new caudal cirri.)

圖4 鬃異源棘尾蟲(chóng)細(xì)胞發(fā)生時(shí)期蛋白銀染色照片細(xì)節(jié)特點(diǎn)

Fig.4 Detailed features of morphogenesis ofTetmemenapustulataafter protargol impregnation

(A.前仔蟲(chóng)腹面觀,示由右緣棘毛原基向前分裂出的小片斷(長(zhǎng)箭頭);B.前仔蟲(chóng)腹面觀,示背緣觸毛原基(長(zhǎng)箭頭);C、D.腹面觀,示條狀額-腹-橫棘毛原基(見(jiàn)圖C長(zhǎng)箭頭);E.腹面觀,示右緣棘毛原基(長(zhǎng)箭頭);F、G.同一發(fā)生個(gè)體腹面及背面觀,示左緣棘毛原基(見(jiàn)圖F長(zhǎng)箭頭)及第3列背觸毛原基的斷裂(見(jiàn)圖G長(zhǎng)箭頭);H.腹面觀,示單一的大核融合體(長(zhǎng)箭頭);I~K.晚期發(fā)生個(gè)體腹面觀,示大核的分裂及新棘毛的遷移;L.新分裂出的前仔蟲(chóng)腹面觀。比例尺:50 μm(C,E);60 μm(L)。A. Ventral view of proter, to show the small segments split anteriorly from right marginal row anlage (arrow); B. Ventral view of proter, arrow notes the dorsomarginal kinety anlagen; C, D. Ventral views, to show the streak-like fronto-ventral-transverse cirral anlagen (arrows in C); E. Ventral view, arrows mark the right marginal row anlagen; F, G. Ventral and dorsal view of the same divider, showing the left marginal row anlagen (arrows in F) and the fragmentation of the 3rd dorsal kinety anlagen (arrows in G); H. Ventral view, noting the single mass of macronuclei (arrow); I~K. Ventral views of the late dividers, to show the division of macronuclei and migration of new cirri; L. Ventral view of newly separated proter. Scale bars=50 μm (in C, E); 60 μm (in L).)

圖5 鬃異源棘尾蟲(chóng)細(xì)胞發(fā)生時(shí)期蛋白銀染色照片

Fig.5 Morphogenesis ofTetmemenapustulataafter protargol impregnation

3 討論

3.1 形態(tài)學(xué)比較

鬃異源棘尾蟲(chóng)的模式種群僅有簡(jiǎn)單的活體形態(tài)信息,漠河種群與之相比在體型、伸縮泡位置等方面基本一致,因此兩者可以被認(rèn)為是同種[17]。在纖毛圖式特征及形態(tài)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)等方面本種群與月亮湖及珠江種群非常吻合,并且3個(gè)種群活體大小變化幅度都較大:本種群(45~125) μm×(25~85) μm,月亮湖種群(48~124) μm×(26~83) μm,珠江種群(75~115) μm×(40~60) μm[11, 14]。但其它研究所涉種群個(gè)體均較大,特別是Bhatia(1936),Bürger(1905)和Roux(1901)種群個(gè)體明顯較大(150~230 μm,230 μm × 96 μm,(180~220) μm×(85~105) μm)[1]。這些因生境不同而在個(gè)體大小方面產(chǎn)生較大變異的現(xiàn)象在淡水和土壤纖毛蟲(chóng)中是很普遍的[1, 18-19]。

3.2 發(fā)生學(xué)比較

與月亮湖種群相比,本種群發(fā)生學(xué)特征與其完全一致,進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了本種具有非常穩(wěn)定的細(xì)胞發(fā)生學(xué)特征[1, 11],從而表明該類特征可作為種類區(qū)分的一個(gè)指標(biāo)。本種無(wú)性二分裂過(guò)程中皮層纖毛器演化所表現(xiàn)的特征,諸如:后仔蟲(chóng)口原基在細(xì)胞表面發(fā)生,前仔蟲(chóng)繼承老口圍帶,額腹橫棘毛以“1∶3∶3∶3∶4∶4”的方式分化形成18根棘毛,緣棘毛原基在老結(jié)構(gòu)中產(chǎn)生,背觸毛為2組發(fā)生式等是大多數(shù)尖毛科纖毛蟲(chóng)所共有的特征[1, 5]。但同時(shí),本種亦表現(xiàn)出下列獨(dú)征:1)前仔蟲(chóng)中波動(dòng)膜為拼接式發(fā)生,即老波動(dòng)膜只是其前端反分化產(chǎn)生新的原基,然后與未發(fā)生變化的后部老波動(dòng)膜一起形成前仔蟲(chóng)的波動(dòng)膜,這一發(fā)生特征僅在棘尾蟲(chóng)屬(Stylonychia)內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn),與其它絕大多數(shù)腹毛類纖毛蟲(chóng)中的完全更新不同[1, 20-22];2)背緣觸毛原基源于右緣棘毛原基的前端斷裂,此為該種背緣觸毛原基起源的首次發(fā)現(xiàn)[1, 20-22]。

