韋宗凱,楊軍,楊茹,劉皇亮,劉文,張敏萍,單忠艷,賴亞新
(1.中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院心血管超聲科,沈陽 110001;2.遼寧省內(nèi)分泌疾病重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌與代謝病科,沈陽 110001)
超聲極速成像技術(shù)評價(jià)代謝綜合征頸動(dòng)脈彈性的初步研究
韋宗凱1,楊軍1,楊茹1,劉皇亮1,劉文1,張敏萍1,單忠艷2,賴亞新2
(1.中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院心血管超聲科,沈陽 110001;2.遼寧省內(nèi)分泌疾病重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌與代謝病科,沈陽 110001)
目的探討超聲極速成像技術(shù)早期定量評價(jià)代謝綜合征(MS)患者頸動(dòng)脈彈性的臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值。方法對沈陽市某社區(qū)健康體檢人群行頸動(dòng)脈超聲檢查,使用超聲極速成像技術(shù)定量測量頸動(dòng)脈脈搏波傳導(dǎo)速度(PWV)[收縮期開始時(shí)PWV(PWVBS)和收縮期結(jié)束時(shí)PWV(PWVES)]。根據(jù)血液生化檢查結(jié)果及體格檢查結(jié)果分為MS組(A組),未達(dá)MS診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)組(B組)及完全正常組(C組)。結(jié)果A組和B組的左側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈PWVBS及PWVES高于右側(cè)(P均<0.05),而C組左、右側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈PWVBS及PWVES差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);A組及B組左側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜中層厚度(IMT)、PWVBS和PWVES(L?IMT、L?PWVBS和L?PWVES)均大于C組(P均<0.05);A組與B組比較L?PWVBS和L?PWVES差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均<0.05),但L?IMT差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論MS患者及未達(dá)MS診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的患者頸動(dòng)脈彈性均較正常人減低,且左側(cè)減低要早于右側(cè),超聲極速成像技術(shù)可早期評價(jià)MS患者及未達(dá)MS診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)患者頸動(dòng)脈彈性的變化。
代謝綜合征;頸動(dòng)脈彈性;脈搏波傳導(dǎo)速度;超聲極速成像技術(shù)
網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版地址
代謝綜合征(metabolic syndrome,MS)是一種以糖代謝異常、腹型肥胖、血脂異常、高血壓等多種代謝性疾病在同一個(gè)體異常聚集為特征的臨床綜合征,研究[1]表明MS能夠促進(jìn)患者動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生與發(fā)展,從而增加心血管疾病發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。脈搏波傳導(dǎo)速度(pulse wave velocity,PWV)是反映動(dòng)脈彈性的指標(biāo),它可以早期反映動(dòng)脈的僵硬程度,從而成為預(yù)測心血管事件有效指標(biāo)[2]。本研究采用超聲極速成像技術(shù),利用組織多普勒成像算法,以20 000 Hz/s的幀頻追蹤頸動(dòng)脈前壁的運(yùn)動(dòng)速度和方向,計(jì)算出收縮期開始時(shí)的PWV(PWV at the begin?ning of the systole,PWVBS)及收縮期結(jié)束時(shí)的PWV(PWV at the ending of the systole,PWVES),進(jìn)而探討MS患者頸動(dòng)脈彈性的變化。
1.1材料
研究對象選自沈陽市某社區(qū)40歲以上健康體檢居民,均行常規(guī)體格檢查、血液生化檢查及頸動(dòng)脈超聲檢查。根據(jù)2009年國際糖尿病聯(lián)盟(IDF)和美國心臟聯(lián)會(huì)/美國國立衛(wèi)生研究院/美國心肺血研究所聯(lián)合(AHA/NIH/NHLBI)共同制定的MS新的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[3],確定診斷MS必須具備以下3項(xiàng)或更多條件:(1)腹型肥胖,根據(jù)不同種族和國家采用不同標(biāo)準(zhǔn),我國漢族人采用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是男性腰圍≥85 cm,女性腰圍≥80 cm[4];(2)TG≥1.7 mmol/L或已接受相應(yīng)治療;(3)HDL?C,男性<1.0 mmol/L,女性<1.3 mmol/ L,或已接受相應(yīng)治療;(4)空腹血糖≥5.6 mmol/L或已被診斷為2型糖尿病,接受治療;(5)血壓升高,收縮壓≥130 mmHg和(或)舒張壓≥85 mmHg,或已被診斷為高血壓并接受相應(yīng)治療。按此標(biāo)準(zhǔn)篩選。本研究頸動(dòng)脈超聲檢查在未分組前進(jìn)行,為盲法檢測,剔除原因主要有以下幾點(diǎn):(1)臨床數(shù)據(jù)不全;(2)患者頸動(dòng)脈分叉位置較低或者頸總動(dòng)脈走形迂曲,難以獲得一段較為平直且顯示清晰的頸總動(dòng)脈;(3)患者頸部較為短粗,皮下脂肪層較厚,使頸動(dòng)脈位置相對較深,導(dǎo)致頸總動(dòng)脈前壁顯示不清;(4)患者呼吸幅度較大,且難以配合屏住呼吸,導(dǎo)致頸總動(dòng)脈前壁運(yùn)動(dòng)幅度過大;(5)患者心率較快,使頸總動(dòng)脈前壁搏動(dòng)幅度過大等;(6)本研究選擇以PWV標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差Δ±≤10%視為數(shù)據(jù)可信[5],較張紅等[6]以標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差Δ±≤20%視為數(shù)據(jù)可信更為嚴(yán)格。除去圖像顯示不清、臨床數(shù)據(jù)不全及PWV的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差Δ±>10%者,最終入組300例,分為A組(滿足3項(xiàng)及3項(xiàng)以上,達(dá)到MS診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn))、B組(只滿足1或2項(xiàng),未達(dá)MS診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn))及C組(滿足0項(xiàng),完全正常組),所有受檢者均為竇性心律,心電圖正常。其中,A組90例,男55例,女35例,平均年齡(53.4±6.5)歲;B組165例,男73例,女92例,平均年齡(52.7±6.9)歲;C組45例,男16例,女29例,平均年齡(53.1±6.7)歲;3組性別、年齡差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
