鄭素慧,韓 盛,徐 斌,朱文慧,潘 儼,張 婷,車(chē)?guó)P斌
(1.新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)產(chǎn)品貯藏加工研究所,烏魯木齊 830091;2.新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院植物保護(hù)研究所研究所,烏魯木齊 830091;3.新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)食品科學(xué)與藥學(xué)學(xué)院,烏魯木齊 830052)
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幾種防治方法對(duì)印度谷螟防治效果研究
鄭素慧1,韓 盛2,徐 斌1,朱文慧3,潘 儼1,張 婷1,車(chē)?guó)P斌1
(1.新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)產(chǎn)品貯藏加工研究所,烏魯木齊 830091;2.新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院植物保護(hù)研究所研究所,烏魯木齊 830091;3.新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)食品科學(xué)與藥學(xué)學(xué)院,烏魯木齊 830052)
【目的】研究對(duì)印度谷螟幼蟲(chóng)有效的防治方法。【方法】通過(guò)低溫(-10、-5、0和5℃)、化學(xué)藥劑(甲酸乙酯、乙醇)和生物源藥劑(生姜精油、薰衣草精油、大蒜精油、花椒精油)等分別處理印度谷螟幼蟲(chóng),低溫處理后統(tǒng)計(jì)幼蟲(chóng)死亡率,其余處理統(tǒng)計(jì)幼蟲(chóng)羽化率,采用SPSS軟件的Duncan顯著性檢驗(yàn)方法分析數(shù)據(jù)?!窘Y(jié)果】20 d內(nèi)-10~0℃幼蟲(chóng)死亡率超過(guò)80%, 5℃條件幼蟲(chóng)死亡率在50%左右; 0℃及其以下與對(duì)照差異顯著但之間差異不顯著;乙醇處理后其羽化率始終低于30%;甲酸乙酯處理羽化率在15%左右,兩實(shí)驗(yàn)組均與對(duì)照組差異顯著但兩實(shí)驗(yàn)組之間差異不顯著;花椒精油和大蒜精油處理組羽化率維持在20%,生姜精油實(shí)驗(yàn)組羽化率50%,熏衣草油組羽化率60%,對(duì)照組達(dá)到80%,花椒精油、大蒜精油、生姜精油幼蟲(chóng)羽化率與對(duì)照組差異顯著但之間差異不顯著?!窘Y(jié)論】印度谷螟幼蟲(chóng)具有一定的低溫耐受性,在0℃及以下的低溫對(duì)幼蟲(chóng)具有顯著的致死作用;化學(xué)藥劑處理(甲酸乙酯和乙醇)和生物源藥劑處理(大蒜精油或者花椒精油)對(duì)幼蟲(chóng)有顯著的抑制作用。
印度谷螟幼蟲(chóng);羽化;植物精油
【研究意義】印度谷螟(Plodiainterpunctella)屬鱗翅目螟蛾科,是一種分布廣、食性雜的世界性倉(cāng)貯害蟲(chóng)[1],以幼蟲(chóng)危害各種糧食及其加工品、豆類(lèi)、油料、干果、干菜、奶粉、蜜餞果品等,具有易爆發(fā)、難控制等特點(diǎn)。結(jié)合前期研究基礎(chǔ),發(fā)現(xiàn)在新疆特色干堅(jiān)果,比如干制駿棗、葡萄干、杏干、核桃、巴旦木等貯藏期間均有害蟲(chóng)印度谷螟發(fā)生。新疆是我國(guó)優(yōu)質(zhì)林果產(chǎn)區(qū),如紅棗、葡萄干、杏除一小部分作為鮮食外,絕大多數(shù)干制進(jìn)行貯藏,而貯藏害蟲(chóng)印度谷螟造成的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失相當(dāng)驚人。