本種的唯一同屬種,貪食異源棘尾蟲(chóng)目前無(wú)發(fā)生學(xué)報(bào)道。本種與相近的貽貝棘尾蟲(chóng)(棘尾蟲(chóng)屬的模式種)的發(fā)生學(xué)特征相比,主要區(qū)別在于:1)前者新口原基于口后腹棘毛和左緣棘毛列之間產(chǎn)生,而后者則靠近橫棘毛左側(cè)產(chǎn)生;2)前仔蟲(chóng)中,前者口棘毛(II/2)反分化形成FVTA II,F(xiàn)VTA IV-VI來(lái)自額腹棘毛I(xiàn)V/3,后者FVTA II來(lái)自后仔蟲(chóng)的口原基,老口棘毛(II/2)未發(fā)生變化,F(xiàn)VTA IV來(lái)自額腹棘毛I(xiàn)V/3,F(xiàn)VTA V-VI來(lái)自右側(cè)口后腹棘毛V/4;3)后仔蟲(chóng)中,前者口后腹棘毛I(xiàn)V/2和V/4分別形成FVTA IV和V-VI,后者僅由口后腹棘毛V/4形成FVTA IV-VI。以上這些不同之處進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了異源棘尾蟲(chóng)屬建立的必要性。

3.3 系統(tǒng)地位

鬃異源棘尾蟲(chóng)的研究歷史十分久遠(yuǎn),且其系統(tǒng)地位一直不明。其最早由Müller于1786年歸入Kerona屬,隨后的200年一直被視為棘尾蟲(chóng)屬(Stylonychia)中的一個(gè)種[1],直至Eigner(1997)將此種轉(zhuǎn)移到Clara屬[9]。但隨后發(fā)現(xiàn)屬名Clara早被占用,于是Eigner(1999)用屬名Tetmemena代替Clara[10]。本研究及前人的研究表明,盡管本種與棘尾蟲(chóng)在形態(tài)和發(fā)生學(xué)特征具有相似之處,這正好說(shuō)明它們應(yīng)隸屬于同一科級(jí)階元,但與此同時(shí),也存在不少關(guān)鍵的不同,因此支持將其從棘尾蟲(chóng)屬移出另建新屬[9-10,14]。最近有關(guān)該種的分子系統(tǒng)學(xué)研究同樣支持此形態(tài)分類的觀點(diǎn)[23-24]。

4 結(jié)論

本文對(duì)鬃異源棘尾蟲(chóng)漠河種群的形態(tài)學(xué)及細(xì)胞發(fā)生學(xué)進(jìn)行了詳盡的研究,首次揭示了該種背緣觸毛原基的起源,同時(shí)驗(yàn)證了鬃異源棘尾蟲(chóng)種內(nèi)穩(wěn)定的細(xì)胞發(fā)生學(xué)特征,并進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了異源棘尾蟲(chóng)屬建立的必要性,此外,還為本種的地理分布等研究提供了信息支持。

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藥學(xué)生應(yīng)加強(qiáng)藥事法規(guī)的學(xué)習(xí),他們應(yīng)知道違法紅線絕對(duì)不能踩,違法的行為必會(huì)受到嚴(yán)懲。藥學(xué)院校應(yīng)加強(qiáng)藥學(xué)實(shí)踐、藥患溝通實(shí)踐、藥事管理等課程比重,強(qiáng)化人文素養(yǎng)和法律法規(guī)知識(shí)的教育。

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責(zé)任編輯 朱寶象

Morphology and Ontogeny of Tetmemena pustulata(Müller, 1786) Eigner, 1999 from Mohe, China

LUO Xiao-Tian1, LI Li-Qiong1, 2, MA Hong-Gang1, HU Xiao-Zhong1

(1.College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; 2.School of Ocean, Yantai Academy, China Agricultural University, Yantai 264670, China)

The morphology and morphogenesis ofTetmemenapustulata(Müller, 1786) Eigner, 1999 isolated from Mohe, China, were investigated using live observation and protargol impregnation. Our populations resembled the other populations in terms of their live characters and ciliary patterns. The main morphogenetic features during division are described as follows: 1) the parental adoral zone of membranelles is kept by the proter, but the parental undulating membranes are retained after division, except for the anterior part dedifferentiating into undulating membranes anlagen; 2) the oral primordium of the opisthe developsdenovoon cell surface; 3) the parental cirri II/2 and III/2, IV/3, IV/2, and V/4 contribute to the formation of fronto-ventral-transverse cirral anlagen for the proter and opisthe, respectively; 4) the fronto-ventral-transverse cirral anlagen I~VI forms cirri in the mode of “1∶3∶3∶3∶4∶4”; 5) marginal cirri anlagen are generated within the parental marginal rows; 6) dorsal kineties are formed inOxytrichapattern, and the 5th and 6th dorsomarginal kineties originate from small segments split anteriorly from right marginal row anlagen, which is the first reveal for the origination of the dorsomarginal kineties forTetmemenapustulata.

ciliate; Hypotrichia; Sporadotrichida; Oxytrichidae; morphogenesis

國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(31430077);青島市應(yīng)用基礎(chǔ)研究計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(15-12-1-1-jch)資助

2016-07-29;

2016-09-07

羅曉甜(1989-),女,博士生。E-mail: luoxiaotian512@163.com

** 通訊作者:E-mail: xiaozhonghu@ouc.edu.cn

Q959.117

A

1672-5174(2016)11-082-09

10.16441/j.cnki.hdxb.20160272

羅曉甜, 李俐瓊, 馬洪鋼, 等. 鬃異源棘尾蟲(chóng)的形態(tài)學(xué)及細(xì)胞發(fā)生學(xué)研究[J]. 中國(guó)海洋大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版), 2016, 46(11): 82-90.

LUO Xiao-Tian, LI Li-Qiong, MA Hong-Gang, et al. Morphology and ontogeny ofTetmemenapustulata(Müller, 1786) Eigner, 1999 from Mohe, China [J]. Periodical of Ocean University of China, 2016, 46(11): 82-90.

Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31430077); Applied Basic Research Project of Qingdao City (15-12-1-1-jch)

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