1.2方法
采用法國SuperSonic Imagine AixPlorer型彩色多普勒超聲診斷儀,內(nèi)置超聲極速成像技術(shù),選擇SLl0?2探頭。囑受檢者取仰臥位,充分暴露頸部。首先行常規(guī)頸動(dòng)脈超聲檢查,觀察并記錄斑塊大?。侯i動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜中層厚度(intima?media thickness,IMT)≥1.0 mm界定為IMT增厚,局限性IMT≥1.5 mm界定為斑塊形成,測量頸總動(dòng)脈遠(yuǎn)段IMT(距頸動(dòng)脈分叉部2.0 cm處)[7]。再將探頭與頸總動(dòng)脈長軸最大切面平行,清晰顯示頸總動(dòng)脈前壁,避開頸動(dòng)脈分叉及斑塊所在位置,囑受檢者屏住呼吸,檢查者保持探頭穩(wěn)定并點(diǎn)擊“PWV”鍵,隨后機(jī)器自動(dòng)測得頸動(dòng)脈PWVBS值和PWVES值(圖1),以標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差Δ±≤10%視為數(shù)據(jù)可信[5]。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
圖1 超聲極速成像技術(shù)測得的PWVBS值和PWVES值Fig.1 PWVBS and PWVES measured by ultrafast imaging technique
分析采用Pearson相關(guān)分析;3組間L?IMT、L?PWVBS、L?PWVES均值比較采用單因素方差分析,方差齊時(shí),選用LSD?t檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行兩兩比較,方差不齊時(shí),選用Dunnett’sT3檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1各組左、右側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈IMT、PWVBS及PWVES比較
各組左、右側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈IMT差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);C組左、右側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈PWVBS及PWVES差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);B組及A組頸動(dòng)脈PWVBS及PWVES左側(cè)均高于右側(cè),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表1。相關(guān)性分析顯示,L?PWVBS、L?PWVES與L?IMT指標(biāo)相關(guān)(r分別為0.132、0.157,P分別為0.022、0.007)。
2.23組L?IMT、L?PWVBS和L?PWVES指標(biāo)比較
A組及B組L?IMT、L?PWVBS和L?PWVES均高于C組(P均<0.05);A組與B組比較,L?PWVBS和L?PWVES差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),但L?IMT
表1 左、右側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈IMT、PWVBS及PWVES比較(x±s)Tab.1 Comparison of IMT,PWVBS and PWVES between left and right common carotid arteries(x±s)
差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表2。
表23 組L?IMT、L?PWVBS及L?PWVES比較(x±s)Tab.2 Comparison of L?IMT,L?PWVBS and L?PWVES between three groups(x±s)
糖代謝異常、腹型肥胖、血脂異常、高血壓等多種代謝性疾病均是動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,這種多因素聯(lián)合作用增加了心血管疾病發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。動(dòng)脈彈性可以早期反應(yīng)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化程度,而PWV是反應(yīng)動(dòng)脈彈性的重要指標(biāo),PWV值越高,動(dòng)脈彈性越差[8]。目前測量PWV的方法有很多種,如:頸-股PWV、頸-橈PWV、肱-踝PWV及血管回聲跟蹤技術(shù)等,但都操作過于繁瑣,且費(fèi)時(shí)費(fèi)力不便于臨床應(yīng)用。本研究采用超聲極速成像技術(shù),能夠直接追蹤頸動(dòng)脈前壁的運(yùn)動(dòng)速度和方向,利用組織多普勒成像算法可快速直接測得PWVBS和PWVES。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)雙側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈PWVBS與PWVES在C組中無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05),但在A組及B組中左側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈PWV值均高于右側(cè),說明MS在導(dǎo)致動(dòng)脈硬化時(shí),左、右側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈之間存在差異,這與李朝軍等[9]研究結(jié)果一致。分析原因,一方面可能由于雙側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈解剖學(xué)上的差異,導(dǎo)致其受到血流剪切力作用的程度不同,使其在硬化程度上存在差異;另一方面可能是由于MS在致動(dòng)脈硬化的過程中,不同節(jié)段動(dòng)脈發(fā)生動(dòng)脈硬化的先后順序不同。由于左側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈硬化程度不僅高于右側(cè),而且早于右側(cè),故選取左側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步分析。