因此,研究不同的防治方法對(duì)印度谷螟幼蟲(chóng)的影響,以阻斷其正常的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育來(lái)達(dá)到防治目的?!厩叭搜芯窟M(jìn)展】近年來(lái),國(guó)內(nèi)許多學(xué)者對(duì)印度谷螟的分布、行為活動(dòng)等生物學(xué)習(xí)性進(jìn)行了研究[2-4],同時(shí)對(duì)防治技術(shù)和方法如化學(xué)藥劑[5-6]、蘇云金芽孢桿菌[7-8]、昆蟲(chóng)信息素[9]、植物源殺蟲(chóng)劑[10-12]、電子束[13]等作了大量防治試驗(yàn),但涉及印度谷螟幼蟲(chóng)的綜合防治技術(shù)方面的研究尚少。【本研究切入點(diǎn)】目前,關(guān)于印度谷螟的研究較多,但系統(tǒng)性地研究印度谷螟幼蟲(chóng)防治技術(shù)報(bào)道較少。以印度谷螟幼蟲(chóng)作為研究對(duì)象,以幼蟲(chóng)死亡率和羽化率為考核指標(biāo),通過(guò)低溫、化學(xué)藥劑和生物源藥劑處理幼蟲(chóng),初步篩選出適宜的防治方法,有效降低印度谷螟的危害。【擬解決的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題】研究適宜的防治技術(shù),阻斷印度谷螟正常的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,減少其危害,為生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐提供參考。
1.1 材 料
供試印度谷螟(Plodia interpunctella)幼蟲(chóng)由新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院植物保護(hù)研究所提供,供試幼蟲(chóng)均為發(fā)育健康,大小一致的3~4齡幼蟲(chóng)。
化學(xué)藥劑:甲酸乙酯(97%)和無(wú)水乙醇(95%)均為分析純;生物源藥劑(生姜精油、薰衣草精油、大蒜精油、花椒精油)均購(gòu)自吉水縣金康天然香料廠。
1.2 方 法
1.2.1 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
不同低溫處理方法貯藏試驗(yàn):設(shè)置4組不同物理方法處理:(1)-10℃;(2)-5℃;(3)0℃;(4)5℃。
不同化學(xué)藥劑處理貯藏試驗(yàn):設(shè)置2組不同化學(xué)方法處理:(1)甲酸乙酯;(2)乙醇;各處理濃度均為0.1 mL/mL。
不同生物源藥劑處理試驗(yàn):設(shè)置4組不同精油處理:(1)生姜精油;(2)熏衣草油;(3)大蒜精油;(4)花椒精油;各處理濃度均為0.1 mL/mL。
1.2.2 計(jì)算死亡率和羽化率
將體積比為10%的精油溶液或化學(xué)試劑溶液與印度谷螟幼蟲(chóng)飼料按1 mL供試溶液拌3.5 g飼料的比例混勻制成供試飼料A,試驗(yàn)設(shè)三次重復(fù),每處理將近3齡期幼蟲(chóng)15頭接入盛有20 g飼料A的培養(yǎng)罐中,按不同處理要求飼養(yǎng),每日定時(shí)觀察統(tǒng)計(jì)幼蟲(chóng)死亡率和羽化率。
幼蟲(chóng)死亡率(%)=(死亡幼蟲(chóng)數(shù)/試驗(yàn)幼蟲(chóng)數(shù))×100% .
幼蟲(chóng)羽化率(%)=(已羽化成蟲(chóng)數(shù)/試驗(yàn)幼蟲(chóng)數(shù))×100%.
