李銀麗
(北京中醫(yī)醫(yī)院順義醫(yī)院 心血管科,北京,101300)
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不同劑量右美托咪定輔助全身麻醉對患者血流動力學(xué)及蘇醒質(zhì)量的影響
李銀麗
(北京中醫(yī)醫(yī)院順義醫(yī)院 心血管科,北京,101300)
目的 探討不同劑量右美托咪定輔助全身麻醉對患者血流動力學(xué)及蘇醒質(zhì)量的影響。方法 87例擇期行胃癌根治術(shù)的患者分為高劑量組27例、低劑量組30例及對照組30例。麻醉誘導(dǎo)前,低劑量組與高劑量組分別泵入右美托咪定負(fù)荷劑量0.5 μg/kg、0.8 μg/kg,術(shù)中以0.5 μg/(kg·h)、0.8 μg/(kg·h)維持,對照組給予等量生理鹽水。誘導(dǎo)完成后行氣管插管,術(shù)中以丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼維持全麻。結(jié)果 手術(shù)結(jié)束(T0)時刻高、低劑量組收縮壓(SBP)<對照組;拔管即刻(T1)心率(HR)為高劑量組<低劑量組<對照組,收縮壓(SBP)為低劑量組<高劑量組<對照組,舒張壓(DBP)和平均動脈壓(MAP)均為高、低劑量組<對照組;拔管后5 min(T2)的HR為高劑量組<低劑量組和對照組(P<0.01),SBP和平均動脈壓(MAP)均為高、低劑量組<對照組(P<0.01)。低劑量組和對照組拔管時間短于高劑量組(P<0.01),3組躁動評分差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05或P<0.01)。高、低劑量組不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率低于對照組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 0.5 μg/kg劑量的右美托咪定輔助全麻可有效穩(wěn)定患者血流動力學(xué),縮短拔管時間,減輕蘇醒后躁動情況。
右美托咪定; 全身麻醉; 麻醉誘導(dǎo); 麻醉維持; 血流動力學(xué); 蘇醒質(zhì)量
在全身麻醉手術(shù)中,除需確保麻醉效果,使患者喪失意識,不能感知疼痛外,還需盡量減輕氣管插管、手術(shù)傷害等引起的應(yīng)激反應(yīng),穩(wěn)定患者血流動力學(xué),防止發(fā)生心腦血管并發(fā)癥[1]。右美托咪定為選擇性α2腎上腺素受體激動劑,具有半衰期短的優(yōu)點,可發(fā)揮鎮(zhèn)痛、鎮(zhèn)靜及抑制交感神經(jīng)活性等作用,并可減輕氣管插管的應(yīng)激反應(yīng),穩(wěn)定血流動力學(xué),廣泛用于輔助全麻[2]。但對于其輔助全麻的合理劑量,臨床仍存在爭議。本研究探討不同劑量右美托咪定輔助全麻對手術(shù)患者血流動力學(xué)及蘇醒質(zhì)量的影響,現(xiàn)報告如下。
1.1 一般資料
選取2011年5月—2014年5月在臨沂市腫瘤醫(yī)院擇期行胃癌根治術(shù)的患者87例,美國麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(ASA)分級為Ⅰ級或Ⅱ級,排除心腦血管疾病、內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)疾病及電解質(zhì)紊亂者。87例患者分為3組:高劑量組27例,男13例,女14例;年齡57~71歲,平均(60.45±3.51)歲;體質(zhì)量46~65 kg。低劑量組30例,男15例,女15例;年齡55~70歲,平均(59.37±4.26)歲;體質(zhì)量47~66 kg。對照組30例,男16例,女14例;年齡55~74歲,平均(61.08±3.38)歲。3組性別、年齡、體質(zhì)量等一般資料比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 方法
3組均于術(shù)前禁食、禁水8 h,進(jìn)入手術(shù)室后開放靜脈通道,持續(xù)監(jiān)測心率(HR)、心電圖及血氧飽和度(SpO2),同時在局麻下建立有創(chuàng)血壓監(jiān)測。將右美托咪定稀釋至4 μg/mL。麻醉誘導(dǎo)前30 min靜脈注射戊乙奎醚,劑量0.01 mg/kg,麻醉誘導(dǎo)前15 min,低劑量組與高劑量組分別泵入右美托咪定負(fù)荷劑量0.5 μg/kg、0.8 μg/kg,術(shù)中分別以0.5 μg/(kg·h)、0.8 μg/(kg·h)維持。對照組在誘導(dǎo)前及術(shù)中給予等量生理鹽水。麻醉誘導(dǎo):面罩吸氧3 min,依次靜脈注射咪唑安定0.1 mg/kg、芬太尼4 μg/kg、丙泊酚5 μg/mL、順苯磺酸阿曲庫銨0.15 mg/kg。誘導(dǎo)完成后行氣管插管,所有插管均由同一名有經(jīng)驗的麻醉師完成,記錄插管操作所用時間。術(shù)中全麻維持:丙泊酚5 mg/(kg·h)、瑞芬太尼0.2 μg/(kg·min)微量泵入,順苯磺酸阿曲庫銨按需給藥。手術(shù)結(jié)束前30 min,停止追加靜脈麻醉藥,縫皮前停止右美托咪定泵入。手術(shù)結(jié)束時吸除導(dǎo)管及口腔內(nèi)分泌物,待患者意識清醒,咳嗽、吞咽反射及自主呼吸恢復(fù),SpO2恢復(fù)到97%以上,拔除氣管導(dǎo)管。術(shù)后常規(guī)鎮(zhèn)痛。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