分析發(fā)現(xiàn),A組L?IMT、L?PWVBS值和L?PWVES均明顯高于C組,說明MS可以使頸動(dòng)脈順應(yīng)性下降,動(dòng)脈僵硬度增加,動(dòng)脈彈性減低。目前認(rèn)為MS患者動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化主要與胰島素抵抗、脂代謝紊亂、脂肪因子水平異常、高血壓狀態(tài)等有關(guān),這些因素綜合作用于動(dòng)脈血管,會(huì)使血管內(nèi)皮損傷、脂質(zhì)沉積、血管平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖變性、彈力及膠原纖維增多[10?13],使動(dòng)脈管壁順應(yīng)性下降,彈性減低。本研究顯示A組與B組L?PWVBS值與L?PWVES值差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),但L?IMT差異卻無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。說明A組與B組均已出現(xiàn)血管壁結(jié)構(gòu)改變,但I(xiàn)MT作為評價(jià)動(dòng)脈硬化的傳統(tǒng)指標(biāo),已經(jīng)難以早期評價(jià)未達(dá)MS診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)患者與MS患者動(dòng)脈硬化程度的差別,但是超聲極速成像技術(shù)卻可以通過PWVBS與PWVES值反映出2組間差異明顯,這對于早期檢測未達(dá)MS診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)患者動(dòng)脈彈性具有重要意義。
綜上所述,本研究通過超聲極速成像技術(shù)快速測量出頸動(dòng)脈PWV,定量反映出MS及未達(dá)MS診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的患者頸動(dòng)脈彈性的變化,為臨床早期評價(jià)MS患者頸動(dòng)脈彈性提供了一種新方法。此外,本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)MS患者左、右側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈彈性改變存在差異。但本研究樣本量尚小,今后需擴(kuò)大樣本量進(jìn)一步隨訪研究。
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(編輯武玉欣)
Preliminary Study of Evaluating Carotid Artery Elasticity in Metabolic Syndrome Using Ultrafast Imaging Technique
WEI Zongkai1,YANG Jun1,YANG Ru1,LIU Huangliang1,LIU Wen1,ZHANG Minping1,SHAN Zhongyan2,LAI Yaxin2
(1.Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound,The First Hospital,China Medical University,Shenyang 110001,China;2.Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of En?docrine Diseases,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism,The First Hospital,China Medical University,Shenyang 110001,China)
ObjectiveTo explore the clinical application value of early quantitative evaluation of carotid artery elasticity using ultrafast imaging technique in patients with metabolic syndrome(MS).MethodsCarotid ultrasound examination was performed in health community residents of a community in Shenyang,and the pulse wave velocity(PWV)[PWV at the beginning of the systole(PWVBS)and the PWV at the ending of the systole(PWVES)]of carotid artery was measured using ultrafast imaging technique.According to the results of blood biochemical examination and physical examination results,all subjects were divided into MS group(group A),group of patients who haven't reached the diagnostic standard of MS(group B)and completely normal group(group C).ResultsPWVBS and PWVES of left carotid artery of group A and B were higher than the right side(P<0.05),while no significant difference was observed between the left and right carotid arteries in group C;PWVES,PWVBS and intima?media thickness(IMT)of left carotid artery(L?PWVBS,L?PWVES and L?IMT)of group A and group B were higher than those of group C(P<0.05);There were significant differences in both L?PWVBS and L?PWVES between group C and group B(P<0.05),but no signifi?cant difference was found in L?IMT.ConclusionThe carotid artery elasticity in patients with MS and patients who haven't reached the diagnos?tic standard of MS is lower;in addition,it happens earlier in the left carotid artery.Furthermore,early evaluation of carotid artery elasticity in pa?tients with MS and patients who haven't reached the diagnostic standard of MS can be made by ultrafast imaging technique.
metabolic syndrome;carotid artery elasticity;pulse wave velocity;ultrafast imaging
R589
A
0258-4646(2016)11-0988-04
10.12007/j.issn.0258?4646.2016.11.008
“十一五”國家科技支撐計(jì)劃(2009BAI80B00);遼寧省高等學(xué)校重大科技平臺(tái)基金(16010)
韋宗凱(1991-),男,碩士研究生.
楊軍,E-mail:junyang63@sina.com
2016-04-14
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