2.1 低溫處理對(duì)印度谷螟幼蟲(chóng)的影響
研究表明,0℃條件下到第20 d幼蟲(chóng)的死亡率接近80%,在-5℃條件下4 d之內(nèi)幼蟲(chóng)全部死亡,-10℃條件下幼蟲(chóng)在2 d之內(nèi)全部死亡,可見(jiàn)0℃及其以下的低溫對(duì)于印度谷螟幼蟲(chóng)具有極強(qiáng)的致死作用;在5℃的實(shí)驗(yàn)組中,幼蟲(chóng)在5 d之內(nèi)均能夠存活,從10 d開(kāi)始直到第20 d死亡率逐漸增加至50%左右; 顯著性分析表明, -10和-5℃實(shí)驗(yàn)組在5 d之內(nèi)幼蟲(chóng)死亡率極顯著(P<0.01)大于其余兩組(0和5℃),-10℃實(shí)驗(yàn)組從第1到第3 d的印度谷螟幼蟲(chóng)死亡率均極顯著(P<0.01)大于其余三組(-5、0和5℃),最后第20 d的檢測(cè)表明0℃及其以下的實(shí)驗(yàn)組幼蟲(chóng)死亡率均極顯著(P<0.01)大于5℃實(shí)驗(yàn)組,但0℃及其以下的實(shí)驗(yàn)組之間幼蟲(chóng)死亡率差異不顯著。不同溫度試驗(yàn)初步表明,印度谷螟幼蟲(chóng)具有一定的低溫耐受性,但在0℃及以下的貯藏條件對(duì)印度谷螟幼蟲(chóng)具有極強(qiáng)的抑制及顯著的致死作用。圖1
圖1 不同溫度處理后印度谷螟幼蟲(chóng)死亡率
Fig. 1 The mortality of Plodia interpunctella larvae were treated by different temperature
2.2 不同化學(xué)藥劑處理對(duì)印度谷螟幼蟲(chóng)羽化率的影響
常溫條件下,甲酸乙酯和乙醇處理后對(duì)印度谷螟幼蟲(chóng)羽化具有顯著抑制作用,乙醇處理后到第17 d 20%左右幼蟲(chóng)羽化,直至檢測(cè)周期結(jié)束其羽化率始終低于30%;甲酸乙酯處理后到第21 d只有15%左右幼蟲(chóng)羽化,其后羽化率不再增高;對(duì)照組在第13 d 40%左右的幼蟲(chóng)羽化,到17 d時(shí)達(dá)75%,24 d后羽化率達(dá)到80%以上。
顯著性檢驗(yàn)表明,在整個(gè)檢測(cè)周期內(nèi),甲酸乙酯和乙醇處理組的幼蟲(chóng)羽化率均顯著(P<0.05)小于對(duì)照組,在第17 d時(shí)甲酸乙酯處理組的羽化率顯著(P<0.05)低于其余兩組(乙醇組和對(duì)照組);之后的幼蟲(chóng)羽化率檢測(cè)顯示除與對(duì)照組差異顯著(P<0.05)外,甲酸乙酯與乙醇處理組之間幼蟲(chóng)羽化率差異并不顯著。化學(xué)藥劑處理研究表明,甲酸乙酯和乙醇處理對(duì)印度谷螟幼蟲(chóng)的羽化具有顯著的抑制作用,試驗(yàn)中研究者觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)這種抑制作用是由于部分幼蟲(chóng)吃了含有甲酸乙酯和乙醇的飼料直接死亡造成的,表明這兩種化學(xué)藥劑對(duì)印度谷螟幼蟲(chóng)有較強(qiáng)的致死作用。圖2
2.3 不同生物源藥劑處理對(duì)印度谷螟幼蟲(chóng)羽化率的影響
花椒精油和大蒜精油處理組均在第20 d 20%的幼蟲(chóng)羽化,其后羽化率不再增高;熏衣草精油處理組在第17 d的檢測(cè)中羽化率達(dá)到20%,到第20 d達(dá)到近60%,其后羽化率一直保持在60%;對(duì)照組在第13 d時(shí)幼蟲(chóng)羽化率即達(dá)到40%,第17 d羽化率超過(guò)70%,至實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束羽化率達(dá)到80%。
顯著性檢驗(yàn)表明,不同生物源藥劑處理13 d時(shí),大蒜精油處理組、薰衣草精油處理組、生姜精油處理組、花椒精油處理組羽化率顯著(P<0.05)小于對(duì)照組(CK),各實(shí)驗(yàn)組之間差異不顯著;17 d時(shí),大蒜精油處理組、薰衣草精油處理組、生姜精油處理組、花椒精油處理組羽化率顯著(P<0.05)小于對(duì)照組,大蒜精油處理組、生姜精油處理組羽化率顯著(P<0.05)小于薰衣草精油處理組、花椒精油處理組,大蒜精油處理組和生姜精油處理組之間差異不顯著,薰衣草精油處理組和花椒精油處理組之間差異不顯著;21 d時(shí),大蒜精油處理組、花椒處理組羽化率顯著(P<0.05)小于生姜精油處理組、薰衣草精油處理組、對(duì)照組, 大蒜精油處理組和花椒精油處理組差異不顯著,生姜精油處理組、薰衣草精油處理組、對(duì)照組之間差異不顯著;24 d時(shí),大蒜精油處理組、花椒精油處理組羽化率顯著(P<0.05)小于薰衣草精油處理組、對(duì)照組, 大蒜精油處理組、花椒精油處理組、生姜精油處理組之間差異不顯著,生姜精油處理組、薰衣草精油處理組、對(duì)照組之間差異不顯著。圖3
圖2 不同化學(xué)藥劑處理下印度谷螟幼蟲(chóng)羽化率變化