① 觀察3組在手術(shù)結(jié)束時(T0)、拔管即刻(T1)、拔管后5 min(T2)的血流動力學(xué)指標(biāo),包括HR、收縮壓(SBP)、舒張壓(DBP)及平均動脈壓(MAP)。② 記錄3組手術(shù)時間、拔管時間,評定蘇醒時躁動程度(RS)評分。③ 記錄拔管不良反應(yīng),包括嗆咳、惡心、嘔吐、呼吸抑制等。
2.1 3組不同時間點血流動力學(xué)比較
3組均表現(xiàn)出T1時刻的HR、SBP、DBP、MAP大于T0時刻,T2時刻有所下降的趨勢,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05或P<0.01)。組間比較,3組T0的HR、DBP和MAP差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05),高、低劑量組SBP<對照組(P<0.01),而高、低劑量組無顯著差異(P>0.05); T1時刻的HR為高劑量組<低劑量組<對照組,SBP為低劑量組<高劑量組<對照組(P<0.01),DBP和MAP均為高、低劑量組<對照組(P<0.01),而高、低劑量組無顯著差異(P>0.05); T2時刻的HR為高劑量組<低劑量組和對照組(P<0.01),SBP和MAP均為高、低劑量組<對照組(P<0.01),而高、低劑量組之間無顯著差異(P>0.05),3組DBP則無顯著差異(P>0.05)。見表1。
表1 3組不同時間點血流動力學(xué)比較
2.2 3組手術(shù)時間、拔管時間及RS評分比較
3組手術(shù)時間無顯著差異(P>0.05);低劑量組和對照組拔管時間均短于高劑量組(P<0.01),而低劑量組與對照組之間無顯著差異;高劑量組、低劑量組和對照組的RS評分逐漸升高,兩兩比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05或P<0.01)。見表2。
表2 手術(shù)時間、拔管時間及RS評分比較 分
2.3 3組拔管不良反應(yīng)比較
高劑量組發(fā)生嗆咳2例,惡心嘔吐1例,總發(fā)生率11.11%(3/27); 低劑量組僅發(fā)生嗆咳1例,總發(fā)生率3.33%(1/30); 對照組發(fā)生嗆咳5例,惡心嘔吐4例,總發(fā)生率30.00%(9/30); 3組均未發(fā)生呼吸抑制。高、低劑量組不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率無顯著差異(P>0.05),與對照組比較均有顯著差異(P<0.05)。
全麻患者在蘇醒過程中,麻醉逐步消退,手術(shù)疼痛等刺激可導(dǎo)致其交感神經(jīng)興奮,出現(xiàn)血壓升高、HR加快等血流動力學(xué)變化和應(yīng)激反應(yīng)[3-4],麻醉醫(yī)師的主要職責(zé)之一就是維持患者術(shù)中血流動力學(xué)的穩(wěn)定。既往臨床多采用增加吸入麻醉藥濃度,或加大阿片類藥物劑量等方法減輕術(shù)中過度應(yīng)激反應(yīng),但由此可能對患者蘇醒質(zhì)量及術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能帶來不良反應(yīng)。氣管插管是臨床管理呼吸道的重要手段,其對機(jī)體是一個機(jī)械刺激,可引起嗆咳、支氣管痙攣、惡心嘔吐、心律失常、血壓升高,甚至呼吸抑制等應(yīng)激反應(yīng)[6];同時,插管期間機(jī)體存在一定程度的缺氧和二氧化碳潴留,易發(fā)生血流動力學(xué)變化[7]。因此,在全麻術(shù)中穩(wěn)定患者血流動力學(xué),減輕術(shù)中過度應(yīng)激,降低插管后不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率是臨床的重要命題。
α2受體激動劑可降低交感神經(jīng)的興奮性,降低血壓,減慢心率,該作用使得α2受體激動劑在維持手術(shù)患者心血管功能穩(wěn)定方面具有較大臨床價值[8]。右美托咪啶是新型α2受體激動劑,其作用的特異性較傳統(tǒng)α2受體激動劑顯著增強[9],其應(yīng)用于術(shù)前誘導(dǎo)具有抗焦慮、鎮(zhèn)靜的作用,輔助應(yīng)用于氣管插管可有效減輕喉鏡窺視或插管引起的血流動力學(xué)波動[10-11],并減少丙泊酚、苯二氮卓類及阿片類藥物的使用[12]。周述芝等[13]報道,右美托咪定可有效改善患者全麻術(shù)后恢復(fù)質(zhì)量,穩(wěn)定血流動力學(xué)。目前,右美托咪定用于輔助全麻的合理劑量仍是臨床存在爭議的話題,本研究分別采用高、低2種不同劑量輔助全麻,觀察其對患者血流動力學(xué)和蘇醒質(zhì)量的影響。結(jié)果表明,右美托咪定可有效維持患者血流動力學(xué)穩(wěn)定,且2組應(yīng)用右美托咪定患者的不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率均低于對照組;不同劑量之間比較,高劑量對術(shù)后躁動的減輕作用最為顯著,但更易造成患者術(shù)后心率過慢,且延長拔管時間,提示0.5 μg/kg劑量的誘導(dǎo)及術(shù)中維持較高劑量具有更高的安全性,與趙曉春[14]、于鐵莉[15]等報道一致。
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Influence of different dosage of dexmedetomidine combined with general anesthesia on hemodynamics and revival quality of patients