Fig. 2 The influence of Plodia interpunctella larvae eclosion rate under different chemical methods
綜合分析表明,各種不同植物源藥劑實(shí)驗(yàn)組均有一定的抑制印度谷螟幼蟲(chóng)羽化的作用,這種抑制作用是由于其對(duì)印度谷螟幼蟲(chóng)具有一定的致死作用,同時(shí)部分植物源藥劑具有一定的阻斷印度谷螟由蛹至成蟲(chóng)發(fā)育進(jìn)程的作用。實(shí)驗(yàn)周期內(nèi)花椒精油與大蒜精油比其他處理方法具有更顯著的抑制印度谷螟幼蟲(chóng)羽化作用,而熏衣草精油、生姜精油幼蟲(chóng)羽化率與對(duì)照處理差異不顯著。可初步選擇大蒜精油或者花椒精油作為防治印度谷螟幼蟲(chóng)候選生物藥劑。
圖3 不同生物源藥劑處理印度谷螟幼蟲(chóng)羽化率變化
Fig. 3 The influence of Plodia interpunctella larvae eclosion rate under different plant essential oil methods
印度谷螟是一種世界性分布的重要倉(cāng)貯害蟲(chóng),幼蟲(chóng)食性雜,可對(duì)各種糧食、農(nóng)副產(chǎn)品及其加工制品、奶粉、香料、動(dòng)植物藥材及干鮮果品等造成嚴(yán)重危害,輕者綴絲降低產(chǎn)品品質(zhì),重者蟲(chóng)尸、糞便與被害物碎屑混存,失去食用價(jià)值,損失巨大[14-15]。
一定程度的低溫能干擾細(xì)胞的正常代謝,嚴(yán)重者可造成害蟲(chóng)死亡[16]。低溫處理對(duì)印度谷螟有較好的致死作用,處理溫度越低,致死幼蟲(chóng)所用的時(shí)間越短,可作為快速殺滅害蟲(chóng)的方法;化學(xué)藥劑處理和生物精油處理方法在常溫下都能有效抑制印度谷螟幼蟲(chóng)的羽化,羽化率均低于對(duì)照組,可阻斷其正常的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,達(dá)到防治的目的。
干制駿棗、葡萄干等,低溫處理操作簡(jiǎn)易、易于推廣,貯藏?zé)o需全程低溫,可節(jié)約成本,但大規(guī)模應(yīng)用還是受到需要專(zhuān)用制冷設(shè)備的局限;化學(xué)藥劑處理和生物源藥劑處理不僅能有效控制印度谷螟的發(fā)生,還能延長(zhǎng)干制紅棗的貯藏時(shí)間并保持其品質(zhì),化學(xué)藥劑處理方法(甲酸乙酯、乙醇)和生物源藥劑處理(大蒜精油、花椒精油)都能有效抑制印度谷螟的羽化,但由于大蒜精油和花椒精油具有強(qiáng)烈的刺激性氣味,應(yīng)用于干果保質(zhì),會(huì)有強(qiáng)烈氣味,而進(jìn)一步研究干果貯藏過(guò)程中復(fù)合包裝材料的填充層中添加這兩種精油可能是一種較好的應(yīng)用方法。
印度谷螟幼蟲(chóng)具有一定的低溫耐受性,但在0℃及以下的貯藏條件對(duì)印度谷螟幼蟲(chóng)具有極強(qiáng)的抑制及顯著的致死作用;甲酸乙酯和乙醇處理后對(duì)印度谷螟幼蟲(chóng)具有顯著的致死作用;花椒精油與大蒜精油具有更顯著的抑制印度谷螟幼蟲(chóng)羽化作用,兩種生物制劑可作為防治印度谷螟幼蟲(chóng)候選生物藥劑。
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Fund project:Supported by national science and technology support program "Integration and Demonstration of Key Techniques of Modern Storage and Transportation for featured Fruits and Melons in Xinjiang"(2011BAD27B01)
The Preliminary Research on the Control Efficacy of Plodiainterpunctella(Hiibner) Larvae with Different Methods
ZHENG Su- hui1, HAN Sheng2, XU Bin1, ZHU Wen-hui3, PAN Yan1, ZHANG Ting1, CHE Feng-bin1
(1.Research Institute of Agro-products Storage and Processing,Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China; 2. Research Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China;3. College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China)
【Objective】 To seek one treatment method for preventing growth ofPlodiainterpunctella(Hiibner) larvae. 【Method】Different hypothermia physical, chemical and plant essential oil treatment methods were applied onPlodiainterpunctella(Hiibner) larvae respectively. Hypothermia physical treatments included four different temperatures that were -10℃, -5℃, 0℃ and 5℃, chemical treatments included ethyl formate and ethanol, plant essential oil treatments included garlic oil, lavender oil, pepper oil and ginger oil. The statistic eclosion rate of different treatments except hypothermia physical treatments was calculated by mortality rate. The ANOVA of data were analyzed using the Duncan test by SPSS software.【Result】The research showed that larvae mortality rate was more than 80% between-10℃ and 0℃, larvae mortality rate was 50% in 5℃ condition at whole detected time. It was significantly different between 0℃ treatment or below and other treatments, but it was not so obvious among them. Larvae eclosion rate was always below 30% by ethanol and around 15% by ethyl formate separately, it was significant different between control group and two experiment groups in which ethanol and ethyl formate treatments separately did not significantly different between them. The larvae eclosion rate was 20%, 50%, 60% being treated by garlic oil, pepper oil, ginger oil and lavender oil respectively, at the same time the control group larvae eclosion rate was more than 80%. It was significantly different between control group and other groups but no so significantly different among them being treated by pepper oil, garlic oil and ginger oil separately. 【Conclusion】Plodiainterpunctella(Hiibner) larvae could tolerate hypothermia conditions more or less, but at 0℃ temperature or below. The life of the larvae is significantly affected. Chemical treatments by ethanol or ethyl formate or by plant essential oil (garlic oil or pepper oil) have a significant inhibitory effect on the larvae.
Plodiainterpunctella(Hiibner); eclosion; plant essential oil
10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2016.05.014
2015-10-12
國(guó)家科技支撐計(jì)劃課題“新疆特色瓜果現(xiàn)代貯藏關(guān)鍵技術(shù)集成研究與示范”(2011BAD27B01)
鄭素慧(1982-),女,新疆人,助理研究員,碩士,研究方向?yàn)檗r(nóng)產(chǎn)品貯藏加工,(E-mail)zhengsuhui_xj@163.com
車(chē)?guó)P斌(1956-),男,吉林人,研究員,研究方向?yàn)楣麡?shù)栽培和貯藏加工,(E-mail)chefb@xaas.ac.cn
S47
A
1001-4330(2016)05-0888-05