LI Yinli
(DepartmentofCardiovascularDisease,ShunyiHospitalofBeijingHospitalofTraditionalChineseMedicine,Beijing,101300)
Objective To explore the influence of different dosage of dexmedetomidine combined with general anesthesia on hemodynamics and quality of revival in patients. Methods A total of 87 patients with radical surgery for gastric cancer were divided into high-dosage group (n=27),low-dosage group (n=30) and control group (n=30). Before anesthesia induction,low- and high-dosage groups were given pumping of loading dosage of dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg and 0.8 μg/kg,and 0.5 μg/(kg·h) and 0.8 μg/(kg·h) for intra-operative maintenance respectively,whereas control group was treated with isometric normal saline. After induction,trachea cannula was performed,and propofol and remifentanil were initiated for the maintenance of intra-operative anesthesia. Results At the end of surgery (T0),systolic blood pressure (SBP) was significantly lower in high- and low-dosage groups than that in control group. At the time of tube withdrawal,heart rate (HR) was the highest in control group and the lowest in high-dosage group,while SBP was the highest in control group and the lowest in low-dosage group,whereas the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was significantly lower in high- and low-dosage groups than that in control group. 5 min after tube withdrawal (T2),HR was significantly lower in high-dosage group than that in low-dosage group and control group (P<0.01),SBP and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were significantly lower in high- and low-dosage groups than those in control group (P<0.01).Low-dosage group and control group were significantly shorter than high-dosage group in the time of tube withdrawal(P<0.01),and there were significant differences among three groups(P<0.05 or P<0.01).In addition,high- and low-dosage groups were significantly lower than control group in the rates of adverse reactions (P<0.05).
dexmedetomidine; general anesthesia; anesthesia induction; anesthesia maintenance; hemodynamics; quality of revival
2016-06-04
中國高校醫(yī)學(xué)期刊臨床專項資金(11525768)
R 614
A
1672-2353(2016)21-062-04
10.7619/jcmp.201621019
Conclusion Application of dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg combined with general anesthesia can effectively stabilize patients′hemodynamics,shorten the time of tube withdrawal and alleviate the dysphoria after revival.